Introduction to Cognitive Neuroscience
Final Test Solutions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Cognitive Neuroscience explores the biological foundations of mental processes by examining how brain structures and neural mechanisms give rise to cognitive functions such as perception, attention, memory, language, and decision making. The course integrates findings from neuroimaging, brain lesion studies, and electrophysiological research to provide an understanding of how the brain supports complex behaviors. Students will gain insight into experimental approaches used to study the mind-brain relationship and discuss contemporary issues and applications in cognitive neuroscience.
Recommended Textbook
Psychological Science 5th Edition by Michael Gazzaniga
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15 Chapters
2560 Verified Questions
2560 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Science of Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following subfields of psychology is INCORRECTLY matched with its description?
A) neuroscience-examines the relationship between the nervous system and behavior
B) cognitive-examines how people grow and change from conception to death
C) industrial/organization-examines behavior and productivity in the workplace
D) clinical-deals with the study,diagnosis,and treatment of psychological disorders
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is a benefit of using heuristics and mental shortcuts?
A) They can lead to reasonably good decisions without too much effort.
B) They can lead to better decisions compared to effortful decision-making strategies.
C) They can lead to poor decisions but are very easy to use.
D) They can lead to poor decisions,but we outgrow them as we get older.
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: Research Methodology
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Sample Questions
Q1) When an experiment lacks the proper control,which of the following unintended variables can influence the outcome of a study?
A) confound
B) independent variable
C) dependent variable
D) all of the above
Answer: A
Q2) It would NOT be possible for a researcher to study creativity in an experiment if the researcher:
A) had to rely on inferential statistics.
B) did not account for the directionality problem.
C) did not create an operational definition to measure creativity.
D) did not measure event-related potential.
Answer: C
Q3) The variable that a researcher manipulates in an experiment is called the:
A) independent variable.
B) dependent variable.
C) confounding variable.
D) stimulus.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Biology and Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Anke is working in a laboratory and comes across a rat that is grossly overweight and seems unable to stop eating.The researcher tells Anke this rat has a brain lesion.Which part of the brain most likely has the lesion?
A) amygdala
B) hypothalamus
C) frontal lobe
D) brain stem
Answer: B
Q2) Interneurons communicate:
A) within local or short distance circuits.
B) directly on muscles.
C) directly on sensory organs.
D) with glial cells.
Answer: A
Q3) Men and women have been shown to differ on all but which of the following?
A) how they solve complex problems
B) the degree to which they use language-related brain regions
C) the size of the brain
D) intelligence
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Consciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) After a brain injury,a patient is considered to be in a persistent vegetative state if she does not regain consciousness after one:
A) day.
B) week.
C) month.
D) year.
Q2) Lucy tried a new drug.She noticed that she felt alert,sociable,and wide awake.Which of the following neurotransmitter systems did the drug most likely affect?
A) serotonin
B) cannabinoid
C) GABA
D) dopamine
Q3) According to the ________ model,consciousness should be a function of ________.
A) sensory neglect; the degree of damage to particular areas
B) blindsight; visual processing
C) global workspace; which brain circuits are active
D) consciousness; the level of arousal
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6
Chapter 5: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) As part of an experiment,Amanda is seated in front of a blank computer screen.On each trial,a line appears on the screen and then an object appears above the line.The task is to name the object as rapidly as possible.The object is either presented alone or within a scene.For example,a chicken may be presented alone or in a barnyard.People are significantly faster at naming the object when it is presented in the scene.This result is evidence for:
A) bottom-up processing in visual perception.
B) top-down processing in visual perception.
C) the role of context in figure-ground segmentation.
D) a cognitive application of the Gestalt laws.
Q2) Our perception of ________ is unusual in that it does not involve the thalamus.
A) taste
B) balance
C) smell
D) pain
Q3) Pheromone receptors are most like:
A) auditory hair cells.
B) olfactory receptors.
C) photoreceptors.
D) taste buds.
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) The key to whether presentations of a stimulus will lead to sensitization or habituation is whether the stimulus is:
A) potentially harmful or rewarding.
B) likely to be repeated.
C) novel.
D) a sound.
Q2) The neural structure responsible for releasing dopamine in response to reinforcement is the:
A) nucleus accumbens.
B) insula.
C) raphe system.
D) orbitofrontal cortex.
Q3) What causes extinction?
A) The conditioned response is no longer rewarding to the organism.
B) The unconditioned stimulus no longer evokes a response from the organism.
C) The organism learns that the conditioned stimulus no longer predicts the unconditioned stimulus.
D) Spontaneous recovery fails to occur.
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8
Chapter 7: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on memory consolidation reveals that memories:
A) are aided by sleep.
B) are stored as exact copies of experience.
C) are easy to duplicate.
D) none of the above.
Q2) You start to answer an exam question.Even though you know the word for the answer,you cannot remember it.Due to __________,you can remember ____________ but not the word itself.
A) change blindness; the shape of the word
B) the tip-of-the-tongue phenomenon; where on the page of your notes the word is
C) suggestibility; the first letter
D) absentmindedness; one sound in the word
Q3) A likely way in which suggestibility might cause new information to change an old memory is through:
A) retroactive interference.
B) reconsolidation.
C) elaborative rehearsal.
D) proactive interference.
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9
Chapter 8: Thinking, Language, and Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) When Xavier is looking for a book to buy,he takes recommendations from the staff at the local bookstore.Even though he sometimes winds up with a book that he does not like,he keeps using the staff recommendations because his strategy is a(n)________ that ________.
A) algorithm; usually works
B) heuristic; usually works
C) algorithm; is easy
D) heuristic; is easy
Q2) Two longtime friends,Joyce and Laurie,want to get back in touch with their childhood friend Rhonda,but they do not know whether she still lives in the area.Joyce randomly selects phone numbers from the local phonebook and asks people if they know Rhonda.Laurie calls numbers listed in the local phonebook for people who have the same last name as Rhonda.Joyce has approached the problem with a ________ approach,whereas Laurie has approached the problem with a(n)________.
A) heuristic; trial-and-error approach
B) trial-and-error; algorithm
C) algorithm; utility theory
D) trial-and-error; heuristic
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Human Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following tests assesses theory of mind?
A) asking a child why they want to go to the zoo
B) asking a child to explain why a friend is mad at them
C) asking a child to explain what they ate for lunch yesterday
D) asking a child when is their best friend's birthday
Q2) Sarah and Johnny were caught hitting each other during recess.The two are in kindergarten in Oklahoma.With Sarah's last smack,Johnny starts crying and calls the teacher over.How is the teacher,Mrs.Butler,likely to respond to both Sarah and Johnny's behavior?
A) Mrs.Butler will reprimand Johnny more strictly than Sarah for fighting.
B) Mrs.Butler will reprimand Sarah but not Johnny for this incident.
C) Mrs.Butler is likely to disapprove of Sarah's fighting and Johnny's crying and punish both of them.
D) Mrs.Butler will see this incident as part of normal development and will not punish either.
Q3) Environmental influences begin to affect children's development:
A) when they are able to move about in their environments.
B) shortly after conception.
C) within hours of birth.
D) as soon as they begin attending to peers.
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Chapter 10: Emotion and Motivation
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Sample Questions
Q1) How might the James-Lange theory of emotion describe the relationship between fear and trembling?
A) Fear and trembling are unrelated.
B) We tremble and feel afraid simultaneously.
C) We tremble because we feel afraid.
D) We feel afraid because we tremble.
Q2) Distinguish which of the following is NOT a secondary emotion?
A) remorse
B) anticipation
C) happiness
D) submission
Q3) Men and women have a(n)________ amount of sex hormones,with ________ distributions of hormones.
A) equal; equal
B) equal; different
C) different; different
D) different; equal
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Chapter 11: Health and Well-Being
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Sample Questions
Q1) Evidence suggests that some individuals are more prone to become regular smokers than are others.One factor involves:
A) a greater tendency to have acetylcholine pathways in the brain.
B) a cascade of HPA activation.
C) parents and peers who smoke.
D) the absence of antidrug programs in school.
Q2) Hardy individuals tend to view life events as less stressful than those who are low on this personality dimension.An important aspect of how they view their daily life is that:
A) they tend to resist negative changes.
B) when stressed,they focus on negative thoughts and feelings.
C) they have varying levels of commitment to their daily activities.
D) they feel they are largely in control of what happens to them.
Q3) One difference between anorexia nervosa and bulimia nervosa involves:
A) the degree of psychological disturbance present.
B) whether periods of dieting occur.
C) the amount of food that is typically consumed.
D) the race and class of the people who engage in each.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Social Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the U.S.military was integrated,many people expected it to be a disaster.In fact,integration of the military was hugely successful.In terms of social psychology,a major reason for this success was most likely that black soldiers and white soldiers: A) cooperated on important common goals. B) had to live and work together full-time.
C) were removed from their original environments. D) were penalized for not working together smoothly.
Q2) Mandy believes all engineers are unimaginative.Working on the literary magazine,she meets Josiah,who is an engineering major and a writer of fascinating short stories.Mandy is likely to handle this contradiction by deciding that:
A) Josiah is the exception to the rule about engineers.
B) engineers can be interesting and creative.
C) Josiah does not really want to be an engineer.
D) creativity is different in engineers.
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Chapter 13: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to this view,behavior is determined more by particular circumstances than by personality.
A) the Big Five
B) nomothetic approaches
C) situationism
D) none of the above
Q2) Evidence from cross-cultural research shows that there is ________ support for the five-factor theory and that ________.
A) little; researchers are trying to come up with new ways to measure personality
B) much; some cultural differences also emerge
C) little; there is much greater support for a three-factor theory
D) much; the traits are even more predictive of behavior elsewhere in the world
Q3) Factor analysis is useful to psychologists because it allows them to:
A) separate real traits from imaginary traits.
B) group traits together based on their similarities.
C) identify the causal factor behind each trait.
D) predict behavior on the basis of traits.
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15
Chapter 14: Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) The notion that schizophrenia may be caused by a virus:
A) has been evaluated thoroughly and dismissed by the scientific community.
B) has been supported by research into the gestational histories of people with schizophrenia.
C) has been supported convincingly by adoption studies.
D) is plausible,although it enjoys no compelling research support at this time.
Q2) Psychologists who argue for the importance of biological factors in mental disorders use all of the following kinds of evidence to support this approach EXCEPT:
A) studies of the rates of mental disorders in fraternal versus identical twins.
B) studies of environmental factors,such as diet and toxins,on mental health.
C) structural imaging of the brain in people with various mental disorders.
D) experiments involving gene alteration in individuals with mental disorders.
Q3) Borderline personality disorder is listed under the ________ cluster.
A) odd
B) anxious
C) dramatic
D) all of the above
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16
Chapter 15: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr.Johnson asks Sam,"How have you gotten your way in the past?" Sam says,"By intimidating and bullying people." Dr.Johnson continues,"And what consequences have resulted from your behavior?" Sam says,"I have been in jail for 12 of the past 13 years." Dr.Johnson asks,"What did you actually accomplish by bullying others?" Sam responds,"I got jail time." First,a correct diagnosis for Sam would most likely be ________.And if Dr.Johnson asks Sam to question the validity of his beliefs as a way to change Sam's behavior,then Dr.Johnson is most likely a ________.
A) borderline personality disorder; psychodynamic therapist
B) antisocial personality disorder; cognitive therapist
C) borderline personality disorder; dialectical behavior therapist
D) antisocial personality disorder; humanistic therapist
Q2) According to your text,is transcranial magnetic stimulation likely to replace electroconvulsive therapy as a treatment for depression?
A) Yes; transcranial magnetic stimulation has fewer negative side effects.
B) Yes; transcranial magnetic stimulation is more effective than electroconvulsive therapy.
C) No; the two are helpful for different kinds of patients.
D) No; transcranial magnetic stimulation is much more expensive to administer.
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