Introduction to Biology Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Introduction to Biology offers a foundational exploration of the principles that govern living organisms and their environments. This course covers key topics such as cell structure and function, genetics, evolution, ecology, and the diversity of life forms. Students will examine biological processes at the molecular, cellular, and systemic levels, gaining insights into how life operates and adapts. Emphasis is placed on scientific inquiry, experimental design, and real-world applications, preparing students with the critical thinking skills necessary for advanced biological studies and an understanding of biology's significance in everyday life.
Recommended Textbook
Biology Now Core 1st Edition by Anne Houtman
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1260 Verified Questions
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Nature of Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following sequences correctly represents the biological hierarchy of a multicellular organism?
A)cells tissues organs individual
B)tissues organs cells individual
C)individual cells organ systems tissues
D)organ systems organs tissues individual
Answer: A
Q2) The genetic material used for reproduction by those organisms conventionally considered to be living is ________.
Answer: DNA
Q3) Which of the following would be a fact?
A)Specific pathogens are directly responsible for specific diseases and conditions.
B)A fungal infection is solely responsible for the spread of white noses and associated higher mortality across bat populations and species.
C)Bats with white noses have been observed in the wild.
D)A fungal infection causes bats to wake up repeatedly during the winter and use up their fat reserves.
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: Chemistry of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) In living systems,a critical component of many reactions is
A)carbon dioxide.
B)calcium.
C)water.
D)hydrogen sulfide.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following explains why ice floats on water?
A)The crystal structure of ice is more regular than that seen in liquid water.
B)The distance between water molecules in ice is greater than in liquid water.
C)The cool temperature of ice reduces the extent of molecular motion relative to liquid water.
D)When ice forms,the hydrogen bond in the water molecule becomes nonpolar;ice behaves like oil.
Answer: B
Q3) The positively charged subatomic particle is located in the ________. Answer: nucleus
Q4) An atom that becomes charged due to the gain or loss of an electron is called a(n)________.
Answer: ion
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Chapter 3: Life Is Cellular
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Q1) Adenine (A),thymine (T),guanine (G),and cytosine (C)are the ________ building blocks for DNA;they are organized in different combinations to code for all of the proteins needed to accomplish everything the cell does.
A)carbohydrate
B)nucleotide
C)protein
D)lipid
Answer: B
Q2) Which of the following would be likely to move through a plasma membrane by simple diffusion?
A)water (H O),carbon dioxide (CO ),oxygen (O )
B)polysaccharides,large protein molecules,low-density lipoprotein particles
C)bacteria and yeast
D)sodium ions (Na ),hydrogen ions (H ),sugars,and amino acids
Answer: A
Q3) ________ transport of molecules across a selectively permeable membrane requires the input of energy from the cell whereas ________ transport of molecules across a selectively permeable membrane does not require the use of cellular energy. Answer: Active;passive
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Page 5
Chapter 4: How Cells Work
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Krebs cycle produces
A)NADH,ATP,and FADH<sub>2</sub>.
B)water and carbon dioxide.
C)ADP and NADP<sup>+</sup>.
D)acetyl CoA and sugars.
Q2) The evolution of photosynthesis was an essential event for the evolution of life as we know it.Defend this statement by discussing the importance of the products of photosynthesis.
Q3) Humans store sugars in the form of glycogen.Glycogen is made by linking many glucose molecules together.This process is ________.
Q4) Photosynthetic organisms capture energy from sunlight and convert it into chemical bonds by forming A)sugars.
B)enzymes.
C)work.
D)substrates.
Q5) A hypothetical chemical forms a permanent bond between the phosphates in ATP.How would this affect the cell?
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Chapter 5: Cell Division
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following contribute to genetic uniqueness EXCEPT
A)binary fission.
B)independent assortment.
C)crossing over.
D)random fertilization.
Q2) If a plant has a total of 18 chromosomes,how many chromosomes would be present in each of its gametes?
A)36
B)18
C)9
D)6
Q3) Cells that demonstrate anchorage independence
A)exist in G<sub>0</sub>.
B)are primed to become metastatic.
C)closely monitor their progression through the cell cycle.
D)are benign tumors that are of little concern.
Q4) Binary fission is the form of asexual reproduction that mainly occurs in ________ cells.
Q5) A cell has completed S phase and is preparing to divide via mitosis.How is the genetic material arranged in G phase?
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Chapter 6: Patterns of Inheritance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true for mutations?
A)Mutations will affect the genotype without affecting the phenotype.
B)Mutations will affect the phenotype without affecting the genotype.
C)Mutations will affect the genotype,which may affect the phenotype.
D)Mutations will affect the phenotype,which may affect the genotype.
Q2) What is the smallest number of traits that are needed to test Mendel's law of independent assortment?
A)one
B)two
C)four
D)eight
Q3) The observable physical characteristics of an organism are known as its ________.
Q4) Which of the following might explain how two separate genes control a single trait?
A)Both genes have the same alleles.
B)One gene functions better at higher temperatures.
C)There are two genes to control two separate steps in a pathway.
D)Two genes cannot control a single trait.
Q5) The genetic makeup of an organism,such as Gg,is its ________.
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Chapter 7: Chromosomes and Human Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) A person is genetically XX and develops as a male.How can this be explained?
A)In humans,males are XX.
B)An error in karyotyping this individual must have occurred because XX individuals cannot develop into a male.
C)A piece of a Y chromosome has become attached to one of the X chromosomes.
D)The SRY gene was deleted in this individual.
Q2) One chromosomal abnormality that is usually fatal is
A)a mutation in a gene.
B)an exchange of material between homologous chromosomes.
C)extra copies of sex chromosomes.
D)the addition of an extra autosomal chromosome.
Q3) Most inherited human disorders are the result of
A)recessive mutations of genes located on autosomes.
B)dominant mutations of genes located on the X chromosome.
C)recessive mutations of genes located on the Y chromosome.
D)simultaneous mutations of the same gene on homologous chromosomes.
Q4) An individual who carries one copy of a recessive mutated allele and one normal copy is referred to as a genetic ________.
Q5) An allele that "hides" in heterozygous carriers is called a ________ allele.
Q6) Why are dominant genetic disorders more rare than recessive disorders?
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Chapter 8: What Genes Are
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Sample Questions
Q1) Are mutations always harmful? Justify your answer and give an example to support your answer.
Q2) Which of the following is true of eukaryotic genomes?
A)They consist of a single chromosome.
B)Most of the DNA codes for proteins.
C)Genes are organized by function.
D)The DNA is in the nucleus of the cell.
Q3) Replication of DNA cannot begin until
A)phosphate bonds between nucleotides are broken.
B)hydrogen bonds between complementary bases are broken.
C)covalent bonds between sugar molecules are broken.
D)hydrogen bonds between nucleotides in one strand are broken.
Q4) Once replication in a DNA molecule is complete,each new DNA molecule contains A)one old strand and one new strand.
B)the paired old strands and the paired new strands.
C)new DNA polymerase.
D)a new sequence of nucleotides.
Q5) Animal genes are not turned on and off as one unit because they are not
Page 10
Q6) The enzyme that copies DNA is called ________.
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Chapter 9: How Genes Work
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Q1) Which of the following best describes the function of genes?
A)They control the production of enzymes.
B)They control the production of structural proteins.
C)They control the production of all proteins.
D)They control the production of amino acids.
Q2) The order of the bases in DNA determines the order of the
A)amino acids in DNA.
B)bases in a protein.
C)amino acids in mRNA.
D)bases in mRNA.
Q3) During translation,
A)many mRNA molecules work with one tRNA molecule and one rRNA molecule to produce a protein.
B)one tRNA molecule works with paired mRNA molecules and many rRNA molecules to produce a protein.
C)strings of bonded tRNA molecules work with one mRNA molecule and one rRNA molecule to produce a protein.
D)one mRNA molecule works with several rRNA molecules and many tRNA molecules to produce a protein.
Q4) The genetic code is ________,which means that all cells use the same code.
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Chapter 10: Evidence for Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain how an intermediate fossil can provide evidence for the lineage of current species.
Q2) The result of ________ over evolutionary time spans is that alleles that allow organisms to survive and reproduce at a higher rate than other individuals become more common in the population.
A)natural selection
B)artificial selection
C)homology
D)gene flow
Q3) Kangaroos are found only in Australia;these organisms
A)have few adaptive qualities.
B)have a narrow biogeography.
C)evolved few vestigial structures.
D)evolved before the separation of Pangaea.
Q4) Dolphins develop hind limb buds,but these structures disappear before adulthood.
A)comparative embryology
B)fossil evidence
C)comparative anatomy
D)comparative DNA
E)biogeographic evidence
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Mechanisms of Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Although millions of prairie chickens once occupied Illinois,in 1993 only 50 remained.Starting in 1992,scientists moved almost 300 prairie chickens from large populations in other states to Illinois to ________ Illinois prairie chicken populations. A)prevent the development of nonheritable mutations in B)introduce genetic variation back into C)induce stabilizing selection in D)cause genetic drift in
Q2) What is the total number of alleles present for any given gene in a population of 100 individuals?
A)50
B)100
C)200
D)400
Q3) A scientist is studying beak length in a species of hummingbird.The scientist establishes a population of birds with beaks ranging from very small to very long and allows the population to breed for 10 years.At the end of the experiment,she finds that the majority of birds in the population have very long beaks.This is an example of the ________ selection pattern of natural selection.
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Chapter 12: Adaptation and Species
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Q1) How does coevolution lead to speciation?
A)Coevolution is the mechanism that allows allopatric speciation to occur.
B)Coevolution causes the extinction of species that have limited genetic diversity.
C)The adaptations that occur during coevolution are passed on to other species.
D)An adaptation in one organism drives adaptation in a second organism.
Q2) Two species evolving together in response to interactions between the two species is referred to as ________.
Q3) Which of the following does NOT provide an example of geographic isolation?
A)Two populations live in two valleys on opposite sides of a mountain range.
B)Two populations live on different mountains with a valley between them.
C)Two populations live on opposite sides of a river.
D)Two populations live in different parts of a small lake.
Q4) Speciation
A)can result from geographic isolation.
B)occurs in the absence of genetic divergence.
C)occurs only in species living on remote islands.
D)reduces variation.
Q5) Based on the ________ species concept,organisms that breed asexually are most likely classified as species.
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Chapter 13: The History of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) Imagine the discovery of an undescribed nonphotosynthetic,multicellular organism.To determine whether it is a(n)________,you would need to examine it microscopically to determine if its ________.
A)animal or fungi;cells have cell walls
B)animal or plant;cells have nuclei
C)plant or fungi;cells have cell walls
D)animal or fungi;cells contain DNA
Q2) Explain two ways that mass extinctions can have a profound impact on evolved biodiversity in the ecosystem.
Q3) The Cambrian explosion occurred primarily in the oceans.Which of the following were the first challenges that had to be overcome during the mass colonization of dry land in the Ordovician period?
A)support of body structure without buoyancy in water,movement,and reproduction
B)photosynthesis,cellular respiration,and reproduction
C)DNA replication,photosynthesis,and cellular respiration
D)DNA replication,phagocytosis,and cellular respiration
Q4) In an evolutionary tree,a given ancestor and all its descendants make up a ________,or branch.
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Page 15
Chapter 14: Human Evolution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Is it possible for Homo sapiens and Neanderthals to be related even if humans are not the direct descendants of Neanderthals?
A)No,because this would mean there is no connection at all between humans and Neanderthals.
B)No,because the evolution of humans is clearly linear.
C)Yes,but only because humans and Neanderthals commonly interbred.
D)Yes,because humans and Neanderthals share a common ancestor.
Q2) If evidence indicates that Homo erectus and Homo habilis used stone tools and may have been able to use fire,which of the following is also likely?
A)Homo heidelbergensis and Homo neanderthalensis also used stone tools and probably used fire.
B)Orrorin tugenensis and Ardipithecus kadabba not only used stone tools,they also made fire.
C)Australopithecus anamensis and Australopithecus afarensis definitely used stone tools and could make fire.
D)Sahalenthropus tchadensis and Ardipithecus ramidus used stone tools and could make fire.
Q3) All of your mitochondrial DNA was inherited from your ________.
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16
Chapter 15: General Principles of Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ecologists study
A)only biotic factors.
B)only abiotic factors.
C)both biotic and abiotic factors.
D)neither biotic nor abiotic factors.
Q2) Biology is the study of life.Would biologists study abiotic components in an ecosystem?
A)Yes,biologists study all living organisms regardless of size.
B)No,biologists study only those living organisms which have a significant effect on the ecosystem.
C)Yes,understanding living organisms includes understanding the nonliving factors on which they depend.
D)No,biologists only study living components of the ecosystem;the nonliving components would be studied by chemists or geologists.
Q3) An increase in average temperatures worldwide is called
A)climate change.
B)global warming.
C)the greenhouse effect.
D)weather pattern shift.
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Growth of Populations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Use a specific example to explain how population density may change for people living in one country without any change in population size.
Q2) Which of the following choices best explains why some introduced species experience an initial period of exponential growth when they first move from their native habitat into a new habitat?
A)They do not yet have any natural predators in their new habitat.
B)Most introduced species show better survival in new habitats than in their old ones.
C)Because most native species display exponential growth,many introduced species will do so also.
D)Native species always leave open habitat types that a new species can inhabit.
Q3) Explain why logistic growth curves have an "S" shape.
Q4) Which of the following populations would be most vulnerable to an outbreak of disease?
A)10 grasshoppers living in an area of 100 square meters
B)100 rabbits living in an area of 10,000 square meters
C)200 sparrows living in an area of 20,000 square meters
D)250,000 people living in an area of 100,000 square meters
Q5) China's population ________ is 137 people per square kilometer.
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Chapter 17: Communities of Organisms
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Sample Questions
Q1) an elk eating an aspen sapling
A)mutualism
B)commensalism
C)exploitation
D)competition
Q2) Which of the following can occur when the climate of an area changes?
A)Natural selection usually causes the community to adapt and survive the change with little visible effect.
B)That area becomes uninhabitable to all species and is abandoned.
C)That community may relocate to an area with a climate similar to that of the original location.
D)Continental drift restores communities to climates similar to those from which the communities came.
Q3) bears and wolves both consuming carcasses within the same area
A)mutualism
B)commensalism
C)exploitation
D)competition
Q4) Compare and contrast exploitative and interference competition.
Q5) A(n)________ is a single sequence of who eats whom in a community.
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Chapter 18: Ecosystems
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Q1) What best explains this observation: consumers directly use approximately 20 percent of a forest's net primary productivity (NPP),whereas decomposers directly use approximately 80 percent?
A)Decomposers are more efficient at obtaining energy than consumers.
B)Forest ecosystems do not have a very high NPP,so they cannot support as many consumers as other ecosystems can.
C)Consumers eat only certain parts of organisms,such as fruits or muscle tissue,whereas decomposers obtain energy from the entire body of the food organism.
D)Secondary consumers eat the primary consumers more quickly than the primary consumers can eat the producers,thus leaving most of the NPP available to the decomposers.
Q2) The primary contribution of decomposers to an ecosystem occurs when they
A)capture solar energy.
B)recycle nutrients sequestered in organisms back to the physical environment.
C)regulate the number of producers.
D)prevent consumer overpopulation.
Q3) Describe how chemical nutrients enter and are recycled through an ecosystem.
Q4) Explain why ecosystems do not always have sharply defined physical boundaries.
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Page 20
Chapter 19: Applying the Science
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Sample Questions
Q1) Based on the scientific evidence presented in Chapter 19 of Biology Now,which of the following is NOT the reason for the observed increase in incidence of autism in the United States and other countries since the 1970s?
A)There is a heightened awareness of autism in society.
B)More schools are screening more students for autism.
C)People are generally more willing to label a broader range of conditions within the spectrum of autism disorders.
D)The MMR vaccine is being more broadly administered,so more children are getting autism.
Q2) The U.S.federal government funds the vast majority of scientific research intended to expand the fundamental knowledge base of sciences such as the life sciences,biomedicine,and agriculture.Since the funding comes from taxpayers,this ________ research is not considered biased.
Q3) You search the Internet for information regarding the use of a particular herbal supplement because you have heard claims that it will help you safely build muscle while losing fat.During your search you come across a site that claims to have evidence to support those claims.What questions should you ask as you peruse the site?
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