Introduction to Clinical Psychology Final
Exam
Course Introduction
Introduction to Clinical Psychology offers students an overview of the field, exploring the history, theories, and practices central to understanding psychological disorders and their treatment. The course covers foundational topics such as diagnostic criteria, assessment techniques, therapeutic interventions, and ethical considerations in clinical contexts. Students will examine various approaches to psychotherapy, including cognitive-behavioral, psychodynamic, and humanistic therapies, and learn about the roles and responsibilities of clinical psychologists in diverse professional settings. Emphasis is placed on the integration of theory and research with real-world application, fostering a comprehensive understanding of psychological well-being and mental health care.
Recommended Textbook
Abnormal Psychology 8th Edition by Thomas F. Oltmanns
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Examples and Definitions of Abnormal Behavior
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Q1) The large patient populations placed in mental hospitals in the 1800s are important in the history of abnormal psychology because they
A)provided physicians with an opportunity to observe and treat various types of psychopathology.
B)created growing awareness of the need for psychological rather than medical interventions.
C)gave public officials a new way to deal with dangerous criminals.
D)led to a steady reduction in the number of people with mental illness.
Answer: A
Q2) An emphasis on masturbation as a cause of mental disorder,or the deliberate injection of mentally ill patients with malaria,can be viewed as examples of A)excessive emphasis on biological explanations.
B)a willingness to accept ideas that are not backed by scientific proof.
C)how little psychiatry has changed in the past 100 years.
D)the contempt with which most medical professionals viewed their patients.
Answer: B
Q3) When did the American Psychiatric Association launch the original version of the DSM?
Answer: 1952
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Causes of Abnormal Behavior
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Q1) According to Freud the ego protects itself from anxiety by utilizing various __________ __________ that he saw as unconscious self-deceptions.
Answer: defense mechanisms
Q2) You are watching a movie about a mental hospital.In one scene two mental health professionals are talking about a patient.One of them asks about the patient's prognosis.The response to this question will deal with the patient's A)diagnosis.
B)predicted course.
C)premorbid history.
D)developmental norm.
Answer: B
Q3) Beth received a painful shock while turning on her television.Now she reacts with fear whenever she sees a television.What is the television in this example?
A)neutral stimulus
B)reinforced stimulus
C)conditioned stimulus
D)unconditioned stimulus
Answer: C
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4
Chapter 3: Treatment of Psychological Disorders
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Q1) According to the text recent years have witnessed the development of a __________ wave of CBT based on broad principles such as acceptance and mindfulness.
Answer: third
Q2) _____ medication is used to treat many psychological conditions.It is generally effective,but it is not a "cure" for any disorder.
A)Psychostimulant
B)Analgesic
C)Psychotropic
D)Antimanic
Answer: C
Q3) A straightforward example of an eclectic approach to the case Frances presented in your text would be to
A)combine psychotherapy with medication.
B)conduct outcome research.
C)conduct process research.
D)follow one specific paradigm of treatment.
Answer: A
Q4) The form of psychotherapy used by Sigmund Freud himself was called
Answer: psychoanalysis.
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Classification and Assessment of Abnormal Behavior
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Q1) Modern classification systems in psychiatry were introduced
A)by biologists and then adapted by psychiatrists.
B)by clinical psychologists working for the World Health Organization.
C)by Freud before WWII.
D)shortly after WWII.
Q2) After reviewing the manual for scoring the MMPI-2,Elizabeth decides that the scoring can best be described as
A)reactive.
B)objective.
C)subjective.
D)projective.
Q3) During the 1950s and 1960s,psychiatric classification systems were widely criticized.Discuss some of the reasons for this criticism.
Q4) Currently,brain imaging techniques are used mostly for research,but are being used in the assessment and treatment of
A)dissociative identity disorder
B)bulimia
C)depression
D)Alzheimer's disease
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Chapter 5: Mood Disorders and Suicide
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Q1) A hypothesis with regard to the response style model that attempts to explain the difference in rates of depression between men and women is
A)men are more likely to respond to depression with rumination,which prolongs and intensifies the depression.
B)women are more likely to respond to depression with rumination,which prolongs and intensifies the depression.
C)women are more likely to respond to depression with rumination,which has the effect of reducing their level of depression.
D)men are more likely to respond to depression with rumination,which has the effect of reducing their level of depression.
Q2) In a case conference about a procedure you are about to perform on your depressed patient,the main topic is the amount of amnesia or memory loss they will experience as a result of the therapy.What treatment are you likely considering?
Q3) The system in the body responsible for regulating a person's response to stress is known as the __________ system.
Q4) What has research revealed concerning the rate of depression among the elderly?
Q5) __________ or elated mood is the opposite emotional state from depressed mood.
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Chapter 6: Anxiety Disorders
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Q1) What are compulsions?
A)a type of obsession
B)normal feelings of drive
C)intrusive,unwanted thoughts
D)irrational,repetitive behaviors
Q2) After Harriet was in a bicycle accident,she became fearful of riding bicycles.Which theory of the development of phobias would explain this fear?
A)preparedness
B)psychoanalytic
C)operant conditioning
D)classical conditioning
Q3) While walking along the road,a car drives by and honks right next to you.The car hits your leg,and you are slightly injured.A few weeks later,you hear a car horn and become very nervous.What is the horn honking in this scenario?
A)conditioned stimulus
B)conditioned response
C)unconditioned stimulus
D)unconditioned response
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8
Chapter 7: Acute and Posttraumatic Stress Disorders,
Dissociative Disorders, and Somatic Symptom Disorders
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Q1) Research suggests many reasons to disbelieve the claims that dissociative disorders are prevalent but overlooked.Which of the following reasons presented in your textbook supports disbelieving these claims?
A)Most cases of DID are diagnosed by a large group of advocates from varied mental health backgrounds.
B)The increase in the frequency of the diagnosis correlated with the release of a popular book and movie.
C)DID is frequently diagnosed outside of Canada and the United States.
D)The diagnosis of DID has been associated with specific religious groups.
Q2) Which of the following is an example of a retrospective report?
A)a teen describing how he likes high school
B)an adult describing what high school was like
C)evaluation of high school students' work by several sources
D)a child describing what she expects high school to be like
Q3) Which of the following is characteristic of somatic symptom disorders?
A)They are the result of malingering.
B)They have no clear biological cause.
C)The symptoms are hypnotically induced.
D)The disorders consist of the presentation of impossible symptoms.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Stress and Physical Health
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Q1) Chronic stressors and losses create ________.
Q2) A study that looks at a group of people periodically over a period of time is known as a __________ study.
Q3) A study of 200 Latinos with arthritis found that their religion
A)discouraged the use of medical interventions.
B)had no benefit for their medical problems.
C)encouraged passive coping.
D)encouraged active coping.
Q4) Which of the following is an example of why some researchers object to instruments such as the Social Readjustment Rating Scale?
A)Stressors rarely have physiological effects.
B)Stressors can be positive or negative.
C)Life changes caused by stress are always immediate.
D)Stressors don't necessarily affect social relationships.
Q5) Which of the following is LEAST likely to take place in a behavioral medicine clinic?
A)support groups for people with terminal cancer
B)dialysis for patients with renal failure
C)classes that introduce coping strategies to patients with chronic pain
D)interventions to educate parents of chronically ill children
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Chapter 9: Personality Disorders
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Q1) In laboratory studies,individuals are asked to learn a sequence of responses in order to receive a reward or punishment.How do the responses of psychopaths compare to the responses of normal control groups?
A)Psychopaths have a much more difficult time learning.
B)Psychopaths show high aversion to anticipated punishment.
C)Psychopaths show high intelligence and better overall performance.
D)Psychopaths do not seem to be affected by the anticipated punishment.
Q2) You are arguing with another student about whether personality disorders occur more frequently in women.Which of the following is the most accurate position to take?
A)The overall prevalence is approximately equal.
B)Cluster A personality disorders are more common in women.
C)Cluster B personality disorders are more common in men.
D)The overall prevalence is higher for men.
Q3) To meet the definition of a personality disorder in DSM-5,one must meet the criteria of
A)personality traits never seen in normal people.
B)an enduring pattern of behavior that differs considerably from one's culture.
C)the presence of emotional symptoms that make one aggressive.
D)the presence of psychotic symptoms.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Feeding and Eating Disorders
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Q1) Some experts suggest that a better term than "eating" disorder would be "___________" disorder.
A)nutrition
B)food avoidant
C)starvation
D)dieting
Q2) A medical technician looks up from the microscope and says to his supervisor,"I think we have a case of hyperlipogenesis here." What would this information tell the physician about the patient whose tests the technician just analyzed?
A)The patient suffered cardiac arrest secondary to an eating disorder.
B)The patient's body is storing an abnormally large amount of fat in fat cells.
C)The patient's endocrine system is working at a high rate that will soon lead to exhaustion.
D)The patient's heart rate has increased as a result of having to push more blood through clogged arteries.
Q3) Psychological studies repeatedly show that exposure to images of super-thin women increases body image __________ among girls and young women.
Q4) Discuss the defining characteristics of anorexia.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Substance-Related and Addictive Disorders
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Q1) What is the estimated heritability of serious alcohol-related problems?
A)13 percent
B)33 percent
C)66 percent
D)86 percent
Q2) Discuss the other disorders commonly associated with substance use disorders.
Q3) Follow-up studies of adults who used cannabis over a period of several years
A)found some evidence of cognitive decline associated with the drug.
B)did not find evidence of cognitive decline associated with the drug.
C)found evidence of brain damage in several areas of the central nervous system.
D)found evidence of cognitive enhancement in creative skills.
Q4) Polysubstance abuse refers to abuse of
A)synthetic drugs.
B)more serious drugs.
C)prescription drugs.
D)several types of drugs.
Q5) ___________ refers to the dried resin from the top of the female cannabis plant.
Q6) Discuss what balanced placebo and longitudinal designs can tell us about the possible role of expectations as factors in both alcohol and drug effects and in the onset of alcohol and drug problems.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Sexual Dysfunctions, Paraphilic Disorders and Gender Dysphoria
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Q1) According to Knight and Guay's categorical system of rape motivations,an individual who appears to be intent on directing violence exclusively toward women would be classified as what type of rapist?
A)nonsadistic
B)misogynist
C)vindictive
D)opportunistic
Q2) Michael is ordered to undergo aversion therapy for pedophilia.What will this treatment entail?
A)education about sexual norms
B)confrontation by other men with similar problems
C)therapy to increase insight to the consequences of pedophilia
D)receiving electrical shock when sexually aroused by pictures of children
Q3) Your textbook describes the masochistic behaviors of Daphne Merkin,but then the authors remark that Daphne might not necessarily qualify for a diagnosis of sexual masochism because
A)she acknowledged her interests in masochistic sex.
B)she married the people involved in her masochistic fantasies.
C)it is not clear that she experienced subjective distress or social impairment.
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D)she never allowed herself to be seriously hurt.
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Chapter 13: Disorders
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Q1) In addition to the duration of the disorder,what does the DSM-5 definition of schizophrenia take into account?
Q2) While antipsychotic medication does relieve the symptoms of schizophrenia in many cases,approximately _____ percent of schizophrenic patients do not improve with the use of classical antipsychotic drugs.
A)10
B)25
C)50
D)75
Q3) What is one of the indirect lines of evidence supporting the hypothesis that viral infections play a role in the etiology of some cases of schizophrenia?
A)The rates of schizophrenia tend to be elevated during periods of famine.
B)There is a slightly elevated rate of schizophrenia among people born in the winter months.
C)There is a correlation between indices of air pollution and rates of schizophrenia around the world.
D)High doses of drugs designed to fight viral infections can reduce some of the symptoms of schizophrenia.
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15
Chapter 14: Neurocognitive Disorders
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Q1) Typically the symptoms of delirium
A)develop rapidly and then remain at a steady level as they further develop.
B)develop slowly and fluctuate throughout the day.
C)occur rapidly and then fluctuate throughout the day.
D)occur slowly and then remain at a steady level as they further develop.
Q2) Approximately _____ percent of individuals over the age of 90 will exhibit symptoms of moderate to severe dementia.
A)5
B)15
C)30
D)40
Q3) Many conditions other than those that attack the brain tissue directly can also produce symptoms of neurocognitive disorder.These can be either medical conditions or other types of mental disorders.One cause of neurocognitive disorder is the severe interruption of blood flow to the brain known as a A)stroke.
B)myocardial infection.
C)vascular occlusion.
D)vasodementia.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Intellectual Disabilities and Autism Spectrum Disorders
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Q1) Between 1927 and 1979,more than ______ citizens of Virginia were forcibly sexually sterilized.
A)1,000
B)4,000
C)8,000
D)80,000
Q2) Which of the following symptoms are associated with fetal alcohol syndrome?
A)severe intellectual disability and gaze aversion
B)profound intellectual disability and sensory deficits
C)mild intellectual disability and learning disabilities
D)moderate intellectual disability and motor dysfunctions
Q3) Why are the apparent sensory deficits seen in some people with ASD referred to as "apparent"?
A)There is no impairment in the sense organ,but the individual's response makes it appear otherwise.
B)There is no way to assess the sensory functioning of children with ASD.
C)What appears to be a deficit is often a form of willful behavior.
D)Parents incorrectly perceive these children as having deficits.
Q4) IQ scores are designed so that they have a standard deviation of 15 and a mean (average)of
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Chapter 16: Psychological Disorders of Childhood
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Q1) According to Bowlby,children go through a four-stage process akin to grief when they are separated from or lose an attachment figure.The final stage is
A)yearning and protest.
B)disorganization and despair.
C)numbed responsiveness.
D)reorganization and detachment.
Q2) Which of the following correctly describes the condition known as anaclitic depression?
A)a form of depression that is related to weather
B)a form of biologically induced depression that can be seen in young children
C)the lack of social responsiveness that can occur when an infant does not have a consistent attachment figure
D)what happens when young children model the behavior of their parents who have a history of depression
Q3) Suicide is the ________ leading cause of death among teenagers.
A)third
B)second
C)sixth
D)eighth
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Adjustment Disorders and Life-Cycle
Transitions
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Q1) Why have divorce rates declined since the early 1980s?
A)The average age of the population is getting older.
B)The people most prone to divorce are less likely to get married.
C)State governments have mandated marriage counseling to reduce the divorce rates.
D)Married couples are getting along better thanks to improvements in premarital counseling.
Q2) Typically,a couple or family therapist acts as an objective outsider who helps the couple to
A)identify and voice disagreements.
B)save their marriage and avoid divorce.
C)address one partner's problem behavior.
D)avoid disagreements and focus on the positive.
Q3) Describe the type of emotional reciprocity found in families with happy relationships compared to the type found in families with troubled relationships.
Q4) Hormone replacement therapy in women generally involves replacing depleted supplies of __________ .
Q5) ____________ is the cessation of menstruation in women.
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Q6) Explain how heritability might play a role in divorce,and give an example.
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Chapter 18: Mental Health and the Law
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Q1) Which of the following individuals is more likely to commit acts of violence than the others?
A)a man with schizophrenia
B)a woman with major depression
C)a man or woman with bipolar disorder
D)a man or woman who abuses drugs and alcohol
Q2) A psychologist is hired by the defense in a case involving the issue of not guilty by reason of insanity.Based on changes resulting from the Hinckley case and the Insanity Defense Reform Act of 1984,it is likely that the thrust of the psychologist's testimony would be in support of the defendant's
A)inability to stand trial due to her mental illness.
B)inability to appreciate the nature and quality or wrongfulness of her behavior due to her mental illness.
C)right to treatment versus imprisonment due to her mental illness.
D)inability to discuss the nature of her offense with her attorney due to her mental illness.
Q3) ____________ is the ethical obligation not to reveal private communications that is basic to psychotherapy.
Q4) List and define the types of custody at issue in child custody cases.
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