Introduction to Clinical Psychology
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Introduction to Clinical Psychology offers an overview of the scientific study and application of psychological principles to assess, diagnose, and treat mental health disorders. The course explores the history and evolution of clinical psychology, key theoretical perspectives, and the range of assessment and intervention techniques used by clinicians. Students will examine common psychological disorders, ethical considerations, the role of evidence-based practice, and the impact of culture and diversity in clinical practice. Emphasis is placed on developing a foundational understanding of the field to prepare students for further study or careers related to mental health services.
Recommended Textbook
Clinical Psychology 8th Edition by Timothy
J. Trull
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19 Chapters
1138 Verified Questions
1138 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Clinical Psychology: An Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) The mental health professionals most likely to have been trained as both scientists and practitioners are
A) clinical social workers.
B) clinical psychologists.
C) psychiatrists.
D) psychiatric nurses.
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following is true?
A) There are more doctoral-level counseling psychologists than doctoral-level clinical psychologists.
B) There are more accredited doctoral programs in counseling psychology than in clinical psychology.
C) It is more likely for a clinical program, as opposed to a counseling program, to be housed in a psychology department.
D) All of the above are true.
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: Historical Overview of Clinical Psychology
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Q1) If an individual was to undergo a personality assessment in 1960,which of the following would have been available for the clinician to use?
A) Rorschach
B) TAT
C) MMPI
D) all of the above
Answer: D
Q2) Which of the following is a correct pairing of an historical figure and his/her primary contribution to psychological treatment?
A) Anna Freud/group therapy
B) Alfred Adler/play therapy
C) Anna Freud/play therapy
D) Alfred Adler/group therapy
Answer: C
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4
Chapter 3: Current Issues in Clinical Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Unlike a PPO,an HMO
A) employs a restricted number of providers to serve members.
B) contracts with outside providers to meet the needs of members.
C) is a type of managed care model.
D) attempts to contain health-care costs.
Answer: A
Q2) Last spring,Johan earned his Ph.D.in clinical psychology in an APA-accredited program.This spring he will complete one year of supervised postdoctoral work and go to the state capital to take the Examination for Professional Practice in Psychology (EPPP).What kind of professional designation does Johan appear to be pursuing?
A) assistant professor
B) certification
C) licensure
D) ABPP certification
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Research Methods in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) What is the "third-variable problem"?
A) When a researcher measures so many variables that it's difficult to make sense of the data.
B) When a research considers only one direction of causation between two variables that are strongly correlated.
C) When a researcher measures variables that are not relevant to the relationship he or she is most interested in.
D) When a researcher fails to consider that two variables may be correlated due only to the effects of some unmeasured third variable.
Q2) Dr.Greene would like to conduct an externally valid study on the topic of social anxiety.Which study methodology below is most likely to yield results that are externally valid?
A) case study of an individual with social anxiety
B) single-case design examining the effects of imagery exercises in a person with social anxiety
C) epidemiological study to estimate the prevalence of social anxiety
D) experimental study examining the effects of group therapy (versus being waitlisted) on social anxiety
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6
Chapter 5: Diagnosis and Classification of Psychological Problems
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Q1) What is the DC 0-3R?
A) a diagnostic classification system developed for children between birth and age 3
B) a shorthand diagnostic classification system developed for use by mental health paraprofessionals
C) a simplified diagnostic classification system developed for use by primary care physicians and other health care providers outside the mental health field
D) none of the above
Q2) What are the major elements of "mental disorder," as defined in the DSM-IV-TR?
Q3) ALL BUT WHICH of the following is a disadvantage of using the subjective distress definition of abnormal behavior?
A) It doesn't recognize the validity of the individual's own experience.
B) Not everyone who appears "disordered" to others reports distress.
C) It's unclear how much distress is enough to be considered abnormal.
D) It's unclear how long distress must persist in order to be considered abnormal.
Q4) Identify at least three ways that culture may impact diagnosis and/or treatment.
Q5) What is the function of each axis of DSM-IV-TR?
Q6) Identify three major purposes of psychiatric diagnosis.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: The Assessment Interview
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Q1) A clinical psychologist develops a clinical interview to assess for the presence of alcohol abuse and dependence.In evaluating the interview,the psychologist conducts a study that compares people's current scores on this interview with their current scores on a well-established paper-and-pencil measure of alcohol abuse and dependence.What kind of validity does this study appear to be assessing?
A) content validity
B) predictive validity
C) concurrent validity
D) discriminant validity
Q2) During an interview,Dr.Jimenez's client becomes very quiet,and there is a long period of silence.What should Dr.Jimenez do in this case?
A) She should say nothing until the client takes the initiative to speak again, even if it takes a very long time.
B) She should assume that the client is demonstrating resistance to the current topic.
C) She should say something just to break the awkward tension of the silence.
D) She should respond in such a way that encourages communication and understanding.
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Chapter 7: The Assessment of Intelligence
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Q1) On the WAIS-IV,the average IQ score is
A) 50.
B) 100.
C) 150.
D) none of the above
Q2) The consistency of scores across two alternative versions of a test is labeled
A) test-retest reliability.
B) equivalent forms reliability.
C) split-half reliability.
D) interrater reliability.
Q3) What is meant by the term "the Flynn effect"?
A) the observation that the average IQ of successive generations is declining
B) the observation that the average IQ of successive generations is increasing
C) the observation that people's verbal intelligence is increasing, while their spatial intelligence is decreasing
D) the observation that people's spatial intelligence is increasing, while their verbal intelligence is decreasing
Q4) Briefly describe the four index scores of the WAIS-IV.What general type of ability does each refer to?
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Chapter 8: Personality Assessment
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Q1) Which of the following personality assessments is used by more clinical psychologists than any other personality assessment?
A) MMPI-2
B) TAT
C) Rorschach
D) sentence completion methods
Q2) Outline the steps involved in the construct validation approach to objective test construction.How does this approach relate to the other approaches to test construction?
Q3) The domains measured by the NEO-PI-R include
A) Neuroticism and Openness to Experience.
B) Schizophrenia and Conscientiousness.
C) Need for Achievement and Extraversion.
D) all of the above
Q4) The original MMPI was standardized on individuals who A) were exclusively white.
B) were largely from small towns in Minnesota.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above
Q5) Summarize the content validation approach to objective test construction.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Behavioral Assessment
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Q1) In the past,most behavioral assessors __________,but currently they
A) emphasized the importance of base rates; rarely measure base rates
B) believed mental disorder diagnoses were essential; view diagnoses as optional
C) incorporated cognitions into their assessments on a regular basis; do so far less often
D) saw mental disorder diagnoses as useless; concede that diagnoses may be useful
Q2) What are three advantages of having clients complete behavioral logs or diaries?
Two disadvantages?
Q3) The Dysfunctional Thought Record is an example of a __________ technique.
A) controlled observation
B) self-monitoring
C) psychophysiological assessment
D) none of the above
Q4) An advantage of self-monitoring is that it
A) is less expensive than observation by trained staff.
B) can help clients translate vague, global complaints into specific behaviors to be changed.
C) prevents clients from distorting their observations.
D) more than one of the above
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Chapter 10: Clinical Judgment
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Q1) A clinician who is more comfortable making predictions mechanically,based upon correlations between variables,rather than intuitively,based upon clinical impressions,exhibits a __________ approach to clinical judgment.
A) quantitative
B) qualitative
C) subjective
D) clinical
Q2) According to a review of the empirical evidence for bias in clinical judgment (Garb,1997),
A) lower socioeconomic status patients are judged to be more seriously disturbed than those of higher socioeconomic status.
B) middle class patients are more likely to be referred for psychotherapy than lower-class patients.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above
Q3) Summarize the results of empirical research comparing clinical and actuarial approaches to clinical judgment and prediction.
Q4) In what ways might clinical judgment and interpretation be improved?
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Psychological Interventions
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Q1) Smith and Glass (1977)
A) performed a comparative study involving 90 outpatients and found that psychodynamic and behavioral therapy produced better results than no treatment at all.
B) performed a meta-analysis of nearly 400 psychotherapy studies and concluded that psychotherapy is generally effective.
C) published a strong but non-empirical paper criticizing the general effectiveness of psychotherapy.
D) published a strong but non-empirical paper supporting the general effectiveness of psychotherapy.
Q2) Describe at least three distinct challenges that arise in the context of providing psychotherapy to children that do not arise in psychotherapy with adults.
Q3) Rogers (1957)stated that empathy,warmth,and genuineness were __________ for therapeutic change.
A) necessary and sufficient
B) neither necessary nor sufficient
C) necessary but not sufficient
D) sufficient but not necessary
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13
Chapter 12: Psychotherapy: The Psychodynamic Perspective
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Q1) According to Freud,a behavior like __________ typically occurs as an accident and is NOT the expression of an unconscious wish.
A) missing an appointment
B) a "slip of the tongue"
C) forgetting to return a phone call
D) none of the above
Q2) Interpretation
A) was used in Freudian psychoanalysis, but is rarely used in contemporary variations of psychoanalytic treatment.
B) typically must be offered several times to fully bring unconscious material into conscious awareness.
C) involves inducing the patient to understand thoughts or behaviors in a different manner.
D) more than one of the above
Q3) What does recent research suggest about the efficacy of psychodynamic psychotherapy? What appears to be its most curative element?
Q4) What is transference,and how might a psychoanalyst facilitate it?
Q5) Compare and contrast the three structures of personality proposed by Freud.
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Chapter 13: Psychotherapy: Phenomenological
Humanistic-Existential Perspective
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Q1) A client-centered psychotherapist is conducting an initial interview with Akila,a new client.Upon which of the following data sources is the psychotherapist most likely to rely?
A) the results of Akila's personality tests
B) Akila's self-description
C) descriptions of Akila provided by her husband and sister
D) the results of Akila's intelligence tests
Q2) According to Rogers,empathy
A) is a professional tool that therapists use to earn clients' trust.
B) is an attitude that must be genuine in order to be effective.
C) is an attitude that must be complete in order to be effective.
D) more than one of the above.
Q3) Carl Rogers
A) was born in Europe.
B) grew up in a family with devout religious beliefs.
C) received his professional training in psychiatry.
D) none of the above
Q4) Identify at least two major activities of therapists providing client-centered therapy.Also,identify at least three therapist behaviors that are explicitly discouraged.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Psychotherapy: Behavioral and Cognitive-Behavioral Perspectives
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT one of the skills training areas outlined by Dialectical Behavior Therapy?
A) mindfulness
B) time management
C) distress tolerance
D) interpersonal effectiveness
Q2) A study comparing the effectiveness of two forms of treatment for panic disorder with agoraphobia (Craske et al.,1997)found that
A) interoceptive exposure resulted in a better outcome than breathing retraining.
B) breathing retraining resulted in better outcome than interoceptive exposure.
C) interoceptive exposure and breathing retraining were associated with similar outcomes.
D) interoceptive exposure and breathing retraining were associated with similar outcomes at post-treatment, but interoceptive exposure was superior at follow-up.
Q3) Propose a token economy for a director of an inpatient psychiatric unit who would like to increase the frequency of patients making their beds.
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Chapter 15: Group Therapy, Family Therapy, and Couples Therapy
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Q1) Marla and her family are in family therapy,and Marla's mother always agrees with others,no matter what is going on.According to many family therapists,Marla's mother is
A) delusional.
B) placating.
C) being passive-aggressive.
D) probably the most psychologically healthy family member.
Q2) Identify at least three general situations in which it would be logical to recommend family therapy.Identify at least two general situations in which family therapy should NOT be considered.
Q3) Describe current trends in the use of group,family,and couples therapy,and describe the reasons for these trends.
Q4) ALL BUT WHICH of the following is an accurate statement about time-effective group therapy?
A) It has an interpersonal focus.
B) It may be especially helpful for individuals with personality disorders.
C) It specifies a fairly passive role for the therapist.
D) It encourages patient responsibility.
Q5) Compare and contrast transactional analysis and Gestalt group therapy.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Community Psychology
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Q1) Most of the relevant empirical evidence suggests that,regarding the provision of mental health services,
A) paraprofessionals are much less effective than professionals.
B) paraprofressionals are somewhat less effective than professionals.
C) paraprofessionals are at least as effective as professionals.
D) The methodological flaws of the studies conducted on this topic do not allow for firm conclusions.
Q2) Which of the following was NOT identified by Dalton et al.(2001)as a dimension of human diversity important to the work of community psychologists?
A) ability/disability status
B) socioeconomic status
C) religion/spirituality
D) political affiliation
Q3) What is consultation,and what role does it play in community psychology?
Q4) Community psychologists tend to believe that
A) interventions should emphasize deficits over competencies.
B) diversity among individuals and communities is desirable.
C) both of the above
D) neither of the above
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Chapter 17: Health Psychology and Behavioral Medicine
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Q1) How effective are school-based programs (through health classes or media campaigns)for preventing problem drinking?
A) The effectiveness of these programs varies tremendously.
B) The effectiveness of these programs is consistently superior to the standard school curriculum on alcohol-related issues.
C) The effectiveness of these programs is consistently superior to the standard school curriculum on alcohol-related issues, but only in the short term.
D) The effectiveness of these programs appears to be inferior to the standard school curriculum on alcohol-related issues.
Q2) Because Delilah experiences severe headaches,she undergoes treatment that involves the placement of electrodes on her forehead.Delilah is most likely receiving
A) cognitive-behavioral treatment.
B) electroconvulsive therapy.
C) placebo treatment.
D) biofeedback.
Q3) Compare and contrast the biopsychosocial model of illness and health with the models that preceded it.
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Chapter 18: Neuropsychology
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Q1) Explain the primary advantages and disadvantages of (1)the standard battery approach and (2)the flexible battery approach to neuropsychological assessment.
Q2) Dennis's friends bring him to the ER late one night following blows to his head that have left him unable to say where he is or even what day it is.Someone assessing Dennis's neuropsychological status would say that he has impaired A) affect.
B) perception.
C) orientation.
D) cognitive fluency.
Q3) The future of neuropsychology will most likely include
A) a de-emphasis on rehabilitation.
B) the continued willingness of managed care companies to reimburse the costs of neuropsychological assessment.
C) the growth and development of neuropsychological subspecialties.
D) none of the above
Q4) Identify and describe at least four common consequences or symptoms of brain damage.
Q5) Compare and contrast the Halstead-Reitan and the Luria-Nebraska test batteries.
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Chapter 19: Forensic Psychology
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Q1) According to the text,the research on clinical versus actuarial prediction of dangerousness
A) clearly indicates that the clinical method is superior.
B) clearly indicates that the actuarial method is superior.
C) does not lend itself to a clear conclusion of superiority for either the clinical or actuarial method.
D) is virtually non-existent.
Q2) Seth has been charged with first-degree murder,but there is some question as to whether he is competent to stand trial.Which issue below was NOT among those identified by Greene and Heilbrun (2011)to be considered by clinicians determining competency?
A) Can he appreciate the nature of the charges against him?
B) Can he understand now that what he did was wrong?
C) Can he cooperate in a reasonable way with counsel?
D) Can he appreciate the proceedings of the court?
Q3) __________ refers to the part of a trial during which a jury is impaneled.
A) Jurat
B) Voir dire
C) Vinculum juris
D) Trial de novo
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