Introduction to Biology Review Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Biology provides students with a foundational understanding of the principles governing living organisms. This course explores key topics such as cell structure and function, genetics, evolution, ecology, and the diversity of life. Through lectures, laboratory exercises, and discussions, students gain insight into how organisms interact with each other and their environments, the mechanisms underlying heredity and biological change, and the processes vital to sustaining life. The course is designed to foster scientific literacy and critical thinking skills, preparing students for more advanced studies in the biological sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Biology Science for Life with Physiology 4th Edition by Colleen M. Belk
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Can Science Cure the Common Cold?
Introduction to the Scientific Method
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a testable hypothesis?
A) Taking zinc lozenges at the first sign of cold symptoms is wise.
B) Avoiding contact with other people reduces the chance of catching a cold.
C) Being a good driver makes you less likely to catch a cold.
D) Sleeping eight hours a night makes you feel better when you have a cold.
Answer: B
Q2) A(n)________ is an intentionally ineffective treatment given to members of a control group in an experiment.
Answer: placebo
Q3) Which of the following would be a control in an experiment testing the prediction that a certain drug prevents cataracts in females over the age of 65?
A) male subjects
B) female subjects younger than 65
C) alternative drugs that are suspected to prevent cataracts
D) female subjects over 65 that are given placebos
Answer: D
Q4) A personal opinion on the effectiveness of a dietary supplement in preventing colds is an example of ________ evidence.
Answer: anecdotal
Page 3
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Cells
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Q1) ________ is the ability of living things to maintain a relatively constant internal environment even when the external environment is changing.
Answer: Homeostasis
Q2) Which organelle performs photosynthesis?
A) chloroplast
B) Golgi apparatus
C) lysosome
D) mitochondrion
Answer: A
Q3) Prokaryotic cells have
A) a nucleus.
B) endoplasmic reticulum.
C) Golgi apparatus.
D) a cell wall.
Answer: D
Q4) ________ are the smallest units into which an element can be broken down.
Answer: Atoms
Q5) The ________ is the compartment in a eukaryotic cell that stores DNA in the form of chromatin.
Answer: nucleus
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Chapter 3: Is It Possible to Supplement Your Way to Better
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Sample Questions
Q1) Diffusion is
A) one type of active transport.
B) the movement of water across a cell membrane.
C) the movement of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration.
D) the movement of molecules across a membrane, assisted by proteins embedded in the membrane.
Answer: C
Q2) According to the USDA Food Guide Pyramid, what proportion of a healthy diet should consist of meat and beans?
A) about 10%
B) about 20%
C) about 30%
D) about 40%
Answer: A
Q3) A fat with many unsaturated carbons is called ________. Answer: polyunsaturated
Q4) The movement of a substance out of a cell via a vesicle is called ________.
Answer: exocytosis
5
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Sample Questions
Q1) The main biochemical function of the electron transport chain is to
A) break glucose into pyruvic acid.
B) add phosphate groups to ATP.
C) regenerate OAA.
D) force hydrogen ions through ATP synthase.
Q2) Which of the following is generally true, regarding differences in fat deposition between healthy men and healthy women?
A) Men have more fat under their skin than women do.
B) Men have less fat stored on their thighs than women do.
C) Men have a higher body fat percentage than women do.
D) Men need more body fat than women to maintain their fertility.
Q3) Which of the following is true regarding enzymes?
A) Enzymes are not very specific.
B) Enzymes are not affected by high heat, as proteins are.
C) Enzymes can be recycled and used over and over again.
D) Enzymes are "used up" during chemical reactions.
Q4) A person with a BMI of 23 is considered to be ________.
Q5) During glycolysis, a 6-carbon glucose molecule is broken into two 3-carbon molecules of ________ (two words).
Q6) Another term for high blood pressure is ________. Page 6
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Page 7
Chapter 5: Life in the Greenhouse: Photosynthesis and Global Warming
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the graph, the chlorophyll pigments found in green leaves are best at absorbing which of these wavelengths of light?
A) 520 nm
B) 560 nm
C) 620 nm
D) 680 nm
Q2) Glucose is a molecule that supplies ________ to cells.
Q3) Increased amounts of carbon dioxide in the atmosphere have made the ocean
A) more acidic.
B) more basic.
C) closer to neutral in pH.
D) richer in aquatic species.
Q4) Which of the following types of plant stores carbon dioxide as an organic acid in its vacuoles?
A) C<sub>2</sub> plants.
B) C<sub>3</sub> plants.
C) C<sub>4</sub> plants
D) CAM plants.
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Q5) In plant leaves, carbon dioxide enters and oxygen exits via tiny pores called
Chapter 6: Cancer: DNA Synthesis, Mitosis, and Meiosis
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Q1) The members of a pair of nonsex chromosomes are called A) alleles.
B) diploids.
C) gametes.
D) homologous chromosomes.
Q2) ________ is the cause of about one-third of all cancer deaths.
A) Smoking tobacco
B) Exposure to viruses
C) Exposure to ultraviolet light
D) Exposure to high-energy radiation
Q3) Tetraploid organisms have four copies of each chromosome instead of the two copies that humans have. How many copies of each chromosome end up in a gamete produced by a tetraploid organism?
A) 1
B) 2
C) 3
D) 4
Q4) ________ are specialized cells (egg cells and sperm cells, for example)used for sexual reproduction.
Q5) The two halves of a duplicated chromosome are called ________ (two words).
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Chapter
Mendelian and Quantitative Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) A scientist studying the heritability of IQ would expect to find the highest correlation between the IQ scores of
A) two unrelated children.
B) a child and his mother.
C) monozygotic twins.
D) dizygotic twins.
Q2) The IQ test developed by Alfred Binet was designed to
A) measure intelligence based on the most accepted theory of the time.
B) compare the intelligence of different cultural subpopulations in the general population.
C) determine the relative effects of genes and environment on intelligence.
D) identify school children in need of remedial help.
Q3) A ________ cross is a genetic cross involving two traits.
Q4) Which of the following is a true statement about chromosome number?
A) Among all known living creatures, humans have the most chromosomes.
B) Animals have more chromosomes than plants.
C) Eukaryotes have more chromosomes than prokaryotes.
D) All organisms have pairs of chromosomes.
Page 10
Q5) Segments of DNA that generally code for proteins are called ________.
Q6) An individual who has two copies of the same allele is ________ for that allele.
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Chapter 8: DNA Detective: Complex Patterns of Inheritance and
DNA Fingerprinting
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Q1) DNA fragments must be denatured during the polymerase chain reaction due to which of the following?
A) Taq polymerase breaks down when heated
B) the repeated gene sequences are not present in double-stranded DNA
C) the primer must bind to a single-stranded template to synthesize double-stranded DNA
D) VNTRs have DNA sequences that vary in number
Q2) In humans, the sex of the offspring is ordinarily determined by the
A) autosomes carried by the egg cell.
B) autosomes carried by the sperm cell.
C) sex chromosome carried by the egg cell.
D) sex chromosome carried by the sperm cell.
Q3) A person with hemophilia lacks the pleiotropic gene that codes for the protein called clotting factor VIII. This means that he or she will
A) have only the symptom of lack of blood clotting (bleeding).
B) always have the same symptoms as other hemophiliacs.
C) have many other symptoms in addition to excessive bleeding.
D) always have neurological problems.
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Chapter 9: Genetically Modified Organisms: Gene
Expression, Mutation, and Cloning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Plant galls are
A) tumors caused by Ti plasmids in nature.
B) the result of neutral mutations.
C) pellets of foreign DNA inserted into the plants with a gene gun.
D) transgenic organisms containing foreign DNA of plant origin.
Q2) Recombinant proteins refer to proteins that have been made in which manner?
A) from chemicals in the lab
B) by genetically modified bacteria
C) more potent or more highly concentrated before their use
D) directly from deoxyribonucleic acids, thus bypassing transcription and translation
Q3) Genetically modified tomatoes have been designed with which purpose in mind?
A) improving absorption of vitamins in the human body
B) continuing growth even after temperatures fall below freezing
C) killing insect pests on contact
D) having a longer shelf life in grocery stores
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Chapter 10: Where Did We Come From? The Evidence for Evolution
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Q1) Why were Darwin's ideas so widely accepted by scientists of his day?
A) He published his book soon after he returned to England and all his recollections were fresh in his mind.
B) Darwin's ideas fit well with what most people already believed about evolution.
C) Darwin presented extensive evidence from many areas of biology to support his ideas.
D) Darwin was from a rich and powerful family.
Q2) How do fossils support the theory of common descent?
A) They are a record of at least some intermediate types of organisms and thus document the process of evolution.
B) They can be easily and precisely dated.
C) They are found equally all over the world, so they explain all our questions about biogeography.
D) They contain complete DNA genomes, so they can be compared to modern organisms.
Q3) The presence of a tailbone in humans and other primates without tails is an example of a(n)________ trait.
Q4) The mechanism that results in evolution is ________ (two words).
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Chapter 11: An Evolving Enemy: Natural Selection
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Sample Questions
Q1) A population of birch trees is present on the side of a mountain and is preyed upon by beetles that burrow into bark. Which of the following trees would be the most fit?
A) a tree that grows to be the tallest
B) a tree that has thicker bark
C) a tree with more active photosynthetic enzymes
D) a tree that has thick, strong roots
Q2) How is tuberculosis transmitted?
A) by sexual contact
B) by contaminated food
C) by sneezes
D) by infected blood products
Q3) Why haven't humans evolved a resistance to the common cold?
A) Colds are effectively killed by antibiotics, so there's no need.
B) Cold viruses haven't been in existence long enough to exert selective pressure.
C) Colds are not serious enough to remove nonresistant variants from the population.
D) We could evolve resistance if we stopped taking so many over-the-counter medications for colds.
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Chapter 12: Who Am I? Species and Races
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Sample Questions
Q1) Two unrelated individuals with the same color skin
A) would have similar alleles for melanin production.
B) would have similar alleles for repetitive DNA segments.
C) would have similar alleles for nose shape.
D) would be no more likely to have similar alleles for any gene than any two individuals chosen randomly.
Q2) In order to support the hypothesis that two groups are different races, one group should have at least some unique alleles
A) in one individual in the population.
B) in one family line of the population.
C) in a significant number of members in the population.
D) in all the members on the population.
Q3) You observe several populations of a species of wildflower in your county. Even though the climate is nearly identical in all three places, each population has distinct traits. What's the most likely cause of change when habitat is similar?
A) a chance event in each population as the original population spread
B) founder effect in each population as the original population spread
C) sexual selection acting on each population
D) independent mutations arising in each population
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Page 16
Chapter 13: Prospecting for Biological Gold: Biodiversity and Classification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which group underwent a large increase in diversity during the Cambrian explosion?
A) animals
B) plants
C) fungi
D) bacteria
Q2) Life on Earth is approximately
A) 36 billion years old.
B) 3.6 billion years old.
C) 360 million years old.
D) 36 million years old.
Q3) DNA is found in every cell of an organism. What subset of DNA changes would be most useful to molecular biologists to determine evolutionary relationships?
A) DNA changes that occur in genes specific to organisms in one kingdom
B) DNA changes in genes that are shared by a common ancestor
C) DNA changes in genes that occur in body cells and cannot be passed to offspring
D) DNA changes in genes that do not generally code for any function
Q4) Both algae and plants have the ability to perform ________.
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Chapter 14: Is the Human Population Too Large? Population
Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Human populations don't generally follow the "boom and bust" cycle of some animal populations.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A population can be clumped at one scale and uniform at another.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Scientists agree on the size of the carrying capacity of Earth for the human population.
A)True
B)False
Q4) An ecological population of organisms would include all A) chipmunks in a wood lot.
B) plants in a garden.
C) animals in a zoo.
D) plants and animals in a rainforest.
Q5) Net primary productivity (NPP)is a measure of plant growth in a region during a single year.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 15: Conserving Biodiversity: Community and Ecosystem Ecology
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Q1) According to this species-area curve for reptiles and amphibians on a West Indian archipelago, a 50% decrease in area will change the number of species living in the remaining area by
A) +50%
B) -50%
C) -90%
D) -10%
Q2) There have been ________ mass extinctions experienced on a global scale before the alarming mass extinction that's now occurring.
A) six
B) five
C) two
D) no
Q3) Most of the energy contained in one trophic level is "lost" when it gets to the next trophic level. The lost energy takes the form of
A) free electrons.
B) metabolic heat.
C) potential energy, in chemical bonds.
D) kinetic energy, in the motion of consumers.
Page 19
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Chapter 16: Where Do You Live? Climate and Biomes
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Q1) Prevailing winds coming from the north and south collide
A) at the intertropical convergence zone.
B) on the leeward side of a mountain.
C) on the windward side of a mountain.
D) within hurricanes.
Q2) Why does Dallas, Texas, have a higher yearly average temperature than Chicago, Illinois?
A) Dallas is at a higher latitude than Chicago.
B) Chicago experiences more prevailing westerly winds than Dallas.
C) Dallas receives more solar irradiance than Chicago.
D) Dallas is closer to a large body of water, than is Chicago.
Q3) Which major biome type contains most of Earth's biodiversity?
A) desert
B) tundra
C) grasslands
D) forests
Q4) In a general sense, ________ refers to short term environmental conditions, and ________ refers to long term environmental conditions.
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Chapter 17: Organ Donation: Tissues Organs and Organ Systems
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Q1) Which type of cells protects the body from the potentially harmful effects of ultraviolet radiation?
A) nervous
B) muscle
C) epithelial
D) connective
Q2) During thermoregulation, how does an endotherm respond to a high body temperature?
A) Blood vessels near the skin dilate.
B) Blood vessels near the skin constrict.
C) The brain shuts down to prevent damage.
D) Blood glucose levels increase to stimulate metabolism.
Q3) Which tissue type in the human body is often exposed to air?
A) muscle
B) connective
C) epithelial
D) nervous
Q4) The tissue type that protects the body from water loss is ________.
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Q5) The maintenance of constant internal body temperature is an example of homeostasis called ________.
Chapter 18: Clearing the Air: Respiratory Cardiovascular and Excretory Systems
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Q1) The duct within the kidney that collects urine is called the A) ureter.
B) renal vein.
C) bladder.
D) renal pelvis.
Q2) Respiratory pigments are specialized proteins in blood that
A) contain metal ions.
B) occur only in insects.
C) increase the efficiency of carbon dioxide transport.
D) turn the blood blue when oxygen is bound.
Q3) Which of these is a potential consequence of smoking on the cardiovascular system?
A) an increase in the production of HDL
B) a decrease in the production of LDL
C) a higher risk of atherosclerosis
D) an increase in the risk for lung cancer
Q4) ________ is the most abundant gas in environmental tobacco smoke, and the effects of exposure to elevated levels of this gas along with other health problems can lead to serious consequences.
Q5) The functional units of the kidneys are called ________.
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Chapter 19: Vaccinations: Protection and Prevention or Peril? Immune
System
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Q1) Which is a part of the body's nonspecific defense mechanism?
A) skin
B) T cells
C) B cells
D) antibodies
Q2) Which of the following may be an effective method to prevent the spread of botulism?
A) Do not eat food that has been sitting at room temperature for hours.
B) Avoid contact with infected individuals who are regularly sneezing.
C) Thoroughly boil or cook all food products.
D) Thoroughly wash hands before eating any food.
Q3) A research scientist is trying to design a new antibiotic that would break down the gelatinous capsule that surrounds each bacterial cell. This antibiotic would be effective in preventing human illness by preventing the bacteria from doing which of the following actions?
A) passing genes to each other
B) swimming away from cells of the immune system
C) attaching to body cells in order to cause infection
D) reproducing using binary fission
Page 23
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Chapter 20: Sex Differences and Athleticism: Endocrine
Skeletal and Muscular Systems
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Q1) In general, the first signs of puberty occur earlier in life for girls than for boys.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Marble bone disease is a disease in which bone increases in mass and becomes abnormally hard. This disorder is most likely caused by the inactivity of which part of the body?
A) bone marrow
B) osteoblasts
C) osteoclasts
D) hinge joints
Q3) Which is a ball-and-socket joint?
A) lower jaw with skull
B) skull with first vertebra
C) elbow
D) shoulder
Q4) From infancy to adulthood, a large proportion of human growth occurs in the extremities as compared to the torso.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 21: Is There Something in the Water? Reproductive and Developmental Biology
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Q1) Hermaphrodites are organisms that are genetically male but physically resemble both males and females.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The tissue in the gastrula that gives rise to muscle is the
A) ectoderm.
B) mesoderm.
C) gaendoderm.
D) gastrula.
Q3) The three layers of tissue that form the ________ are the endoderm, mesoderm, and ectoderm.
A) zygote
B) blastocyst
C) gastrula
D) fetus
Q4) The zona pellucida
A) allows quick passage of the egg down the oviduct.
B) bathes the egg in estrogen.
C) is another term for the fertilized egg.
D) acts as a binding site for the sperm head.
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Chapter 22: Attention Deficit Disorder: Brain Structure and Function
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Q1) Prozac is used as an antidepressant and acts by inhibiting the reuptake of which of the following neurotransmitters in neuronal synapses?
A) dopamine
B) serotonin
C) acetylcholine
D) glutamate
Q2) The function of which of the following household appliances accurately describes the removal of neurotransmitters from the synapse?
A) blender
B) toaster
C) vacuum cleaner
D) coffee grinder
Q3) The visual centers are located in the
A) temporal lobes of the cerebral cortex.
B) occipital lobes of the cerebral cortex.
C) frontal lobes of the cerebral cortex.
D) parietal lobes of the cerebral cortex.
Q4) The spinal cord and brain compose the ________.
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Chapter 23: Feeding the World: Plant Structure and Growth
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Q1) Which of the following is part of the wood of a tree, NOT the bark?
A) cork
B) cork cambium
C) xylem
D) phloem
Q2) The ability of a plant to continue to grow throughout its lifetime is called
A) determinate growth.
B) indeterminate growth.
C) secondary growth.
D) vernalization.
Q3) Which of the following is a form of cultural control to minimize pest populations?
A) crop rotation
B) monoculture
C) irrigation
D) pesticide use
Q4) The concentration of persistent toxic chemicals within higher levels of a food chain or food web is called ________.
Q5) When farmers plant a single crop over a large area of land, it's called ________.
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Chapter 24: Growing a Green Thumb: Plant Physiology
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Q1) Which of the following has the greatest hardiness (can tolerate the lowest temperature)?
A) a tomato plant
B) a cabbage plant
C) an apple tree
D) a houseplant that evolved in the tropics
Q2) Which of the following occurs when a grapevine wraps around a trellis or another supporting structure?
A) photoperiodism
B) thigmotropism
C) gravitropism
D) phototropism
Q3) Abscission of leaves and fruits is promoted by the hormone
A) auxin.
B) ethylene.
C) cytokinin.
D) gibberellin.
Q4) The ancestors of land plants were green ________.
Q5) Photoperiodic plants react to a certain amount of darkness, referred to as ________ (three words).
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