Introduction to Clinical Practice
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Course Introduction
Introduction to Clinical Practice is designed to provide students with foundational knowledge and essential skills needed for effective patient care in a clinical setting. Through a combination of lectures, interactive discussions, and hands-on experiences, students will explore key concepts such as patient communication, professional ethics, medical documentation, and basic examination techniques. Emphasis is placed on developing clinical reasoning, fostering empathetic patient interactions, and understanding the healthcare teams roles. This course prepares students for further clinical training by cultivating a strong grounding in safety, confidentiality, and patient-centered care.
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Clinical Psychology Science Practice and Culture 4th Edition by Andrew M. (Mark) Pomerantz
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Chapter 1: Clinical Psychology: Definition and Training
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Q1) John is an undergraduate psychology major.He wishes to become a clinical psychologist.In order to reach this goal,John must
A)earn a doctoral degree in clinical psychology.
B)earn a master's degree in clinical psychology.
C)earn a bachelor's degree in psychology.
D)complete 300 clinical internship hours while an undergraduate student.
Answer: A
Q2) Lane is attending a clinical psychology graduate program that subscribes to the Boulder Model of training.Which of the following would Lane NOT experience in his program if it truly adheres to the Boulder Model?
A)Training in psychotherapy and statistics
B)An approximately equal emphasis on research and clinical training
C)Completing original research,such as a dissertation
D)Minimization of clinical training with a heavy emphasis on research training
Answer: D
Q3) A student applying for clinical psychology graduate programs would likely select a program adhering to the _____ model of training if he or she wished to primarily engage in research and teach in a university upon graduation.
Answer: Clinical scientist.
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Evolution of Clinical Psychology
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Q1) The Rorschach Inkblot Method and the Thematic Apperception Test are both examples of _____.
Answer: projective personality tests
Q2) From roughly 1900 to 1950,the treatment of mental illness
A)did not exist.
B)was conducted primarily by clinical psychologists.
C)was conducted primarily by physicians.
D)was conducted primarily by counseling psychologists.
Answer: C
Q3) Which approach to psychotherapy that arose in the 20 century emphasized empirical methodology and the study and treatment of measurable,observable symptoms?
A)Psychodynamic
B)Behavioral
C)Humanistic
D)Cognitive
Answer: B
Q4) What historical event elevated psychotherapy to become one of the most common activities of clinical psychologists?
Answer: World War II
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Current Controversies in Clinical Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Websites such as psychologicaltreatments.org and effectivechildtherapy.org best illustrate
A)the continued growth of and focus on evidence-based practice in clinical psychology.
B)the ever-increasing presence of the Internet in individuals' lives.
C)a trend toward providing psychotherapy services online,rather than in person.
D)the APA's commitment to release all of its major publications online.
Answer: A
Q2) The first list of empirically validated treatments was published in _____.
Answer: 1995
Q3) How can the way a client pays (out of pocket vs.managed care/health insurance)influence diagnosis?
Answer: Since most managed care/health insurance companies require a diagnosis for treatment,the likelihood of receiving a diagnosis is greater for clients paying that way versus identical clients paying out of pocket.This finding is true for a wide range of symptoms (e.g. ,depression,anxiety,inattention/hyperactivity,and social phobia)and for clients whose symptoms are clearly below diagnosable levels.Also,the particular diagnosis chosen may differ depending on payment method.
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Chapter 4: Cultural Issues in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) What are the three levels of the tripartite model of personality identity?
A)Individual,group,and universal
B)Primary,secondary,and tertiary
C)Narrow,moderate,and wide
D)Singular,plural,and multifaceted
Q2) In the _____ acculturation strategy,an individual rejects much of his new culture and retains much of his original culture.
A)assimilation
B)separation
C)marginalization
D)integration
Q3) The American Psychological Association has created divisions addressing all of the following areas of diversity except _____.
A)women
B)religion
C)ethnic minorities
D)sightedness
Q4) Name two principles or standards from the APA's (2002)Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct that address multiculturalism.
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Chapter 5: Ethical Issues in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) Cultural incompetence
A)is not viewed as negatively by nonprofessionals as ethical violations such as multiple relationships.
B)is permissible in research settings,but not in therapy settings.
C)may lead to detrimental consequences for clients.
D)is not addressed by the APA Code of Ethics.
Q2) The landmark court case that established the duty to warn for psychologists was _____.
A)Brown v.The Board of Education
B)Hughes v.The APA Board of Ethics
C)Poddar v.The State of New Mexico
D)Tarasoff v.The Regents of the University of California
Q3) Which of the following Ethical Principles best captures the idea that clinical psychologists strive to benefit the patients with whom they work,while at the same time ensuring they do not harm their patients?
A)Beneficence and Nonmaleficence
B)Integrity
C)Respect for People's Rights and Dignity
D)Fair Billing and Reporting
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Conducting Research in Clinical Psychology
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Q1) The ABAB design is an example of a(n)_____.
A)case study
B)analogue design
C)between-groups design
D)meta-analysis
Q2) In a(n)_____ design,participants within a single condition are compared to themselves at various points in time.
A)analogue
B)within-group
C)between-group
D)experimental
Q3) What are two main areas in which clinical psychologists conduct research?
Q4) Which of the following is NOT a step in the experimental method?
A)Observation of events
B)Development of a hypothesis
C)Empirical testing of the hypothesis
D)Altering data to fit the hypothesis
Q5) Compare and contrast the idiographic and nomothetic approaches.
Q6) A study examining a psychotherapy's success in an actual clinical setting is measuring the therapy's _____.
8
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Chapter 7: Diagnosis and Classification Issues: DSM-5 and More
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Q1) Essentially,a categorical approach to diagnosis of mental disorders suggests that an individual
A)either has or does not have a disorder.
B)has every disorder to some extent.
C)can only be diagnosed with one disorder at a single point in time.
D)can have multiple disorders at the same time only if those disorders fall within the same larger category,such as depressive disorders or anxiety disorders.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a part of DSM-5's definition of a mental disorder?
A)It is clinically significant disturbance in cognition,emotion regulation,or behavior.
B)It is dysfunction in mental functioning.
C)It is usually associated with significant distress or disability.
D)It consists of behaviors witnessed in less than 30% of the population.
Q3) Compare and contrast Jerome Wakefield's definition of a mental disorder with the definition offered by the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders.
Q4) What is harmful dysfunction theory?
Q5) The _____ approach to diagnosis examines where on a continuum a client's symptoms fall.
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Chapter 8: The Clinical Interview
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Q1) Cultural variables are important in the context of a clinical interview.For example,compared to traditional Western culture,Asian cultures tends to feature
A)more eye contact.
B)more eye contact between members of the opposite sex.
C)less physical touch.
D)more physical touch.
Q2) Describe the difference between validity and reliability in relation to assessment techniques.
Q3) _____ refers to a positive,comfortable relationship between interviewer and client,or an interpersonal "connection" as perceived by the client.
A)Rapport
B)Verbal tracking
C)Nondirective interviewing
D)Directive interviewing
Q4) Briefly explain some gender-based differences in communication styles that are important for a clinical interviewer to appreciate.
Q5) List three attending behaviors.
Q6) What is the primary purpose of the mental status exam?
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Chapter 9: Intellectual and Neuropsychological Assessment
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Q1) For the current editions of the Wechsler intelligence tests and Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales,the mean score for full-scale IQ is _____.
A)50
B)75
C)100
D)125
Q2) According to Cattell,_____ intelligence is intelligence accumulated as a result of life experiences.
A)fluid
B)crystallized
C)marginal
D)majority
Q3) What is the difference between intelligence and achievement?
Q4) _____ tests measure a client's intellectual abilities,whereas _____ tests measure what a client has accomplished with those intellectual abilities.
A)Objective personality,projective personality
B)Intelligence,achievement
C)Neuropsychological,intelligence
D)Intelligence,personality
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Chapter 10: Personality Assessment and Behavioral Assessment
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Q1) The NEO-Personality Inventory-Revised (NEO-PI-R)emphasizes _____.
A)personality disorders
B)mood disorders
C)psychotic disorders
D)normal personality traits
Q2) _____ created a comprehensive scoring system for the Rorschach Inkblot Method.
A)Herman Rorschach
B)John Exner
C)Aaron Beck
D)Theodore Millon
Q3) The most frequently cited shortcoming of projective personality tests centers on the fact that projective personality tests
A)typically take much longer to administer than objective personality tests.
B)cannot be used with child clients.
C)rely more heavily on the psychologist's unique way of scoring and interpreting results than objective tests,which limits their reliability and validity.
D)force clients into a restricted range of responses to a greater extent than objective personality tests.
Q4) Why was the MMPI revised,resulting in the MMPI-2?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: General Issues in Psychotherapy
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Q1) The term common factors refers to the idea that
A)intelligence tests by various authors (e.g. ,Wechsler and Binet)are based on the same underlying factors.
B)various forms of psychotherapy work about equally well because of fundamental,shared components.
C)the techniques used by behavioral,humanistic,psychodynamic,and cognitive psychotherapists are essentially similar.
D)projective and objective personality tests share essentially the same structure.
Q2) Based on the textbook,researchers have measured the outcome of psychotherapy by doing all of the following EXCEPT
A)assessing the reduction in spending on medical services when psychotherapy is provided.
B)using PET and fMRI scans to view changes in the brain subsequent to psychotherapy.
C)surveying clients about their experiences in psychotherapy.
D)comparing hemoglobin levels between those with and without mental disorders.
Q3) What is the most common format of psychotherapy practiced by clinical psychologists?
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Psychodynamic Psychotherapy
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Q1) _____ occurs when a patient forms a relationship with a therapist in which he unconsciously and unrealistically expects the therapist to behave like important people in his life.
A)Reflection
B)Transference
C)Allegiance effects
D)Countertransference
Q2) According to psychodynamic theory,the _____ is the part of the mind that establishes rules,restrictions,and prohibitions.
A)ego
B)superego
C)id
D)alterego
Q3) The primary goal of psychodynamic psychotherapy is
A)to make the unconscious conscious.
B)to replace illogical or irrational thoughts with more logical,rational thoughts.
C)to use reinforcement or punishment to change target behaviors.
D)to enhance self-actualization.
Q4) Which Freudian psychosexual stage is associated with the development of control?
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Chapter 13: Humanistic Psychotherapy
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Q1) What is the name of the therapy that is derived from the positive psychology movement?
Q2) According to the humanistic approach,_____ is the root of psychopathology.
A)reflection
B)incongruence
C)fixation
D)negative self-regard
Q3) According to the humanistic approach,it is important for the therapist to communicate _____ to the client,which is described as the ability to sense the client's emotions compassionately and without judgment.
A)genuineness
B)congruence
C)empathy
D)conditions of worth
Q4) Freud is to _____ as Maslow is to _____.
A)behavioral,cognitive
B)cognitive,behavioral
C)psychodynamic,humanistic
D)humanistic,psychodynamic
Q5) List the three key elements of humanistic therapy.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Behavior Therapy
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Q1) When behavioral activation begins,an important question for the clinical psychologist to ask the client is,
A)"Are there things that you are not doing now that you typically do when you are not depressed?"
B)"Is there another way of interpreting the events that have happened to you?"
C)"If the feared event happens,so what?"
D)"What are your beliefs about the fact that you have been diagnosed with depression?"
Q2) Thorndike is to _____ as Pavlov is to _____.
A)operant conditioning,classical conditioning
B)classical conditioning,operant conditioning
C)motivational interviewing,interpersonal interviewing
D)interpersonal interviewing,motivational interviewing
Q3) The goal of _____ is to increase the frequency of behaviors that are positively reinforcing to the client.
A)cognitive therapy
B)aversion therapy
C)systematic desensitization
D)behavioral activation
Q4) Who is the creator of the law of effect?
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Chapter 15: Cognitive Psychotherapy and Mindfulness-Based Therapies
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Q1) Dialectical behavior therapy,developed by Marsha Linehan,has been found effective in the treatment of _____.
A)obsessive-compulsive personality disorder
B)borderline personality disorder
C)individuals with work-related problems that do not qualify as mental disorders
D)obsessive-compulsive disorder
Q2) According to the cognitive approach to psychotherapy,psychological problems arise from
A)fixations at particular developmental stages in childhood.
B)classical or operant conditioning.
C)illogical thoughts or interpretations of events in our lives.
D)incongruence between the real self and the ideal self.
Q3) _____ is based on the premise that people can become depressed,anxious,or otherwise psychologically unwell because of reactions to their own thoughts rather than their reactions to the things that happen to them.
Q4) Name two of Beck's thought distortions.
Q5) _____,defined as the ability to be able to pay attention in the present moment to whatever arises internally or externally,is at the core of third wave therapies.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Group and Family Therapy
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Q1) Stacy tries to enroll in a therapy group for individuals suffering from depression.However,when she contacts the group's leader,she is informed that she will have to wait several weeks until a new series of group meetings begins.Individuals who wish to participate in the depression group,she learns,must attend from the very first session.This depression group is using
A)open-enrollment.
B)fluid-enrollment.
C)closed-enrollment.
D)static-enrollment.
Q2) When a family enters treatment,they often point out one family member whose symptoms are most obvious or problematic,and identify him or her as the source of the family's problems.This singled-out family member is known as the _____.
Q3) What type of family therapy uses "solution-talk" and focuses almost exclusively on solutions?
Q4) Which of the following statements best summarizes how well group therapy works?
A)Group therapy is largely inferior to individual therapy.
B)Group therapy is consistently superior to individual therapy.
C)Group therapy works about as well as individual therapy.
D)There is not yet enough group therapy research to determine how well it works.
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Chapter 17: Clinical Child and Adolescent Psychology
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Q1) _____ is a cognitive-behavioral technique that is highly supported and recommended for treating children with autism spectrum disorder.
A)Social skills training
B)Bravery Bingo
C)Applied behavior analysis
D)Self-talk therapy
Q2) Which of the following is NOT one of the three basic functions of play therapy identified by Brems (2008)?
A)The formation of important relationships
B)Disclosure of feelings and thoughts
C)Imitative relearning
D)Healing
Q3) _____ are standardized paper-and-pencil forms that parents,teachers,or other adults complete regarding a child's presenting problems.
A)Pediatric questionnaires
B)Behavior rating scales
C)Developmental checklists
D)Genograms
Q4) What are the three basic functions of play therapy identified by Brems (2008)?
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Chapter 18: Health Psychology
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Q1) _____ is currently the single greatest cause of preventable death in the United States.
A)Stress
B)Smoking
C)Obesity
D)Chronic fatigue
Q2) The _____ controls the release of our body's stress hormone,cortisol.
A)PTA axis
B)ADA axis
C)HPA axis
D)LOU axis
Q3) _____ is an interdisciplinary field interested in the ways in which our minds influence our bodies.
A)Health psychology
B)Behavioral medicine
C)Medical psychology
D)Internal medicine
Q4) Define the five components of the ABCDS of weight loss as used by health psychologists.(What does each letter in the acronym stand for?)
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Chapter 19: Forensic Psychology
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Q1) Clinical psychologists who consult with law enforcement agencies conduct _____.
A)fitness-for-duty evaluations
B)pre-employment evaluations
C)psychotherapy
D)Psychologists may conduct any of the other response choices with law enforcement agencies
Q2) Surveys of psychologists who conduct child custody evaluations (e.g. ,Bow,2006)suggest that
A)psychological tests are rarely used.
B)interviews with parents and children are considered less important than psychological tests.
C)parent and child interviews are deemed less important that projective testing results.
D)more than 60% of evaluators conduct psychological testing with the children involved in such cases.
Q3) Who wrote On the Witness Stand and presented testimony in a case that established the first standard for expert testimony?
Q4) How do clinical prediction methods of predicting dangerousness differ from actuarial prediction methods of predicting dangerousness?
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