Introduction to Child Psychology Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Child Psychology explores the fundamental principles of psychological development from infancy through adolescence. The course examines major theories and research findings related to cognitive, emotional, social, and physical development in children. Topics include attachment, language acquisition, moral development, identity formation, the role of family and peers, as well as the impact of culture and environment on child behavior. Students will learn to apply psychological concepts to real-world contexts, gaining insights into both typical and atypical development and the factors that influence children's growth and well-being.
Recommended Textbook
Child Development 9th Edition by Laura E. Berk
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15 Chapters
1978 Verified Questions
1978 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: History, Theory, and Applied Directions
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142 Verified Questions
142 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The stage concept assumes that children
A) gradually add more of the same types of skills that were there to begin with.
B) undergo a slow transformation as they step up from one stage to the next.
C) make fairly sudden and distinct changes as they grow.
D) think just as logically as adults do.
Answer: C
Q2) Dr. Shepherd studies individual differences in intelligence, personality, and social skills of identical twins raised in different families. Dr. Shepherd likely emphasizes the role of __________ in his research.
A) heredity
B) plasticity
C) early experiences
D) stability
Answer: A
Q3) Rousseau's philosophy included which of the following two influential concepts?
A) stage and maturation
B) evolution and stage
C) natural selection and survival of the fittest
D) maturation and natural selection
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Research Strategies
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sometimes researchers combine __________ with __________ to deliberately make characteristics equivalent that are likely to distort the results.
A) confounding variables; random assignment
B) systematic assignment; matching
C) matching; confounding variables
D) random assignment; matching
Answer: D
Q2) A researcher interested in children's beliefs about God begins each interview with the same question, but subsequent questions are determined by the child's individual answers. This is an example of a
A) clinical interview.
B) data questionnaire.
C) structured interview.
D) case study.
Answer: A
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4
Chapter 3: Biological Foundations, Prenatal Development, and Birth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Brothers, Patrick and Michael, do not look very much alike. Patrick has green eyes and blond, curly hair like his mother. Michael has blue eyes and dark brown, straight hair like his father. These directly observable characteristics are A) phenotypes. B) genotypes.
C) chromosomes. D) DNA.
Answer: A
Q2) Gina is an intellectually curious child. She is a familiar patron at her local library. This example illustrates A) canalization.
B) an evocative gene-environment correlation.
C) a passive gene-environment correlation.
D) an active gene-environment correlation.
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Infancy: Early Learning, Motor Skills, and Perceptual Capacities
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129 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Studies of familiarity preference show that infants
A) look longer at the features of a familiar person than the action in which the person is engaged.
B) are better at discriminating faces in static displays than in moving displays.
C) retain information much longer in operant conditioning studies than in habituation studies.
D) look longer at a familiar action than the features of the person engaging in the action.
Q2) Newborn Amelia is presented with the odor of chocolate. Which of the following facial expressions do you expect to see?
A) pursed lips
B) a frown
C) a relaxed, pleasant face
D) a distinct, archlike mouth opening
Q3) Identify and describe useful techniques for soothing a crying baby.
Q4) Describe operant conditioning, reinforcers, and punishment.
Q5) Describe the five infant states of arousal.
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Chapter 5: Physical Growth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is true about preschoolers and nutrition?
A) Preschoolers have very predictable appetites.
B) Preschoolers' wariness of new foods is adaptive.
C) Parents should worry if their preschooler's diet varies in amount eaten from meal to meal.
D) Preschoolers left to their own devices will naturally consume a balanced diet.
Q2) Which of the following is an example of a secondary sexual characteristic?
A) development of the uterus
B) breast development in females
C) development of the vagina
D) development of the testes
Q3) In order to get 5-year-old Mikah to eat more broccoli, Mikah's parents should
A) serve and eat broccoli.
B) offer a cookie to Mikah if he eats broccoli.
C) restrict his access to tastier foods.
D) keep Mikah at the table until he finishes his broccoli.
Q4) Discuss brain plasticity. When is the brain the most plastic? What evidence does research on brain-damaged children and adults provide?
Q5) Summarize the major nutritional and health advantages of breastfeeding.
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Chapter 6: Cognitive Development: Piagetian, Core
Knowledge, and Vygotskian
Perspectives
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ and __________ are the two landmark cognitive changes that take place in sensorimotor Substage 4 of Piaget's theory.
A) Deferred imitation; make-believe play
B) Conservation; centration
C) Dual representation; analogical problem solving
D) Intentional behavior; object permanence
Q2) Anthony has a learning disability. Which of the following statements is most likely true about Anthony?
A) Anthony's private speech is an indication of unhealthy egocentric behavior.
B) Anthony's use of self-guiding private speech during a challenging activity will not lead to better task performance.
C) Anthony's private speech will only be as good as his communication skills with others.
D) Anthony uses private speech to help compensate for impairments in cognitive processing.
Q3) Compare and contrast Piaget's and Vygotsky's views on children's private speech, and evaluate each on the basis of research findings.
Q4) Describe the core knowledge perspective of cognitive development.
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Chapter 7: Cognitive Development: an Information-Processing Perspective
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A common theme characterizing the diverse symptoms of ADHD is A) intense focus to detail.
B) an impaired capacity to inhibit action in favor of thought.
C) a disorganized home life.
D) nonstop loud talking.
Q2) Children who are skilled at cognitive inhibition have the ability to A) produce a variety of strategies when faced with a novel task.
B) control internal and external distracting stimuli.
C) continuously monitor progress toward a goal, checking outcomes and redirecting unsuccessful efforts.
D) think out a sequence of acts and allocate attention accordingly to reach a goal.
Q3) Case's neo-Piagetian theory attributes movement from one stage to the next to increases in the efficiency with which children use their limited A) metacognition.
B) cognitive self-regulation.
C) working-memory capacity.
D) phonological awareness.
Q4) How can adults influence children's autobiographical narratives?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is supported by research on social and emotional intelligence?
A) Social and emotional intelligence are unrelated to IQ.
B) Emotional intelligence is positively associated with self-esteem and life satisfaction.
C) Social and emotional intelligence are typically assessed using pencil-and-paper tests.
D) Unlike general intelligence, social and emotional intelligence are not made up of specific abilities.
Q2) The Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scales, Fifth Edition, measures general intelligence and five intellectual factors:
A) verbal comprehension, verbal fluency, verbal reasoning, number sequencing, and spatial visualization.
B) fluid reasoning, quantitative reasoning, knowledge, visual-spatial processing, and working memory.
C) reasoning, memory, knowledge, perceptual speed, and spatial visualization.
D) language comprehension, vocabulary knowledge, sequential reasoning, abstract/visual reasoning, and quantitative reasoning.
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Chapter 9: Language Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Two-year-old Nerea uses the word "ball" for anything round, including the moon, a globe, and a light fixture. She is making an __________ error.
A) overextension
B) overregularization
C) underregularization
D) underextension
Q2) Two-year-old Calvin said, "My cup falled," when his cup fell off the table. Calvin's error is known as an
A) underregularization.
B) underextension.
C) overregularization.
D) overextension.
Q3) Many adult reformulations inform children about grammar through which of the following two techniques, often used in combination?
A) turnabout and shading
B) overregularization and shading
C) recasts and expansions
D) semantic bootstrapping and infant-directed speech
Q4) Summarize current theoretical views on how children acquire grammar.
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Chapter 10: Emotional Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following children is likely to display the most intense anger reaction?
A) a hungry newborn
B) a bored 6-month-old
C) a 12-month-old who has just had a toy taken away by a playmate
D) an 18-month-old who has been put down for an unwanted nap
Q2) The __________ emphasizes that the broad function of __________ is to energize behavior aimed at attaining personal goals.
A) ethological theory of attachment; reasoning
B) synchronist approach; language
C) goodness-of-fit model; cognition
D) functionalist approach; emotions
Q3) Which of the following statements is true about postpartum depression?
A) About 3 to 5 percent of fathers report symptoms after the birth of a child.
B) It subsides as the new mother adjusts to hormonal changes in her body.
C) It subsides as the new mother gains confidence in caring for her baby.
D) It is common and does not interfere with children's development.
Q4) Discuss the concept of stranger anxiety.
Q5) Discuss attachment security in skipped-generation families.
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Chapter 11: Self and Social Understanding
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on social problem solving shows that A) without adult intervention, quarrels among preschoolers often result in physical violence.
B) social conflicts have a negative impact on children's problem-solving skills.
C) children who get along well with agemates tend to hold biased social expectations. D) children with peer difficulties often misinterpret others' behaviors.
Q2) Between the mid-1960s and the mid-1990s, the rate of adolescent suicide __________ in both the United States and Canada.
A) doubled
B) tripled
C) quadrupled
D) remained the same
Q3) As an intervention, the Promoting Alternative Thinking Strategies (PATHS) curriculum for preschool children teaches skills such as A) using no-intervention controls.
B) attending selectively to social cues.
C) satisfying an impulse.
D) detecting others' thoughts and feelings.
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13
Chapter 12: Moral Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Increased autonomy and efforts to construct a personally meaningful religious identity coincides with
A) increased spirituality during adolescence.
B) an increase in church attendance during early adulthood.
C) a drop in formal religious involvement during adolescence.
D) the questioning of one's religious beliefs during early childhood.
Q2) With age, the emotional, reactive hot system is increasingly subordinated to the cognitive, reflective cool system, as a result of A) diffusion of executive function.
B) improved functioning of the prefrontal cortex.
C) temperaments subjected to inconsistent discipline.
D) decreases in self-control.
Q3) Suze wants to foster moral maturity in her children. How should Suze interact with her children to accomplish this?
A) Maintain a high level of power assertion and a low level of decision making.
B) Always intervene when the children argue since sibling arguments often escalate to physical aggression.
C) Engage in moral discussions and encourage prosocial behavior.
D) Use either permissive or authoritarian child rearing.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Development of Sex Differences and Gender
Roles
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a study examining 18-month-old girls' and boys' looking times at vehicles and dolls, researchers found that
A) boys looked longer than girls at the dolls, whereas girls looked longer than boys at the vehicles.
B) boys and girls spent equal amounts of time looking at the dolls and the vehicles.
C) both boys and girls looked longer at the vehicles than the dolls.
D) girls looked longer than boys at the dolls, whereas boys looked longer than girls at the vehicles.
Q2) At age 6, Edda understands that a person's sex remains constant, even if that person dresses in "cross-gender" clothes or engages in nontraditional activities. Edda is in which stage of gender-constancy development?
A) androgyny
B) gender stability
C) gender consistency
D) gender labeling
Q3) Describe the development of gender constancy.
Q4) Cite at least five ways to reduce children's gender stereotyping and gender-role conformity.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: The Family
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Sample Questions
Q1) Seven-year-old Tim is allowed to eat meals and go to bed whenever he wants, does not participate in any household chores, and makes most of his own decisions. We can anticipate that as an adolescent, Tim will most likely
A) show high levels of self-efficacy in school.
B) be highly competitive in both academics and sports activities.
C) be impulsive, disobedient, and rebellious.
D) be independent and responsible, as he was forced to mature at an early age.
Q2) The mild conflict that typically arises in the parent-child relationship
A) often escalates once the young adult moves out of the family home.
B) facilitates adolescent identity and autonomy by helping family members learn to express and tolerate disagreement.
C) escalates as adolescents begin spending more time away from home and often leads to a breakdown in communication.
D) can be reduced if parents maintain strict guidelines, implemented in an authoritarian atmosphere.
Q3) Discuss how children typically respond to being raised in a blended family.
Q4) List and briefly describe the five vital services for society that were performed by the family unit of our evolutionary ancestors.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Peers, Media, and Schooling
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe ways in which parents indirectly influence their children's peer relations.
Q2) Angelina is a teenager with high levels of conflict with her parents. When asked by an online friend to meet in person, Angelina is more likely than her peers to
A) end the online friendship without ever meeting the person face-to-face.
B) ask a sibling or friend to attend the meeting with her.
C) attend the meeting without telling her parents.
D) maintain the online friendship but avoid meeting the person.
Q3) In the Vygotsky-based innovation, __________, teachers guide the overall process of learning but no other distinction is made between adult and child contributors.
A) Montessori education
B) homogeneous grouping
C) transitional education
D) communities of learners
Q4) Describe the relationship between television violence and aggression.
Q5) Describe features of social-constructivist classrooms, including the three educational themes used in these settings.
Q6) Describe the differences between cliques and crowds, and how they develop.
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