Introduction to Corrections Exam
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Course Introduction
Introduction to Corrections provides an overview of the history, philosophy, and practices of the corrections system within the broader context of the criminal justice field. The course examines the development and current state of prisons, jails, probation, parole, and alternative forms of correctional supervision. Topics include the management of correctional institutions, the roles and responsibilities of correctional personnel, rehabilitation and reentry programs, the rights of incarcerated individuals, and contemporary challenges such as overcrowding, recidivism, and criminal justice reform. Throughout the course, students will explore ethical considerations, policy issues, and the impact of corrections on individuals and society.
Recommended Textbook
Criminal Justice Today An Introductory Text for the 21st Century 13th Edition by Frank Schmalleger
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Chapter 1: What Is Criminal Justice?
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Q1) A(n)_____________warrant is issued by a judge and provides the legal basis for an apprehension by police officers for crimes not committed in their presence.
Answer: Arrest
Q2) Analyze and comment on what is meant by due process of law to you.Support your opinions with facts and data.
Answer: A right guaranteed by the Fifth,Sixth,and Fourteenth Amendments to the U.S.Constitution and generally understood,in legal concepts to mean the due course of legal proceedings according to the rules and forms established for the protection of individual rights.In criminal proceedings due process of law is generally understood to include: a law creating and defining the offense,an impartial tribunal having jurisdictional authority over the case,accusation in proper form,notice,and opportunity to defend,trial according to established procedures and discharge from all restraints or obligations unless convicted.
Q3) The Crime-control model is defined as a criminal justice perspective that emphasizes the efficient arrest and conviction of criminal offenders.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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3
Chapter 2: The Crime Picture
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Q1) Transnational organized crime is the unlawful activity undertaken and supported by organized criminal groups operating across national boundaries.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The clearance rate compares the number of crimes reported or discovered to the number of crimes solved through arrest or other means (such as the death of the suspect).
A)True
B)False Answer: True
Q3) Identity theft is a crime in which an impostor obtains key pieces of information,such as Social Security and driver's license numbers,to obtain credit,merchandise,and services in the name of the victim.
A)True
B)False Answer: True
Q4) ____________ is an unlawful attack by one person upon another. Answer: Assault
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Chapter 3: The Search for Causes
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Q1) A perspective on crime causation that holds that physical deterioration in an area leads to higher crime rates is the thesis of _________________ windows.
Answer: Broken
Q2) The Biological School views deviant behavior as the product of environmental forces. A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The theory that criminality is largely the result of conscious choices that people make.According to the ________________Choice theory,offenders choose to violate the law when they believe that the benefits of doing so outweigh the costs.
Answer: Rational
Q4) Postmodern criminology is a branch of criminology that developed after World War II and that builds on the tenets of postmodern social thought.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 4: Criminal Law
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Q1) Before a person may be charged with a crime it must first be established that a crime has been committed.This violation is called:
A)Actus Reus.
B)Mens Rea.
C)Inchoate offense.
D)Concurrence.
Q2) A rule for gauging insanity that was originally created in 1871 by a New Hampshire court is known as the ____________________ Rule.
Q3) An alibi is a statement or contention by an individual charged with a crime that he or she was so distant when the crime was committed,or so engaged in other provable activities,that his or her participation in the commission of that crime was impossible.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The Latin term for the facts that show that a crime has occurred,the term literally means "the body of the crime," is known as _______________ delecti.
Q5) ______________ is an improper or illegal inducement to crime by agents of law enforcement.
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Chapter 5: Policing: History and Structure
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Q1) Scientific police management is the application of social science techniques to the study of police administration for the purpose of increasing effectiveness,reducing the frequency of citizen complaints,and enhancing the efficient use of available resources.
A)True
B)False
Q2) State level law enforcement agencies are separated into which two models?
A)Law enforcement and university police
B)Highway patrol and state bureau of investigations
C)Highway patrol and university police
D)State bureau of investigations and Criminal Investigations
Q3) ______________ are elected law enforcement officials whose agencies are responsible for law enforcement throughout the counties in which they function.
Q4) State police agencies are generally separated into two models.Compare and contrast the two models and define their functions within the states and communities they serve.
Q5) ___________________ street runners were an early English police unit formed under the leadership of Henry Fielding.
Q6) The Federal Bureau of Investigation is part of the Department of ____________.
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Chapter 6: Policing: Purpose and Organization
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Q1) LEO and NLETS are different types of law enforcement ________ resources.
A)Service style
B)Crime scene investigation
C)Staff operation
D)Information sharing
Q2) Solvability factors are used to determine the identity of a perpetrator's identity.
A)True
B)False
Q3) This chapter states there are five purposes for policing in a democratic society.List and define each of these purposes and give examples where appropriate.
Q4) Legalistic style of police work is a style of policing marked by a strict concern with enforcing the precise letter of the law.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A crime-analysis and police management process built on crime mapping that was developed by the New York City Police Department in the mid-1990s is known as
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Chapter 7: Policing: Legal Aspects
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Q1) The plain-view doctrine still applies if officers move objects so they can see evidence otherwise hidden from view.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The Miranda decision and rights applies to all persons above the age of 14.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The _________________ Act of 2001 made it easier for police investigators to intercept many forms of electronic communications.
Q4) Evidence of relevance to a criminal investigation that is not readily seen by the unaided eye is called:
A)Illegal evidence gathered by the police.
B)Digital electronic evidence.
C)Illegal interrogations by the police.
D)Latent evidence.
Q5) Define an arrest.Explain the circumstances under which an arrest occurs and what steps must be in place for the arrest to exist.
Q6) Compare and contrast the issues relative to the electronic gathering of evidence.
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Chapter 8: Policing: Issues and Challenges
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Q1) Police use force in the course of their duties.Compare and contrast the use of force and the use of excessive force.Cite an example of each.
Q2) The East Haven,Connecticut police honored the "Miller Boys" for their outstanding and courageous police work in 2012.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is the least common source of lawsuits brought against the police?
A)False imprisonment
B)Battery
C)Failure to aid private citizens
D)Assault
Q4) A federal lawsuit directed specifically at federal officials or enforcement agents is known as a:
A)Garner lawsuit.
B)Right to know suit.
C)Bivens Action.
D)Graham Action.
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Chapter 9: The Courts: Structure and Participants
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Q1) Which of the following is not a responsibility of a bailiff?
A)Case-flow analysis
B)Ensure order in the courtroom
C)Announce the judge's entry into the courtroom
D)Call witnesses
Q2) The role of the_______________ is to create a record of all that occurs during a trial.
A)Media reporter
B)court administrator
C)Court reporter
D)Bailiff
Q3) The Courtroom work group consists of judges,prosecutors,defense attorneys,and defendants.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The court of _____________ resort is the court authorized by law to hear the final appeal on a matter.
Q5) List and define the three-tiered structure of the federal court system.
Q6) Trial de novo literally means a ________ trial.
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Chapter 10: Pretrial Activities and the Criminal Trial
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Q1) The release by executive decision of a prisoner from a federal or state correctional facility who has not served his or her full sentence and whose freedom is contingent on obeying specified rules of behavior is called a:
A)Third-party custody release.
B)Property bond release.
C)Conditional release.
D)Release on recognizance.
Q2) A defendant is usually present during a grand jury inquiry and the defense counsel cross-examines witnesses.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Release on recognizance is defined as:
A)Cash bail in lieu of incarceration.
B)Release on surety bond.
C)Results in the pretrial detention of a suspect.
D)The pretrial release of a criminal defendant on his or her written promise to appear in court as required.
Q4) A_____________ jury is isolated from the public during the course of a trial and throughout the deliberation process.
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Chapter 11: Sentencing
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Q1) Which 2013 U.S.Supreme Court case ruled that any fact that increases the mandatory minimum sentence is an "element" that must be submitted to the jury?
A)Ring v.Arizona
B)Alleyne v.U.S.
C)Blakely v.Washington
D)Gregg v.Georgia
Q2) Which of the following directs the person detaining a prisoner to bring him or her before a judicial officer to determine the lawfulness of the imprisonment?
A)Restorative justice
B)Diversion
C)Victim impact statement
D)Writ of habeas corpus
Q3) List and describe at least three typical aggravating and mitigating circumstances judges may consider in arriving at sentencing decisions in presumptive sentencing jurisdictions.Compare the pros and cons for each circumstance.
Q4) Circumstances relating to the commission of a crime that call for a tougher sentence because of the cruelty or injury to the victim are called ______________ circumstances.
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Chapter 12: Probation, Parole, and Intermediate Sanctions
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Q1) A probation officer must get a search warrant before a search of a probationer's residence is permitted.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following sentences is NOT an example of an intermediate sanction?
A)Intensive probation
B)Shock incarceration
C)Simple probation
D)House arrest with electronic monitoring
Q3) In ______________ v.Wisconsin,the Supreme Court ruled that probation officers may conduct searches of a probationer's residence without either a search warrant or probable cause.
Q4) A sentencing option that makes use of "boot camp"-type prisons to impress on convicted offenders the realities of prison life is known as ________________ incarceration.
Q5) Define intermediate sanctions.Explain three distinct advantages that are found with intermediate sanctions.
Q6) A mixed sentence carries a mixed sentence of probation and parole.
A)True
B)False
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Prisons and Jails
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Q1) Which type of jail is a temporary confinement facility that eliminates many of the traditional barriers between inmates and correctional personnel,and is also called a podular jail,direct supervision jail,and indirect-supervision jail?
A)Temporary confinement
B)Supermax
C)New generation
D)Private
Q2) According to the text,the largest growing population of jail inmates is:
A)Women.
B)Hispanics.
C)African-Americans.
D)Asians.
Q3) The Auburn system of imprisonment became popular during which prison era?
A)Community-based
B)Punitive
C)Mass prison
D)Penitentiary
Q4) ________ is the movement towards the wider use of private prisons.
Q5) Historically,the most widely used of physical punishment was ____________.
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Chapter 14: Prison Life
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Q1) The author has raised several major issues facing prisons today.Define and comment on three of those major issues and how they affect prison life,society,and the inmates in the future.Analyze the issues you feel are the most pressing for corrections to face in the future.
Q2) The ______________ doctrine is a policy of nonintervention with regard to prison management that U.S.courts tended to follow until the late 1960s.For the past 40 years,the doctrine has languished as judicial intervention in prison administration dramatically increased.
Q3) Prison staffers are concerned with two main issues:
A)Custody and rehabilitation.
B)Rehabilitation and control.
C)Custody and training.
D)Custody and control.
Q4) The socialization of inmates into the prison subculture is called:
A)Role development.
B)Prisonization.
C)Schooling.
D)Neutralization.
Q5) Prison ________ is the values and behavioral patterns characteristic of prison inmates.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Juvenile Justice
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Q1) In 2012,the Committee on Assessing Juvenile Justice Reform of the National Academies of Sciences released a report on reforming juvenile justice.The Committee found that "a harsh system of punishing troubled youth can make things worse,while a scientifically-based juvenile justice system can make an enduring difference in the lives of many youth who most need the structure and services it can provide."
A)True
B)False
Q2) The majority of the states today define a child subject to juvenile court jurisdiction as a person who has not yet turned 18.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A child who is not receiving the proper level of physical or psychological care from his or her parents or guardians,or who has been placed up for adoption in violation of the law,is known as a(n)__________________ child.
Q4) An act or conduct that is declared by statute to be an offense,but only when committed by or engaged in by a juvenile,and that can be adjudicated only by a juvenile court,is called a ____________ offense.
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Chapter 16: Drugs and Crime
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Q1) Which of the following is a responsive strategy to the drug usage problem that substantially reduces penalties associated with drug use but may not eliminate them entirely?
A)Decriminalization
B)Legalization
C)Forced drug treatment of convicted drug users
D)Drug court
Q2) The first piece of major federal anti-drug legislation was with the controlled substance act of 1970.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Pharmaceutical diversion is the transfer of prescription medicines controlled by the Controlled Substances Act by theft,deception,and/or fraudulent means for other than their intended legitimate therapeutic purposes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Is there such a person as a recreational drug user? How is a recreational drug user defined? What are considered to be recreational drugs? Be thorough in your answer and support your conclusions with facts.
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Chapter 17: Terrorism and Multinational Criminal Justice
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Q1) The Department of ________________ Security is charged with protecting the nation's critical infrastructure against terrorist attack.
Q2) A form of terrorism that makes use of high technology,especially computers and the Internet,in the planning and carrying out of terrorist attacks is called________________.
Q3) According to criminologist Gwynn Nettler,all forms of terrorism share six characteristics.List and define those six characteristics and give an example of each.
Q4) Under Islamic law,what types of crimes are considered offenses against God?
A)Tazir
B)Hudud
C)Koranic
D)Arabic
Q5) Which type of crime is a minor violation of Islamic law that is regarded as an offense against society,not God?
A)Hudud
B)Ethnocentric
C)Tazir
D)Koranic
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Chapter 18: The Future of Criminal Justice
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Q1) A police crime-scene analyst or laboratory worker versed in processing evidence is a:
A)DNA profiler.
B)Criminalist.
C)Medical examiner.
D)Pathologist.
Q2) Which refers to the use of technology in the service of criminal investigation,the application of scientific techniques to the detection and evaluation of criminal evidence?
A)Criminalistics
B)Forensic entomology
C)DNA profiling
D)Social engineering
Q3) Augmented reality (AR)is the real-time and accurate overlay of digital information on a user's real-world experience,through visual,aural,and/or tactile interfaces.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A criminal offense that employs advanced or emerging technology in its commission is called a(n)___________________.
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