Introduction to Cognitive Science Exam Bank
Course Introduction
Introduction to Cognitive Science explores the interdisciplinary study of the mind and intelligent behavior, drawing from fields such as psychology, neuroscience, computer science, linguistics, and philosophy. The course examines how humans and other intelligent systems perceive, think, learn, and remember information. Students will investigate fundamental questions about the nature of cognition, including perception, language acquisition, reasoning, decision-making, and consciousness, while gaining insight into computational models, neural mechanisms, and experimental approaches that drive research in cognitive science today.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Psychology Connecting Mind Research and Everyday Experience 5th Edition by E. Bruce
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13 Chapters
767 Verified Questions
767 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
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62 Verified Questions
62 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Ebbinghaus's research on memory, savings is a function of A) word familiarity.
B) sensory modality.
C) elapsed time.
D) reaction time.
Answer: C
Q2) Which memory is used for physical actions?
A) Long-term memory
B) Procedural memory
C) Episodic memory
D) Semantic memory
Answer: B
Q3) Your text describes the occurrence of a "cognitive revolution" during which dramatic changes took place in the way psychology was studied. This so-called revolution occurred parallel to (and, in part, because of) the introduction of
A) cognitive psychology textbooks.
B) analytic introspection.
C) Skinner boxes.
D) computers.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience
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57 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are walking down the street and see a nice car drive by. You notice its color, movement, and shape. All of these features are processed
A) in one localized area of the brain.
B) by a specific object neuron.
C) in different parts of the brain.
D) through fMRI potentials.
Answer: C
Q2) When conducting an experiment on how stimuli are represented by the firing of neurons, you notice that neurons respond differently to different faces. For example, Arthur's face causes three neurons to fire, with neuron 1 responding the most and neuron 3 responding the least. Roger's face causes three different neurons to fire, with neuron 7 responding the least and neuron 9 responding the most. Your results support __________ coding.
A) specificity
B) distributed
C) sparse
D) divergence
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Perceiving machines are used by the U.S. Postal Service to "read" the addresses on letters and sort them quickly to their correct destinations. Sometimes, these machines cannot read an address because the writing on the envelope is not sufficiently clear for the machine to match the writing to an example it has stored in memory. Human postal workers are much more successful at reading unclear addresses, most likely because of A) bottom-up processing.
B) top-down processing.
C) their in-depth understanding of principles of perception.
D) repeated practice at the task.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is true about perception?
A) It occurs separately from action.
B) It is mostly automatic.
C) It involves rapid processes.
D) It is the result of many cognitions such as creating memories, acquiring knowledge, and solving problems.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Attention
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compare and contrast stimulus salience and scene schemas. Give an example using one visual stimulus to identify elements that fit each category.
Q2) Eye tracking studies investigating attention as we carry out actions such as making a peanut butter sandwich found that a person's eye movements
A) usually follow a motor action by a fraction of a second.
B) are influenced by unusual objects placed in the scene.
C) are determined primarily by the task.
D) continually scan all objects and areas of the scene.
Q3) Imagine that lawmakers are considering changing the driving laws and that you have been consulted as an attention expert. Given the principles of divided attention, in which of the following conditions would a person have the most difficulty with driving and therefore pose the biggest safety risk on the road?
A) When the person has to drive to work early in the morning.
B) When the driver is stuck in stop-and-go traffic.
C) When the driver has to park in a crowded parking garage.
D) When the person is driving an unfamiliar vehicle that is more difficult to operate.
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Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe Atkinson and Shiffrin's concept of control processes. Then give two examples of control processes to support your thinking.
Q2) Remembering that a tomato is a fruit rather than a vegetable is an example of ___________ memory.
A) semantic
B) acoustic
C) visual
D) iconic
Q3) Have you ever tried to think of the words and hum the melody of one song while the radio is playing a different song? People have often noted that this is very difficult to do. This difficulty can be understood as A) articulatory suppression.
B) an overload of sensory memory.
C) rehearsal interference.
D) an LTM recency effect.
Q4) What is the relationship between digit span and chunking? Give an example of how both concepts apply in a single memory task.
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Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory: Structure
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lucille is teaching Kendra how to play racquetball. She explains how to hold the racquet, how to stand, and how to make effective shots. These learned skills that Lucille has acquired are an example of ___________ memory.
A) working
B) semantic
C) procedural
D) autobiographical
Q2) According to Tulving, an episodic memory is distinguished by the process of ________ it.
A) semanticizing
B) knowing
C) reliving
D) coding
Q3) Which of the following is most closely associated with implicit memory?
A) The self-reference effect
B) The propaganda effect
C) Release from proactive inhibition
D) Encoding specificity
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8
Chapter 7: Long-Term Memory: Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Free recall of the stimulus list "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants" will most likely yield which of these response patterns?
A) "apple, desk, shoe, coat, lamp, pants"
B) "apple, desk, shoe, sofa, plum, chair, cherry, coat, lamp, pants"
C) "apple, cherry, plum, shoe, coat, pants, lamp, chair"
D) "apple, chair, cherry, coat, desk, lamp, plum, shoe, sofa"
Q2) Explain the logic behind the statement that "the pen is mightier than the keyboard." Be sure to include concepts related to long-term memory in your response.
Q3) The story in the text about the balloons that were used to suspend a speaker in mid-air was used to illustrate the role of ___________ in memory.
A) rehearsal
B) organization
C) depth of processing
D) forming connections with other information
Q4) Compare and contrast the concepts of synaptic consolidation and systems consolidation. Be sure to refer to specific models as appropriate.
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Page 9
Chapter 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors
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Sample Questions
Q1) Experiments that argue against a special flashbulb memory mechanism find that as time increases since the occurrence of the flashbulb event, participants
A) remember more details about the event.
B) make more errors in their recollections.
C) report less confidence about their recollections.
D) report less vivid recollections of the event.
Q2) Define source monitoring errors and describe some research that illustrates them. Then explain why these errors reinforce the characterization of memory as being "constructive."
Q3) Explain why a flashbulb memory is both special and ordinary. Provide an example of a flashbulb memory from your own experience to support your thinking.
Q4) After witnessing a bank robbery downtown, Javier completed a cognitive interview at the police station. What term would Javier likely use to describe his interview experience?
A) Structured
B) Autobiographical
C) Suggestible
D) Multidimensional
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Chapter 9: Conceptual Knowledge
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the ___________ approach, there are certain types of concepts that have specific neural circuits in the brain.
A) semantic category
B) neuronal limitation
C) multiple-factor
D) sensory-functional
Q2) Explain what is meant by the statement: The concept "cat" is the answer to the question "What is a cat?"
Q3) In the semantic network model, a specific category or concept is represented at a
A) link.
B) input unit.
C) node.
D) output unit.
Q4) ___________ are actual members of a category that a person has encountered in the past.
A) Icons
B) Prototypes
C) Units
D) Exemplars
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Chapter 10: Visual Imagery
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mental scanning experiments found
A) a direct relationship between scanning time and distance on the image.
B) an absence of mental scanning when processing a mental geometric image.
C) a constant scanning time for all locations on an image.
D) that imagery does not represent spatial relations in the same way perceptual information does.
Q2) A mental rotation task is focused on the ________ aspect of imagery.
A) spatial
B) propositional
C) abstract
D) detail
Q3) "3x + 9 = 16" is a___________representation.
A) depictive
B) spatial
C) propositional
D) descriptive
Q4) What is the consensus on neural overlap in perception and imagery? Provide descriptions of at least two research efforts to support your answer.
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Chapter 11: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) The given-new contract is a method for creating
A) comprehension between a speaker and a listener in a conversation.
B) children's mastery of syntax.
C) resolution of a lexically ambiguous sentence.
D) anaphoric inferences between consecutive sentences.
Q2) The word frequency effect refers to the fact that we respond more
A) slowly to low-frequency words than high-frequency words.
B) slowly to letters appearing in nonwords than letters appearing in words.
C) quickly to letters that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word.
D) quickly to phonemes that appear multiple times in a word than just once in a word.
Q3) The idea that the rules governing the grouping of words in a sentence is the primary determinant of the way a sentence is parsed is part of the ____________________ approach to parsing.
A) semantic
B) temporary ambiguity
C) garden path
D) interactionist
Q4) Explain how language and music are both similar and different.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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Sample Questions
Q1) Actions that take the problem from one state to another are known as A) intermediate states.
B) subgoals.
C) operators.
D) mental sets.
Q2) Holly was in her mother-in-law's kitchen preparing lunch for the family. When she was ready to dish up the soup, she searched all the cupboards and drawers for a ladle but couldn't find one. She decided to wait until her mother-in-law returned to ask her where the ladle was, leaving the soup in the stove pot. Her mother-in-law later explained that the ladle had been broken, so she told Holly to use a coffee mug to "spoon" the soup into bowls. Holly's ability to solve the "dish up the soup" problem was hindered by which of the following obstacles?
A) Discriminability
B) Perseveration
C) Divergent thinking
D) Functional fixedness
Q3) Compare and contrast functional fixedness and mental set. Give examples of each in the context of problem solving to support your thinking.
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Chapter 13: Judgment, Decisions, and Reasoning
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers),
A) performance is better for the concrete task.
B) performance is better for the abstract task.
C) performance is the same for both tasks.
D) performing the abstract task improves performance of the concrete task.
Q2) One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that they
A) ignore the falsification principle.
B) are influenced by the atmosphere effect.
C) confuse the ideas of validity and truth.
D) incorrectly apply the permission schema.
Q3) The finding that people tend to incorrectly conclude that more people die from tornados than from asthma has been explained in terms of the A) representativeness heuristic.
B) availability heuristic.
C) falsification principle.
D) belief bias.
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Page 15