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Introduction to Biology provides a comprehensive overview of the fundamental principles that govern living systems. This course explores the structure and function of cells, genetics, evolution, ecology, and the diversity of life forms. Students will gain an understanding of the scientific method, biomolecules, metabolic processes, and how organisms interact with their environments. Emphasizing both theoretical concepts and practical applications, the course lays a solid foundation for further studies in biological and health sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Biology Science for Life with Physiology Edition 5th Edition by Colleen M. Belk
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79 Verified Questions
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Q1) Certain researchers have published peer-reviewed reports that the use of zinc lozenges reduces the length and severity of cold symptoms. Why are some scientists still skeptical about the merits of using zinc lozenges during a cold?
A) Most people get zinc in their diet so extra zinc lozenges may not affect a cold.
B) Ideas about vitamin C have been discredited, so zinc will also be ineffective.
C) There is no way of knowing if the original work was properly controlled.
D) There may be other reasons why the people taking zinc lozenges recovered faster.
Answer: D
Q2) What type of experimental result (two words) is one that is very unlikely to be due to chance differences between the experimental and control groups?
Answer: statistically significant
Q3) What type of evidence would include a personal opinion on the effectiveness of a dietary supplement in preventing colds?
Answer: anecdotal
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Q1) According to the diagram, which organisms are most closely related on the tree of life?
A) amoeba and brown algae
B) bacteria and animals
C) fungi and archaea
D) green algae and plants
Answer: D
Q2) Which component of amino acids accounts for the differences in their properties?
A) the amino group
B) the carboxyl group
C) the side group
D) the type of bonds
Answer: C
Q3) What are the internal membrane-bound compartments found in eukaryotic cells called?
Answer: organelles
Q4) What is the fundamental structural unit of life on Earth?
Answer: cell
Q5) What are the monomer units that compose proteins? (two words)
Answer: amino acids
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Q1) Which components form the structure of the plasma membrane?
A) a single layer of proteins
B) a single layer of lipids with proteins embedded in it
C) a double layer of proteins
D) a double layer of lipids with proteins embedded in it
Answer: D
Q2) Why is fiber an important part of a healthful human diet?
A) It is easily digested into monosaccharides, which are used for energy.
B) It may decrease the risk of certain types of cancers.
C) It increases the amount of HDL and LDL cholesterol in the body.
D) It contains more energy, gram for gram, than any other nutrient.
Answer: B
Q3) In most cases, how does tap water compare to bottled water?
A) Bottled water has more impurities than tap water.
B) Bottled water and tap water are equally clean.
C) Tap water has more salt than bottled water.
D) Tap water usually has a better odor than bottled water.
Answer: B
Q4) What is the compartment in a eukaryotic cell where DNA is stored as chromatin?
Answer: nucleus
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Q1) Shannon has considered herself an extremely healthy person for most of her life. She is a marathon runner and watches her diet very carefully. She has 8% body fat, weighs 105 pounds, and is 5 foot 10 inches tall. Why might Shannon's health still be of concern?
A) She is overweight for her height.
B) She likely has metabolic problems associated with high blood pressure.
C) She doesn't have enough body fat for menstruation or pregnancy.
D) She doesn't consume enough nutrients for normal bodily functions.
Q2) If loading and shooting a dart gun is analogous to how ATP functions, which component of ATP is similar to the dart?
A) the nitrogenous base
B) the sugar
C) a phosphate
D) a photon
Q3) Which molecule results from the process of fermentation?
A) ADP
B) NADPH
C) NADH
D) NAD
Q4) What weight classification would include a person with a BMI of 23?
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Q1) Which activity could help you to slow the rate of global warming?
A) only buy food in plastic containers
B) drive faster than the speed limit
C) replace an old refrigerator with a new one
D) mow the grass more frequently
Q2) During the water cycle, water evaporates from plants through a process called transpiration. Which similar process occurs during the carbon cycle?
A) Carbon dioxide is absorbed by soils.
B) Carbon-based sugars are ingested by animals.
C) Carbon dioxide is respired by animals.
D) Carbon dioxide is absorbed by plants and converted to sugars.
Q3) What does temperature measure?
A) the potential energy in a substance
B) how fast the molecules in a substance are moving
C) the energy lost from a substance to its surroundings
D) how much heat is being absorbed by a substance
Q4) Inside which specialized organelle does photosynthesis occur?
Q5) What cells regulate gas exchange by opening and closing the stomata?
Q6) What unconsumed macromolecule from dead organisms eventually formed fossil fuels? Page 7
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Q1) What is the correct order of events in the cell cycle?
A) G , G , S, mitosis, cytokinesis
B) G , S, G , mitosis, cytokinesis
C) S, G , G , cytokinesis, mitosis
D) S, G , G , mitosis, cytokinesis
Q2) How does crossing over increase genetic diversity?
A) Crossing over increases the different combinations of genes present in a gamete.
B) Crossing over allows specific genes to travel together on one chromosome.
C) Crossing over increases the incidence of mutations in genes.
D) Crossing over prevents the inheritance of harmful mutations.
Q3) What are the members of a pair of nonsex chromosomes?
A) alleles
B) diploids
C) gametes
D) homologous chromosomes
Q4) What are specialized cells (egg cells and sperm cells, for example) used for sexual reproduction?
Q5) What is the surgical removal of cells, tissue, or fluid that will be analyzed for cancerous cells?
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Q1) In pea plants, the allele for purple flowers (P) is dominant to the allele for white flowers (p). In a cross between a purple-flowered plant and a white-flowered plant, all 73 of the offspring plants had purple flowers. Which cross would provide such results?
A) pp × pp
B) Pp × Pp
C) PP × PP
D) PP × pp
Q2) What factor(s) typically influence a trait that shows continuous variation?
A) genetic factors only
B) environmental factors only
C) both genetic and environmental factors
D) neither genetic nor environmental factors
Q3) What single, circular structure is found in prokaryotes such as bacteria?
Q4) What term refers to an individual who has two copies of the same allele?
Q5) During which process do gametes fuse together?
A) embryonic development
B) fertilization
C) meiosis
D) mitosis
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Q1) What does a half-shaded circle represent on a pedigree chart?
A) a female carrier
B) a female who does not have an allele for the genetic disorder represented
C) a male who is affected by the genetic disorder represented
D) a male carrier
Q2) What term describes phenotypic features that are coded for by several genes, such as eye color in humans?
A) linked
B) polytrophic
C) polygenic
D) codominant
Q3) Which blood type lacks the sugar found on the surface of red blood cells in other blood types?
A) type A
B) type B
C) type AB
D) type O
Q4) In human ABO blood types, what description applies to the alleles for A and B because they're both expressed?
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Q1) If a DNA sequence of a gene reads, in part, TAACAGGTCA, what is the sequence of the complementary strand of DNA?
A) ATTGTCCAGT
B) AUUGUCCAGU
C) UUACAGGUCC
D) CTTGTGGACC
Q2) What ability is found in stem cells that are totipotent?
A) Totipotent cells can only develop into blood cells.
B) Totipotent cells can develop into any cell type.
C) Totipotent cells can transform skin into muscle cells.
D) Totipotent cells can change the genetic code of an organism.
Q3) Which structure is found in the nucleotides of DNA but not in RNA?
A) a sugar
B) a phosphate group
C) deoxyribose
D) a nitrogen-containing base
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Q1) True or false: When comparing different families of animals, you would expect gene-coding for proteins that perform basic cell functions to show much higher homology than gene-coding for proteins involved in coordinating organ systems.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which fact best supports the hypothesis of one common ancestor for all life?
A) DNA sequences from bacteria can be transferred to plants and other organisms.
B) Species in some groups have homologous anatomical structures.
C) Embryonic development is similar for all chordates.
D) Species in similar geographic locations show structural similarities.
Q3) When a biologist is looking for a suitable organism in which she can study the process of evolution in a laboratory setting, what would be an important consideration?
A) The organism should be large.
B) The organism should have a short generation time.
C) The organism should produce relatively few offspring.
D) The organism should have a complete fossil record of its ancestry.
Q4) Based on DNA evidence, fossil evidence, homology, and vestigial structures, what do humans and chimpanzees share?
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Q1) Your friend was diagnosed with strep throat 2 months ago. She was treated with antibiotics for 10 days, but two weeks after treatment, the symptoms returned. She was given a different antibiotic and her symptoms improved again, initially, but then got worse. What is happening?
A) Your friend has taken antibiotics so long that she has become tolerant to them, making them ineffective.
B) Exposure to antibiotics has caused each individual bacterial cell to evolve resistance to the antibiotics.
C) Your friend was originally infected with some bacteria that were resistant to these two antibiotics and the bacteria multiplied.
D) Your friend probably doesn't have a bacterial infection. There must be some other reason for her symptoms.
Q2) What type of selection is shown in this figure?
A) stabilizing selection
B) directional selection
C) diversifying selection
D) disruptive selection
Q3) What traits increase fitness in a particular environment?
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Q1) What species concept is used by paleontologists as they compare the physical characteristics of fossils to understand human evolution?
Q2) What information would scientists use to calculate allele frequencies in a human population?
A) the Hardy-Weinberg theorem
B) DNA technology
C) physical characteristics of fossils
D) Punnett squares
Q3) What prevents mules from having offspring?
A) They don't develop sex organs.
B) They are all males.
C) They can't produce eggs and sperm.
D) Each mule produced is a different species from other mules.
Q4) Many lines of evidence suggest that human populations aren't distinct races. Why are we so similar even though adaptations to local conditions have occurred?
A) Members of different populations mate with each other.
B) Natural selection has acted in the same way for all groups of humans.
C) Populations mate assortatively.
D) Sexual selection has acted in the same way for all groups.
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Q1) In which era did primitive bacteria first appear?
A) Precambrian
B) Paleozoic
C) Mesozoic
D) Cenozoic
Q2) True or false: It's possible for the same species to be categorized under two different names in different natural history museums around the world.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which group underwent a large increase in diversity during the Cambrian explosion?
A) animals
B) plants
C) fungi
D) bacteria
Q4) Approximately how old is life on Earth?
A) 36 billion years old
B) 3.6 billion years old
C) 360 million years old
D) 36 million years old

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Q1) Although the carrying capacity of a population is determined by food availability, what other factor affects the carrying capacity?
A) the energy fluctuations of the sun
B) clean air and water
C) the prevalence of war
D) a woman's choice to not have children
Q2) Which factor explains a uniform distribution of individuals in a population?
A) soil nutrients available to a species of plant
B) territoriality in a species of bird
C) oxygen levels in a pond, where an oxygen-dependent bacterial species lives
D) food availability for humans living in a certain geographic area
Q3) Over the past two centuries, how has the growth of human population changed?
A) It has leveled off slowly.
B) It has increased steadily.
C) It has exhibited "boom and bust" growth.
D) It has increased exponentially.
Q4) True or false: The average American uses as many resources in one day as 370 Ethiopians.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) Why is a woman more susceptible to vaginal yeast infections when taking antibiotics?
A) The antibiotic serves as nutrition for the infectious yeast.
B) All vaginal bacteria are killed by the antibiotic and can't competitively exclude the yeast.
C) Her immune system is already not functioning well due to previous infections.
D) Antibiotics are lethal to most types of yeast.
Q2) Many species have innate preferences for the habitat to which they're most adapted. These species show signs of stress when placed in a habitat different from that in which they naturally occur. Is there any evidence that humans might have innate habitat preferences that match the environment in which humans evolved?
A) No: Humans can adapt to any environment due to their ability to manipulate their surroundings.
B) No: Humans can live in any environment; we live on every continent in the world.
C) Yes: Patients who can view nature from hospital windows have been documented to recover more quickly.
D) Yes: It's well known that people who spend more time outside live longer lives.
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Q1) What is the purpose of the fragrant oils found in rosemary and thyme?
A) They encourage humans to pick them and spread their seeds.
B) They protect the plants from fire.
C) They help fuel fires, to which they've become adapted.
D) They discourage humans from consuming the plants.
Q2) Which factor does not affect temperature variation among geographic locations?
A) latitude
B) proximity to water
C) elevation
D) longitude
Q3) What causes the moist air of tropical rainforests?
A) warm air rising at the equator, cooling and condensing, and falling to Earth
B) warm air sinking, moving to the equator, and raining
C) cool air rising, evaporating, and forming cloud cover
D) cool air sinking, condensing, and falling as rain
Q4) Valleys are usually ________ than nearby hilltops because ________.
A) warmer; they receive more solar irradiance
B) cooler; they usually hold a body of cool water
C) cooler; cool air is heavier than warm air
D) warmer; warm air is heavier than cool air
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Q1) After a large meal is digested, how does the liver reduce blood glucose levels?
A) by converting glucose to glycogen
B) by breaking down glucose into waste products
C) by stimulating the pancreas to store excess glucose
D) by releasing hormones that inhibit the pancreas
Q2) Unlike most organs, which donated organ can be cut into smaller sections and transplanted eventually growing back to full size in both the donor and recipient?
A) gallbladder
B) stomach
C) pancreas
D) liver
Q3) What type of tissues can be transplanted from one person to another to reconstruct damaged joints?
A) cartilage
B) epithelium
C) bone
D) blood
Q4) What connective tissue is made from substances secreted by osteocytes?
Q5) What tissue type protects the body from water loss?
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Q1) What is emulsification?
A) the digestion of food inside vacuoles
B) the breaking up of fat molecules
C) the secretion of digestive enzymes in the stomach
D) the involuntary movement of a bolus through the alimentary canal
Q2) What is the duct within the kidney that collects urine?
A) ureter
B) renal vein
C) bladder
D) renal pelvis
Q3) Why do gallstones form in the gallbladder?
A) The gallbladder doesn't function at all.
B) The gallbladder removes too much water from bile.
C) The gallbladder converts bile into crystallized calcium propionate.
D) The gallbladder fills with dead hepatocytes.
Q4) What process releases urine from the bladder?
A) filtration
B) excretion
C) micturition
D) nephronation
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Q1) What potential consequence on the cardiovascular system may result from smoking?
A) an increase in the production of HDL
B) a decrease in the production of LDL
C) a higher risk of atherosclerosis
D) an increase in the risk for lung cancer
Q2) In southern copperhead snake venom, you'll find a protein called a disintegrin. Disintegrins bind to a class of membrane receptors called integrins. Platelets use integrin receptors to aggregate at a site of tissue damage. What effect do you think disintegrin has on the snake's prey?
A) After the snake bites its prey, the molecule helps in wound healing.
B) The molecule helps kill the snake's prey by producing large clots that cause heart attacks and strokes.
C) The molecule interferes with clot formation so the venom can travel through the body more efficiently.
D) By binding to the platelets, the molecule increases the formation of fibrin.
Q3) What is the most abundant gas in environmental tobacco smoke, which can lead to serious consequences for people with other health problems when exposed to elevated levels of this gas?
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Q1) What would be an action that public health officials could take to reduce the risk of West Nile virus infection?
A) provide people with low-cost vaccines for the virus
B) encourage people to wash their hands frequently and cover their cough
C) require pet owners to vaccinate their dogs and cats
D) work with natural resource managers to spray areas where mosquitoes breed
Q2) You suffer a bee sting that leaves a red mark and is warm as well as itchy. What actions would be blocked by the medication that would be best to treat this body reaction?
A) interferons
B) complement proteins
C) pyrogens
D) histamine
Q3) Some RNA viruses, such as HIV, require what enzyme (two words) to convert the viral RNA genome into a DNA version?
Q4) Why aren't viruses classified as living organisms?
A) Viruses don't possess a nucleus.
B) Viruses aren't capable of replicating themselves without a host cell.
C) Viruses don't always contain DNA as their genetic material.
D) Viruses don't contain any proteins.
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Q1) Which major type of muscle in humans has a primary function in movement?
A) smooth
B) cardiac
C) skeletal
D) endothelial
Q2) When a person dies, muscles become rigid and fixed in position. This is a condition known as rigor mortis. Why does rigor mortis occur?
A) ATP is not available to release myosin heads from actin filaments.
B) Muscle fibers break down quickly in the absence of oxygen.
C) ATP is not available to cause sarcomeres to shorten.
D) The human skeletal system locks together after death.
Q3) Which change is a sign of puberty occurring in males?
A) increased fat deposition
B) breast development
C) underarm hair growth
D) widening of hips
Q4) True or false: In general, the first signs of puberty occur earlier in life for girls than for boys.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) A surge in which hormone is responsible for ovulation?
A) estrogen
B) FSH
C) LH
D) progesterone
Q2) True or false: Hermaphrodites are organisms that are genetically male but physically resemble both males and females.
A)True
B)False
Q3) True or false: All sexually transmitted diseases have symptoms.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is one type of cell that contains half the genetic information of an individual?
A) zygote
B) gonad
C) sperm
D) fertilized egg
Q5) What body system allows the survival of different species?
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Q1) Where are the sensory receptors for equilibrium located?
A) on the surface of the skin
B) in the inner ear
C) in the joints
D) in the retina of the eye
Q2) What are sensory receptors?
A) cells that create action potentials and thresholds
B) localized areas of the CNS
C) chemicals that cross a synapse between two nerve cells
D) specialized neurons for detecting the world around you
Q3) What condition may be caused by the loss of dopamine leading to motor symptoms, including tremors, rigidity, and slowed movements?
A) Alzheimer's disease
B) Huntington's disease
C) Parkinson's disease
D) depression
Q4) True or false: Electrical signals travel faster down unmyelinated axons than myelinated axons.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) Plants need both macronutrients and micronutrients to grow. Which chemical is a plant micronutrient?
A) nitrogen
B) iron
C) magnesium
D) sulfur
Q2) As shown here, what is a bean/bean pod actually?
A) stem
B) fruit
C) axillary bud
D) petiole
Q3) What evidence was used by scientists to deduce the climate conditions that existed thousands of years ago?
A) plant remains trapped in sediments
B) fossilized fruits and seeds
C) DNA in crop plants
D) deep layers in soils
Q4) What is the practice farmers use when they plant a single crop over a large area of land?
Q5) What is the emergence of a plant embryo from a seed?
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Q1) If the sugary phloem sap in a fruit tree is divided into many sugar sinks, then how will each individual fruit be affected?
A) The fruit will be small and sugary.
B) The fruit will be large and sugary.
C) The fruit will be small and diluted.
D) The fruit will be large and diluted.
Q2) Which plants store CO in the form of malic acid and close their stomata during the day?
A) C plants
B) C plants
C) CAM plants
D) hornworts and liverworts
Q3) What force is created by the negative water pressure resulting from water evaporating from the stomata of a leaf?
A) cohesion
B) adhesion
C) tension
D) pressure flow
Q4) What is the response of a plant to the proportion of light and dark in a day?
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