Introduction to Child Psychology Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Child Psychology explores the scientific study of developmental processes in children from birth through adolescence. The course examines the biological, cognitive, emotional, and social factors that shape behavior and personality development during childhood. Key topics include attachment, language acquisition, learning theories, socialization, moral development, and the impact of family, peers, and culture on a childs psychological growth. By analyzing major theoretical perspectives and current research findings, students gain a comprehensive understanding of child development and its applications in educational, clinical, and social contexts.
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Child Development 14th Edition by John W Santrock
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the correct developmental sequence of Freud's psychosexual stages?
A) oral,anal,latency,genital,phallic
B) oral,anal,phallic,latency,genital
C) phallic,oral,anal,latency,genital
D) latency,phallic,anal,oral,genital
Answer: B
Q2) To determine the effects of a new memory-enhancing pill,a researcher randomly assigns 30 women to one of two conditions.In the first condition,each subject is given a pill and then told to try to memorize a list of 20 nonsense words.In the second condition,subjects are simply asked to try to memorize the word list.Results indicated that subjects who received the pill got an average of 12 items correct,whereas the no-pill group recalled only 6 items.In this experiment,the independent variable is the
A) sex of the subjects.
B) number of words recalled.
C) pill versus no-pill condition.
D) use of nonsense words.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings
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Q1) Most psychologists believe that adopted children should be told about their familial status and that the process can begin around age __________,when children often begin to ask,"Where did I come from?"
A) 2
B) 4
C) 8
D) 11
Answer: B
Q2) Research has found that an exposure to ______ has changed the rate of DNA synthesis in cells.
A) temperature
B) radiation
C) stress
D) pollution
Answer: B
Q3) List the two areas that will have an effect on the activity of genes or genetic expression.
Answer: Environment,such as early developmental experiences,and the flow of hormones,such as cortisol (stress hormones).
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dr.Mason studies the effects of exposure to marijuana on fetal development.Dr.Mason's field is
A) obstetrics.
B) behavioral geneticism.
C) teratology.
D) clinical psychology.
Answer: C
Q2) Cigarette smoking by a pregnant woman can influence infant development in which time frames?
A) only prenatally
B) prenatally and postnatally
C) only postnatally
D) None of these.
Answer: B
Q3) The transition from zygote to embryo involves
A) implantation.
B) fertilization.
C) blastocyst differentiation.
D) both implantation and blastocyst differentiation.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Physical Development and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Basima is a caring but uneducated mother living in rural Iraq.While watching television she sees images of healthy bottle-fed infants.In an attempt to provide the best nutrition for her 3-month-old son,she quits breast feeding and switches to formula.Unfortunately for Basima,the well water she uses to mix the formula is unsanitary.Given this information,her son will most likely
A) die of SIDS.
B) have delayed sensory development.
C) gain unwanted weight.
D) develop marasmus.
Q2) Researchers have found that adolescents sleep an average of ____ hours and ____ minutes when given the opportunity to sleep as long as they like.
A) 4; 30
B) 6; 20
C) 7; 45
D) 9; 25
Q3) In physical development,a child will most likely experience a growth spurt.Explain the concept of a growth spurt.
Q4) Describe the difference between left-brain and right-brain thinking.
Q5) Compare the time spent in REM sleep of an adult to an infant.
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Chapter 5: Motor, Sensory, and Perceptual Development
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Q1) According to Eleanor and James Gibson we directly perceive information that exists in the world around us.Perception brings us into contact with the environment in order to interact with and adapt to it.These ideas support the
A) Freudian view.
B) social emotional view.
C) ecological view.
D) ethological view.
Q2) Who is associated with the dynamic systems view of how people develop their motor skills?
A) Arnold Gesell
B) Sigmund Freud
C) Jean Piaget
D) Erik Erikson
Q3) The newborn's vision is estimated to be ______________ on the well-known Snellan chart used for eye examinations.
A) 20/20
B) 20/40
C) 20/100
D) 20/240
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Cognitive Developmental Approaches
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Sample Questions
Q1) All but which one of the following are ways that Vygotsky's theory can be incorporated into the classroom?
A) Teachers should use the zone of proximal development when teaching.
B) Teachers should rarely use scaffolding because it confuses the children.
C) Teachers should allow more-skilled peers to help out with the teaching.
D) Teachers should encourage the use of private speech with their students.
Q2) When Mark's grandmother calls on the telephone to wish him a happy birthday,she asks him,"How old are you today?" Instead of saying anything,Mark holds up four fingers.His behavior is best explained as
A) intuitive.
B) egocentric.
C) excessive conservation.
D) a lack of object permanence.
Q3) Jean Piaget's idea of the adaptation process includes three terms: assimilation,accommodation,and disequilibration.Explain through the use of an example how a child can go through the adaptation process.Label each term in your answer.
Q4) Describe the differences between egocentrism and animism and provide an example of each.
Q5) Compare and contrast Jean Piaget's theory with that of Lev Vygotsky.
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Chapter 7: Information Processing
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Sample Questions
Q1) Name and explain three types of memory.
Q2) __________________ means "knowing about knowing."
A) Generalization
B) Automaticity
C) Metacognition
D) Self-modification
Q3) Dr.Willard is attempting to assess 5-year-old Scott's ability to solve a balance-scale problem.Dr.Willard has predicted that Scott would use Siegler's first rule.In doing so,Dr.Willard expects that Scott will ask himself,
A) "What does balance mean?"
B) "Are there the same number of weights on each side of the scale?"
C) "Are the weights the same distance apart?"
D) "Is the greatest number of weights on the same side as the weight the greatest distance from the center?"
Q4) Thinking involves
A) manipulating and transforming information in memory.
B) reasoning.
C) forming concepts.
D) All of these.
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Chapter 8: Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Identify four methods of guiding a child's creativity.
Q2) ______________________ is the ability to think about something in novel and unusual ways and come up with unique solutions to problems.
A) Creativity
B) Functional fixedness
C) General intelligence
D) Convergent thinking
Q3) ________________________ is a technique in which children are encouraged to come up with creative ideas in a group,play off each other's ideas,and say practically whatever comes to mind.
A) Redressing
B) Rehearsal
C) Brainstorming
D) Concept elimination
Q4) Which of the following questions has generated controversies about intelligence?
A) Is intelligence more strongly influenced by heredity or by environment?
B) Is there cultural bias in intelligence testing?
C) Are intelligence tests misused?
D) All of the above questions have generated controversy.
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Chapter 9: Language Development
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Q1) There are essentially two basic and separate issues involved in exploring connections between language and cognition.Which of the following are the correct issues?
A) Is cognition necessary for language and is language necessary to cognition?
B) Is language development necessary for the first year of life and is a language delay a problem?
C) Is Roger Brown connected to Vygotsky in theory and is Vygotsky connected to Piaget in theory?
D) Both the question is language development necessary for the first year of life and is a language delay a problem,and the question of whether Brown is connected to Vygotsky in theory and is Vygotsky connected to Piaget in theory.
Q2) In 1799,a nude boy was observed running through the woods in France.The boy was captured when he was 11 years old.It was believed that he lived alone in the woods for six years.He was called the
A) lone boy from France.
B) Wild Boy of Aveyron.
C) unknown child.
D) wolf child from the woods.
Q3) Compare and contrast phonology and morphology.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Emotional Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Securely attached babies have caregivers who display all of the following characteristics,except
A) sensitive to the baby's signals
B) consistently available to respond to the baby's needs
C) take charge by setting the pace for the interactions between caregiver and baby
D) allow the baby to have an active part in determining the onset of the interaction
Q2) Jason is an active child with active parents.Jason is experiencing ______.
A) significant fit
B) goodness of fit
C) adaptive fit
D) appropriate fit
Q3) Biological factors are only part of the story of emotion.For example,Ryan's caregiver plays a role in his neurobiological regulation.By soothing Ryan when he cries and shows distress,the caregiver is helping Ryan
A) know that crying will not help him get attention.
B) increase the production of the stress hormone.
C) modulate his emotions and reduce the level of stress hormones.
D) None of these.
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12
Chapter 11: The Self and Identity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Who proposed four statuses of identity,or ways of resolving the identity crisis?
A) Susan Harter
B) James Marcia
C) Henry Tajfel
D) Carl Rogers
Q2) Self-concept is to self-esteem as
A) concrete is to abstract.
B) specific is to global.
C) positive affectivity is to negative affectivity.
D) understanding is to evaluation.
Q3) If a child receives empty praise,it is likely that the child will have
A) appropriate self-esteem.
B) inflated self-esteem.
C) deflated self-esteem.
D) None of these.
Q4) Describe and give one example of social cognition.
Q5) Explain the concept of a psychological moratorium,which occurs during the period of adolescence.
Q6) Identity is a self-portrait composed of several areas.Name five of these ten identified areas.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Gender
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Sample Questions
Q1) While visiting a foreign country,James notices that it appears socially appropriate for females to always begin a conversation and for males to always have the last word.This discovery gives insight into the culture's
A) sex differences.
B) gender identity.
C) value system.
D) gender roles.
Q2) A classic study of the 1970s found that each gender had characteristics categorized as
A) independent and powerful.
B) warm and sensitive.
C) aggressive and independent.
D) instrumental and expressive.
Q3) Describe the ages and examples of the first signs of gender-typed play.
Q4) William Pollack identified a "national crisis of boyhood" that he called A) boy aggression.
B) boy toys.
C) bad boy look.
D) boy code.
Q5) Compare and contrast an androgynous girl and boy.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Moral Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Researchers have found that the most effective way to raise a child's level of moral reasoning is to
A) praise the child's current level of thinking.
B) let the child develop without organized intervention.
C) present examples of moral reasoning that are slightly above the child's current level of functioning.
D) encourage the child to read accounts of famous historical figures known for their high moral standards.
Q2) After reading an article by Piaget,parents would be most likely to attempt to improve their child's level of moral reasoning by
A) presenting the child with hypothetical moral dilemmas.
B) encouraging the child to interact with other kids the parents respect.
C) talking with the child about the difference between right and wrong.
D) doing nothing,since morality cannot be taught.
Q3) Moral competence is to moral performance as
A) indirect is to direct.
B) ability is to performance in specific situations.
C) feminine is to masculine.
D) autonomous is to heteronomous.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Families
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Sample Questions
Q1) In regard to parenting style,which group of parents shows a control that reflects concern and involvement in their children's lives and is best conceptualized as a type of training?
A) Latino
B) Asian
C) Eastern European
D) African American
Q2) Which is not a factor to show how individual families vary and how ethnic minority families deal with stress?
A) whether the families are native born or immigrants
B) how long the family has lived in this country
C) the families' socioeconomic status
D) All of these are factors.
Q3) An advantage to having children while the parents are in their thirties is the
A) parents are better established in their careers.
B) parents are in better financial condition.
C) parents are more mature.
D) All of these.
Q4) Define reciprocal socialization and provide two examples.
Q5) Identify the pros and cons of co-parenting.
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Chapter 15: Peers
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Sample Questions
Q1) _________________________ is defined narrowly as self-disclosure or sharing of private thoughts and private or personal knowledge with a friend.
A) Similarity
B) Intimacy in friendship
C) Social comparison
D) Physical support
Q2) Compare and contrast friendships between boys and girls.
Q3) Researchers have often found it is __________________ to improve the social skills of adolescents who are actively disliked and rejected.
A) somewhat easy
B) very easy
C) impossible
D) difficult
Q4) Friendships in early adolescence are a significant predictor of self-worth
A) in high school.
B) at the start of college.
C) in early adulthood.
D) in mid life.
Q5) Describe the difference between an early and a late bloomer.
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Chapter 16: Schools and Achievement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Definite causes of ADHD
A) are linked to the mother's age at the birth of the child.
B) are linked to the father's general health before conception of the child.
C) are linked to household toxins.
D) have not been found yet.
Q2) A student making the following statement is exhibiting _______________________: "I know that I will be able to make the basketball team and I expect to be able to do well at our first game."
A) attribution
B) instability
C) self-efficacy
D) None of these.
Q3) Helen is a Montessori teacher.She acts as a
A) director of learning.
B) facilitator of learning.
C) referee between children.
D) peer helper.
Q4) Compare and contrast external and internal motivation.
Q5) List the three characteristics of ADHD.
Q6) Compare and contrast the pros and cons of the "No Child Left Behind" law.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Culture and Diversity
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Q1) Collectivism emphasizes values that serve the group by subordinating personal goals to preserve
A) group integrity.
B) interdependence of the members.
C) harmonious relationships.
D) All of these.
Q2) According to Triandis (2007),giving a priority to personal goals rather than to group goals is called
A) independence.
B) individualism.
C) collectivism.
D) interdependence.
Q3) Alejandro and his family have immigrated to the United States.Since Alejandro is fluent in the English language,he now serves as the cultural _______ for this family.
A) speaker
B) broker
C) mediator
D) aid
Q4) Describe three characteristics of culture.
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