Introduction to Clinical Psychology Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Clinical Psychology provides students with a foundational understanding of the principles, history, and scope of clinical psychology as a scientific discipline and professional field. The course explores key topics such as psychological assessment, diagnostic procedures, therapeutic interventions, and ethical considerations in mental health settings. Students will examine various psychological disorders, evidence-based treatments, and the roles clinical psychologists play in diverse settings including hospitals, clinics, and private practice. Emphasis is placed on understanding the integration of theory, research, and practical application in addressing mental health issues, as well as current challenges and future directions in the field.
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Clinical Psychology 8th Edition by Timothy J. Trull
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Chapter 1: Clinical Psychology: An Introduction
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Q1) Kai is a typical clinical psychologist.Most likely,he has completed
A) only a bachelor's degree.
B) a bachelor's degree and two years of graduate work.
C) a bachelor's degree and five years of graduate work.
D) a bachelor's degree, a medical degree, and a three-year residency.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following statements about clinical social workers is INACCURATE?
A) They provide only a small fraction of the nation's mental health services.
B) They typically have training programs that are shorter in length than those of clinical psychologists.
C) Fieldwork constitutes an important part of their training.
D) All of the above statements are true.
Answer: A
Q3) Which of the following clinical psychologists may currently prescribe medication to people under their care?
A) all clinical psychologists
B) only clinical psychologists earning their degrees from 2005 onward
C) only clinical psychologists in some states
D) no clinical psychologists
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Historical Overview of Clinical Psychology
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Q1) Systematic desensitization was introduced
A) by Perls as one of the primary interventions of Gestalt therapy.
B) by Wolpe as a behavioral treatment based on conditioning principles.
C) by Ellis as a "common sense" form of psychoanalysis.
D) by Dollard and Miller as a brief treatment based on learning theory.
Answer: B
Q2) In __________,the Task Force on Promotion and Dissemination of Psychological Procedures published its first list of "empirically supported treatments."
A) 1995
B) 1983
C) 1978
D) 1963
Answer: A
Q3) Francis Galton is best known for
A) establishing the first psychology laboratory.
B) coining the term "projective technique."
C) applying quantitative methods to understanding differences among people.
D) originating the DSM.
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Current Issues in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) As described in the text,the combined professional-scientific training program integrates aspects of what three specialties?
A) clinical, counseling, and school psychology
B) clinical, health, and neuropsychology
C) counseling, school, and organizational psychology
D) clinical, forensic, and health psychology
Answer: A
Q2) Dr.Spring,a clinical psychologist,has been treating individuals in a private practice setting since the 1970s.In what respect does her professional practice today,in a managed care environment,likely differ from her professional practice in the '70s and '80s?
A) the length of treatment she can provide
B) the type of treatment she can provide
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Research Methods in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) What is the "third-variable problem"?
A) When a researcher measures so many variables that it's difficult to make sense of the data.
B) When a research considers only one direction of causation between two variables that are strongly correlated.
C) When a researcher measures variables that are not relevant to the relationship he or she is most interested in.
D) When a researcher fails to consider that two variables may be correlated due only to the effects of some unmeasured third variable.
Q2) Epidemiological researchers who are trying to measure the number of 25-year-olds who are depressed should ideally ask
A) people who are 25 at the time to report on their current symptoms.
B) people who are 26 at the time to report on symptoms from 1 year ago.
C) people who are 30 at the time to report on symptoms from 5 years ago.
D) an equal number from each of the above groups.
Q3) Identify at least four general elements of the consent form for a study.
Q4) Explain what is meant by both internal and external validity in the context of psychological research.
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Page 6
Chapter 5: Diagnosis and Classification of Psychological Problems
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Q1) DSM-IV-TR adopts a __________ approach to classifying psychopathology.
A) six-axis
B) dimensional
C) biological
D) categorical
Q2) A good synonym for the term "diathesis" is __________.
A) stress
B) consequence
C) environment
D) vulnerability
Q3) What are the advantages and disadvantages of the "subjective distress" definition of abnormal behavior?
Q4) For each Axis I and Axis II diagnosis,DSM-IV-TR includes information on all but which of the following?
A) age of onset
B) treatment of choice
C) prevalence
D) cultural considerations
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Q5) Identify at least three ways that culture may impact diagnosis and/or treatment.
Q6) Describe the diathesis-stress model of psychopathology.
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Page 8
Chapter 6: The Assessment Interview
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Q1) The type of interview that generally covers the broadest range of material is the __________ interview.
A) case-history
B) intake-admission
C) mental status examination
D) crisis
Q2) Interviewers should never
A) directly answer personal questions, even if they are inconsequential or trivial.
B) use the interview session as a place to work out their own problems.
C) either of the above
D) neither of the above
Q3) The __________ of an interview concerns how well the interview measures what it intends to measure.
A) validity
B) test-retest reliability
C) practical utility
D) interrater reliability
Q4) Discuss the different types of reliability that apply to interviews.How is each measured?
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Chapter 7: The Assessment of Intelligence
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Q1) Based upon the body of IQ data available,between 30 and 80% of IQ variance is due to genetic factors.What does this mean about the influence of environmental factors on IQ?
Q2) According to Spearman,"g"
A) does not exist.
B) stands for "good" overall intelligence, which roughly translates to scores that are above average.
C) represents general intelligence.
D) is one of the seven primary types of intelligence.
Q3) In comparison to traditional approaches,recent approaches to the definition of intelligence have emphasized A) strategies of processing.
B) speed of processing.
C) culture-dependent learning.
D) more than one of the above
Q4) The Mismeasure of Man is a critique of
A) early "mental ability" tests written by Alfred Binet.
B) Binet's approach to intelligence testing written by David Wechsler.
C) the intelligence testing of females written by Gloria Steinem.
D) intelligence testing written by Stephen J. Gould.
Page 10
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Chapter 8: Personality Assessment
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Q1) The MMPI-2 was intended to improve the original MMPI's
A) language, which had become sexist and outdated.
B) standardization sample, which included too many highly educated and African-American individuals.
C) scales, which were characterized by too much item overlap. D) all of the above
Q2) Test bias refers to the situation in which
A) an individual attempts to present himself/herself in the best possible light on a test such as the MMPI-2.
B) a psychologist tends to administer a test such as the MMPI-2 to certain groups more often than to others.
C) different decisions or predictions are made for members of two groups even when they obtain the same score on a test such as the MMPI-2.
D) an individual prejudges all psychological tests as being invalid and therefore refuses to take them.
Q3) Outline three reasons why the MMPI was revised.Also,outline two common criticisms of the MMPI-2.
Q4) Summarize the content validation approach to objective test construction.
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Page 11
Chapter 9: Behavioral Assessment
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Q1) The important feature of _________ is that the environment is "designed" such that it is likely that the assessor will observe the targeted behavior or interactions.
A) controlled observation
B) behavioral assessment
C) time-sampling techniques
D) role-playing techniques
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a cognitive-behavioral assessment technique?
A) Attributional Style Questionnaire
B) Assertiveness Self-Statement Test
C) Time Sample Behavioral Checklist
D) none of the above
Q3) Aside from handheld computers,what other technology may be used to gather data from individuals in their natural environments?
A) GPS devices
B) biosensors
C) audio recorders
D) all of the above
Q4) Describe three distinct ways that a cognitive-behavioral assessment may be conducted.
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Chapter 10: Clinical Judgment
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Q1) In what ways might clinical judgment and interpretation be improved?
Q2) Among the following,the name most closely associated with support for the statistical or actuarial approach to prediction is
A) Murray.
B) Meehl.
C) Exner.
D) Millon.
Q3) A clinician makes a clinical judgment based on his/her experience.He/she cannot identify specifically what the patient did or said to lead to this judgment.This clinician is utilizing the __________ approach to clinical judgment.
A) actuarial
B) mechanical
C) clinical
D) statistical
Q4) In general,empirical/objective clinicians regard patient data as A) correlates.
B) projective.
C) samples.
D) signs.
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Chapter 11: Psychological Interventions
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Q1) Studies that seek to investigate the efficacy of psychotherapy typically include a treatment group,a pre-treatment assessment of client functioning,a post-treatment assessment of client functioning,and A) a control group.
B) a manipulation check.
C) an internal audit.
D) none of the above
Q2) A few studies have found that Treatment A for anxiety,a manualized treatment,is not only superior to a placebo treatment,but produces outcomes at least as good as an existing well-regarded,widely used treatment for anxiety.These studies have been conducted by different investigators,and the client samples have been specified clearly.On the basis of this information,we would describe Treatment A as A) well-established.
B) probably efficacious.
C) possibly efficacious.
D) empirically verified.
Q3) Compare and contrast efficacy and effectiveness,in the context of psychotherapy research.
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Chapter 12: Psychotherapy: The Psychodynamic Perspective
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Q1) Breuer and Freud worked together to create __________,which was published in 1895.
A) The Psychopathology of Everyday Life
B) The Interpretation of Dreams
C) Civilization and Its Discontents
D) Studies in Hysteria
Q2) What advice would you offer to a therapist on making interpretations in therapy? Be sure to make at least three separate recommendations.
Q3) According to Freud,children progress through stages of development in the following sequence:
A) anal, oral, phallic, latency, genital.
B) oral, anal, latency, phallic, genital.
C) oral, anal, genital, latency, phallic.
D) none of the above
Q4) ALL BUT WHICH of the following is true of anxiety,as postulated by Freud?
A) It falls into one of four general classes.
B) It functions as a warning signal to the ego.
C) It is characterized by responses in several internal organs.
D) Each class of anxiety differs in terms of source, but not quality.
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Q5) Compare and contrast the three structures of personality proposed by Freud.
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Chapter 13: Psychotherapy: Phenomenological
Humanistic-Existential Perspective
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Q1) Client-centered therapists are especially likely to rely on __________ as the primary source of information about their clients.
A) self-reports
B) previous diagnoses
C) projective personality test data
D) objective personality test data
Q2) Which term below corresponds to the basic human tendency to maintain and enhance the self?
A) achievement drive
B) perfectionism
C) self-actualization
D) self-realization
Q3) What is meant by the term phenomenology,and why is this concept important to client-centered psychotherapy?
Q4) According to existentialism,the fundamental human characteristic is A) the search for meaning.
B) the desire for rational thought patterns.
C) the struggle between biological drives and societal norms.
D) the tendency toward self-actualization.
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Chapter 14: Psychotherapy: Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
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Q1) Deena and her therapist are using behavioral rehearsal to address her difficulties with social anxiety,and currently they are drawing up a hierarchy of social situations where Deena has been having problems.This suggests that they are in the __________ stage of the behavioral rehearsal.
A) first
B) second
C) third
D) fourth
Q2) Definitions of behavior therapy are diverse,but all of them tend to emphasize A) an experimental approach to the study of human behavior.
B) clinical inference.
C) mentalism over science.
D) mentalism and science equally.
Q3) According to Aaron Beck,depressed individuals are characterized by negative beliefs about
A) others' views of them.
B) their work and their relationships.
C) their safety and security.
D) themselves, their world, and their future.
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Chapter 15: Group Therapy, Family Therapy, and Couples Therapy
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Q1) Generally speaking,behavioral and cognitive-behavioral groups
A) are time-limited.
B) consist of a heterogeneous mix of presenting problems.
C) make only modest use of assessment.
D) prescribe a fairly passive role for the therapist.
Q2) Which of the following is the best example of a double bind?
A) Martin's mother tells him to respect his teacher's authority, even when the teacher is wrong.
B) During the first months of her son's life, Mimi is criticized by some people for staying at home with him, and when she resumes working outside the home, the same people start to question her devotion as a mother.
C) While in graduate school, Alan is encouraged to both work hard and play hard.
D) Chandra's best friend tells her that she won't be her friend anymore unless Chandra stops lying to her.
Q3) Compare and contrast conjoint,concurrent,and collaborative family therapy.
Q4) Identify briefly at least five decisions that must be made by the therapist regarding the structure and conduct/rules of group therapy.
Q5) Compare and contrast transactional analysis and Gestalt group therapy.
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Chapter 16: Community Psychology
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Q1) __________ involves programs that promote the early identification of mental health problems and prompt treatment of problems at an early stage so that mental disorders do not develop.
A) Primary prevention
B) Secondary prevention
C) Tertiary prevention
D) none of the above
Q2) Recent reports evaluating the effectiveness of a wide range of prevention programs suggest that we should feel __________ about the effectiveness of community psychology.
A) disappointed
B) cautiously optimistic
C) extremely confident
D) discouraged, particularly in comparison to the effectiveness of early prevention programs
Q3) Above all,community psychologists strive to __________ psychological disorders. A) prevent
B) cure
C) determine the etiology of D) redefine
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Chapter 17: Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine
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Q1) Most current health psychologists have
A) a doctoral degree from a clinical health psychology graduate program.
B) a doctoral degree from a clinical, social, or experimental psychology graduate program.
C) a doctoral degree from a graduate program in public health.
D) a master's degree from a graduate program in public health.
Q2) Dr.Baker is a health psychologist,and he is developing a program for the local elementary schools to deter children from taking up smoking.Based on the available research,which of the following interventions is likely to be LEAST effective for this purpose?
A) Focusing on dire health consequences, such as cancer or emphysema, that may occur after years of smoking.
B) Teaching smoking refusal skills through peer modeling and role plays.
C) Offering video recorded presentations that focus on the peer/social influences on smoking.
D) Conducting discussion groups to monitor children's attitudes toward and knowledge about smoking.
Q3) Define biofeedback,and describe generally how it might proceed for the problem of hypertension.What are two common criticisms of biofeedback?
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Chapter 18: Neuropsychology
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Q1) Explain the primary advantages and disadvantages of (1)the standard battery approach and (2)the flexible battery approach to neuropsychological assessment.
Q2) What kind of information is provided by fMRI? Identify at least two drawbacks of neurodiagnostic procedures,in general,and explain when they should be ordered.
Q3) Describe the guidelines for graduate training in clinical neuropsychology that were offered at the Houston Conference in 1997.Also,what kind of post-doctoral training is required?
Q4) Which of the following is true?
A) None of the neurodiagnostic procedures currently in use pose physical risks for the patient.
B) None of the neurodiagnostic procedures currently in use are physically invasive.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above
Q5) Compare and contrast the localization of function,equipotentiality,and functional models of brain functioning.
Q6) Identify and describe in some depth at least four distinct antecedents or causes of brain damage.
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Chapter 19: Forensic Psychology
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Q1) Who can petition the court for an examination of someone they believe requires commitment?
A) anyone
B) only the police
C) only the patient's family
D) only the patient's family or close associates
Q2) ___________ was defined by the U.S.Supreme Court as "...sufficient present ability to consult with his [sic] attorney with a reasonable degree of rational understanding and whether he has a rational as well as factual understanding of the proceedings against him."
A) Competency to stand trial
B) Criminal insanity
C) Involuntary commitment
D) Legal intellectual capacity
Q3) What two general questions should guide a forensic psychologist's evaluation for criminal insanity? Identify several factors the psychologist should examine in order to answer these two questions.
Q4) Identify at least four questions a forensic psychologist should address when performing a child custody evaluation.
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