Introduction to Criminal Behavior
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Criminal Behavior explores the psychological, sociological, and biological factors that contribute to the development of criminal actions. The course examines various theories of crime causation, models of criminal profiling, and the role of environmental influences in shaping behavior. Students will analyze patterns of offending, evaluate case studies, and consider the impact of mental health, substance abuse, and social structures on criminal conduct. Emphasis is placed on understanding the complexity of criminal motivation and the implications for prevention, intervention, and the justice system.
Recommended Textbook
Criminal Behavior A Psychological Approach 10th Edition by Curtis R. Bartol
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Criminal Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the author, our inability to prevent crime is largely due to:
A) a declining interest in the field of criminology.
B) the difficulty in defining the term "crime".
C) the complexity of the issue.
D) the paucity of experts studying crime.
E) the lack of funding available for research.
Answer: C
Q2) Psychological criminology focuses on how individual criminal behavior is:
A) acquired.
B) evoked.
C) maintained.
D) a and c only.
E) all of the above.
Answer: E
Q3) The great majority of crime in the United States and other countries is neither serious nor violent.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Origins of Criminal Behavior: Developmental Risk Factors
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Q1) Several studies have found a strong association between animal cruelty and violent behavior.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Of the following, which is associated with a high probability of delinquent behavior in high school?
A) Parental divorce.
B) Lower socioeconomic class.
C) Rejection by peers in elementary school.
D) Below average intelligence.
E) Lack of involvement in team sports.
Answer: C
Q3) Low parental monitoring is associated with:
A) higher levels of antisocial behavior.
B) higher levels of violence.
C) earlier initiation of drug abuse.
D) earlier initiation of alcohol abuse.
E) all of the above.
Answer: E
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Origins of Criminal Behavior: Biological Factors
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research has suggested that which brain chemical may play a significant role in aggression and violence?
A) Serotonin
B) Epinephrine
C) Dopamine
D) Insulin
E) Cortisol
Answer: A
Q2) Concordance rate is usually expressed in:
A) degrees.
B) ectograms.
C) pairs.
D) percentages.
E) liters.
Answer: D
Q3) Most adolescent risk taking behaviors tend to continue throughout adulthood.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Origins of Criminal Behavior: Learning and Situational
Factors
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Akers' differential association reinforcement theory, criminal behavior develops primarily as the result of:
A) frustration.
B) heightened expectancies that are innate in the individual.
C) social reinforcements given by significant others.
D) classical conditioning.
E) modeling.
Q2) Explain the concept of deindividuation and illustrate by describing any one experiment in social psychology.
Q3) Studies conducted by Stanley Milgram and Philip Zimbardo both found that one's situation strongly influences behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Explain the difference between Sutherland's differential association theory and Akers' differential association-reinforcement theory.
Q5) Describe and discuss the situational factors that can influence criminal behavior. In addition to those mentioned in this Chapter, what others might be identified?
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Chapter 5: Human Aggression and Violence
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Q1) Which of the following offenses would not be considered violence under the textbook's definition?
A) Cyberstalking
B) Murder
C) Rape
D) Robbery
E) Hostage-taking
Q2) Explain the difference between road rage and aggressive driving.
Q3) Bullying is an example of reactive aggression.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Territoriality is a central concept in Konrad Lorenz's theory of aggression.
A)True
B)False
Q5) In hostile aggression, the perpetrator's primary goal is to:
A) ridicule the victim.
B) kill the victim.
C) make the victim suffer.
D) obtain an item of value.
E) avenge a wrong.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Juvenile Delinquency
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Q1) _____ is the stage of development described in Moffitt's 2002 follow-up study in which young people flounder, choosing not to occupy traditional adult roles such as marriage or parenthood.
A) Advanced life-course persistent
B) Adolescent extension
C) Early onset persistent delinquent
D) Delayed maturity
E) Emerging adulthood
Q2) Compare and contrast Moffitt's Developmental Theory with Patterson's Coercion Theory.
Q3) A program designed to prevent delinquent behavior before any signs of the behavioral pattern emerge is called:
A) secondary prevention.
B) early-onset prevention.
C) tertiary prevention.
D) selective prevention.
E) universal prevention.
Q4) What is the LIFT Project? Who was involved with this project? What type of prevention is this an example of? What are the preliminary results about its effectiveness?
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Chapter 7: Criminal Psychopathy
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Q1) Currently, Hare's PCL-R is the best measure available of identifying criminal psychopaths. According to Hare, what score must a person receive on this scale to be considered a criminal psychopath?
A) 20
B) 25
C) 22
D) 30
E) 18
Q2) The Psychopathy Checklist was specifically designed to identify:
A) secondary psychopaths.
B) potential psychopaths during childhood.
C) only those psychopaths without criminal tendencies.
D) only those psychopaths who engage in violent or sadistic acts.
E) psychopaths in male prison populations.
Q3) A psychopath would most likely explain his criminal behavior by saying:
A) "I did it because everyone else was doing it."
B) "I did it for the hell of it."
C) "I did it because it is what I do best."
D) "I did it for the money."
E) "I did it because I've been wronged."
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Chapter 8: Crime and Mental Disorders
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Q1) In Foucha v. Louisiana, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled that defendants found NGRI could:
A) not be retried once they were no longer insane.
B) not remain hospitalized once they were no longer mentally disordered.
C) be hospitalized for as long as they remain dangerous.
D) be given medication to treat their disorder.
E) not be given medication to treat their disorder.
Q2) How has the media affected public perception of mental disorder and violence? Include information on the history and prevalence of mental disorder and violence.
Q3) Which disorder has been referred to as the "UFO of psychiatry" (Ondrovik & Hamilton, 1991)?
A) Multiple Personality Disorder
B) Postpartum Psychosis
C) Dysthymic Disorder
D) Bipolar II Disorder
E) Borderline Personality Disorder
Q4) State the key ruling in each of the following court decisions: Jones v. U.S., Tarasoff v. Regents of California, and Sell v. U.S.
Q5) Briefly describe four legal standards for of insanity and their requirements.
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Chapter 9: Homicide, Assault, and Family Violence
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Q1) Describe four ways juveniles are able to access guns, despite the Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act.
Q2) The Violent Crime Control and Law Enforcement Act of 1974 made what activity a federal crime?
A) Trading in unregistered guns for cash.
B) Ownership of assault-type weapons
C) Juvenile possession of handgun ammunition
D) Shooting animals without a license.
E) Owning a pistol without a license.
Q3) Homicides consistently account for about ____% of all violent crimes reported to the FBI.
A) 12
B) 18
C) 25
D) 40
E) 1 or 2
Q4) Explain what research tells about the perpetrators and victims of elder abuse.
Q5) Describe the dynamic cascade model? Provide of an illustration of how this model explains violent behavior across childhood, adolescence and beyond.
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Chapter 10: Multiple Murder, School, and Workplace
Violence
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Q1) What type of psychological autopsy are insurance companies interested in and why?
Q2) Discuss the differences in motive, victim selection and method of killing between male and female serial killers.
Q3) The majority of mass murderers plan to die at the crime scene.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In investigative psychology, any behavior that goes beyond what is necessary to commit the crime is called (the):
A) restructuring.
B) undoing.
C) staging.
D) signature.
E) modus operandi.
Q5) The primary difference between staging and undoing is:
A) the relationship between offender and victim.
B) the reason behind the action.
C) the level of aggression involved in the crime.
D) the amount of clothing left on the victim
E) the placement of the victim's body.
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Chapter 11: Psychology of Terrorism
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Sample Questions
Q1) The procedure of trying to mimic an event under laboratory conditions is called:
A) simulation.
B) mimicry experimentation.
C) mimicry situationalism.
D) paraexperiment.
E) trialing.
Q2) The textbook states that domestic terrorism:
A) does not exist.
B) is more violent than international terrorism.
C) can be understood in much the same way as international terrorism.
D) involves radically different psychological principles than international terrorism. E) causes more psychological damage than international terrorism.
Q3) The developmental histories of most terrorists are fraught with mental instability and antisocial behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) By definition, an individual who terrorizes is a terrorist.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Sexual Assault
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Sample Questions
Q1) Contrast the Massachusetts Treatment Center's original classification of rapists with its most recently revised version.
Q2) The sexual-addiction approach to explaining offending is an example of a(n) _____ assumption about why men rape.
A) drug
B) victim
C) disease
D) irresistible impulse
E) c and d
Q3) Which type of rapist rapes in response to an intense sexual arousal initiated by specific stimuli?
A) Compensatory rapist
B) Sadistic rapist
C) Impulsive rapist
D) Displaced aggression
E) Vindictive offender
Q4) The terms sexually violent predator and sexual psychopath are synonymous.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Sexual Assault of Children and Youth and Other
Sexual Offenses
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Q1) According to the DSM-IV, _____ pedophiles are sexually attracted to children, while _____ pedophiles are sexually attracted to both children and adults.
A) intrafamilial; extrafamilial
B) exclusive type; nonexclusive type
C) immature; mature
D) prepubertal; postpubertal
E) latent; indiscriminant
Q2) When pedophile offenders claims that poor impulse control, excessive use of alcohol and drugs, and an assortment of stressors in his life lead him to sexually molest children, he is using what theory of pedophilia?
A) Disinhibition theory
B) Blockage theory
C) Emotional congruence theory
D) Sexual arousal theory
E) Diffusion of responsibility theory
Q3) Describe the cognitive and intellectual characteristics of child molesters.
Q4) Describe the psychological effects of child sexual victimization.
Q5) Briefly describe the Groth classification model of child molesters.
Q6) Discuss the difficulties in obtaining data on pedophilia.
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Chapter 14: Property and Public Order Crime
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Q1) The most common form of violence in burglaries is:
A) aggravated assault.
B) forcible rape.
C) arson.
D) larceny-theft.
E) simple assault.
Q2) The most common Part I property crime is:
A) motor vehicle theft.
B) burglary.
C) larceny-theft.
D) shoplifting.
E) road rage.
Q3) Recent research indicates that _____ percent of all software installed on computers in 2006 were pirated versions.
A) 10
B) 5
C) 35
D) 60
E) 75
Q4) Discuss the conceptual difficulty in defining white collar crime.
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Chapter 15: Violent Economic Crime and Crimes of Initimidation
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Q1) The impetus for California's 1990 antistalking legislation was:
A) the stalking of Steven Spielberg's seven children.
B) the murder of actress Rebecca Schaeffer.
C) the stalking of actress Rebecca Schaeffer.
D) the murders of four Orange County women who were killed despite restraining orders against their assailants.
E) the stalking and homicide of two government officials, Peter Brown and Louise Cooke.
Q2) Cyberbullying is not considered a form of cybercrime.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Research on repetitive arsonists has recently identified some common characteristics. Which of the following is not one of them?
A) They feel they have little control over their environments.
B) They are usually from a socially disadvantaged segment of the population.
C) Their educational achievement is below average.
D) They have a discernible pattern of sexual deviations.
E) They often began firesetting in childhood.
Q4) Explain the motivations and situational dynamics behind street robbery.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Substance Abuse, Alcohol, and Crime
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Q1) Recent evidence suggests a relationship between:
A) heroin addiction and money-producing crime.
B) amphetamine addiction and violence.
C) marijuana use and family violence.
D) cocaine use and sexual assault.
E) marijuana use and inhalants.
Q2) Research overwhelmingly suggests that drug use is a major cause of violent crime.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What are the four main categories of drugs discussed in this Chapter? List their main effects, and provide one example of a drug from each category.
Q4) Some experts regard _____ as the most addictive drug available on the street, but other experts have questioned this assumption in recent years.
A) crack
B) heroin
C) dexedrine
D) PCP
E) marijuana
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Page 18