Introduction to Biological Bases of Behavior
Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
This course provides an overview of the fundamental biological mechanisms that underlie human behavior. Students will explore the structure and function of the nervous system, including the brain, neurons, and neurotransmitters, and examine how these biological components influence psychological processes such as perception, emotion, learning, and memory. Additional topics include the role of genetics, hormones, and the impact of drugs on behavior. Through lectures, discussions, and practical examples, students will gain a foundational understanding of how biological factors contribute to individual differences and overall behavior.
Recommended Textbook
Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience 9th Edition by Neil R. Carlson
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16 Chapters
1924 Verified Questions
1924 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Origins of Behavioral Neuroscience
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109 Verified Questions
109 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ is the original name for the field which involves the study of the physiology of behavior.
A) Behavioral neuroscience
B) Biopsychology
C) Psychobiology
D) Physiological psychology
E) Biological pseudoscience
Answer: D
Q2) Describe the implications of Galvani's research for Descartes's view of how nerves control muscle activity.
Answer: Galvani was able to contract the frog muscle via electrical stimulation when the muscle was detached from the body-thus it was not pressure exerted from the brain which caused muscle contraction.
Q3) An example of generalization is the explanation of gravitation in terms of forces and subatomic particles.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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3
Chapter 2: Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System
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126 Verified Questions
126 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Opening a chloride channel will neutralize an EPSP.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Match up the correct pairing of each cell structure with its function.
A) mitochondria; production of cytoplasm
B) cytoskeleton; production of DNA
C) lipid bi-layer; formation of the cell membrane
D) synapse; production of ribosomes
E) microtubules; production of cytoplasm
Answer: C
Q3) Neuromodulators
A) are rarely of a peptide form.
B) are secreted from a neuron and only affect an adjacent neuron.
C) are inevitably inhibitory.
D) are secreted from neurons, but dispersed widely in brain.
E) are typically secreted in very small amounts compared to neurotransmitters.
Answer: D
Q4) What is the general function of autoreceptors?
Answer: To modulate the internal biochemical activity of the presynaptic cell.
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Chapter 3: Structure of the Nervous System
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) For which sensory system is there a pathway from sense organ to a distinct region of the cortex?
A) vision, audition, and the somatosensory system
B) taste and hearing
C) vision and audition
D) pain and temperature
E) vision, pain, and taste
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following most accurately describes the general functions performed by the left and right hemispheres?
A) The left hemisphere is adept at the serial analysis of information.
B) The right hemisphere is adept at the serial analysis of information.
C) The right hemisphere is adept at the analysis of information.
D) The left hemisphere is adept in the synthesis of information.
E) The two hemispheres perform identical functions.
Answer: A
Q3) Visual impairment is the primary effect of damage to the cerebellum.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Psychopharmacology
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127 Verified Questions
127 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Black widow spider venom releases ACh from neurons.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is a compensatory mechanism that would result in drug tolerance?
A) a decreased metabolism of the drug
B) an increased plasma level of the drug
C) an increased number of drug receptors in the brain
D) a reduced number of tissue drug receptors
E) an increased number of ion channel openings in response to prolonged receptor activation
Q3) Noradrenergic synapses in the CNS are of the metabotropic type.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Neuropeptides are removed from the synapse by membrane transporters.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Glutamate is the major excitatory neurotransmitter in the brain.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Methods and Strategies of Research
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Circuits within the brain perform behaviors,not functions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Damage to dopamine neurons in the human brain can be detected using
A) autoradiography of 2-DG concentrations in the nucleus accumbens.
B) microdialysis of dopamine concentrations in the caudate nucleus.
C) PET scans of radioactive L-DOPA concentrations in the basal ganglia.
D) CT scans of the frontal cortex.
E) fMRI studies of the mesolimbic dopamine system.
Q3) Identical twins share 100 percent of their genes whereas fraternal twins share,on average,about 50 percent of their genes.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Infusion of ________ into brain tissue overstimulates _______,thereby ablating cell bodies.
A) PCP; NMDA receptors
B) kainic acid; glutamate receptors
C) 6-hydroxydopamine; NMDA receptors
D) PCP; D2 receptors
E) THC; CB2 receptors
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Vision
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121 Verified Questions
121 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Photopigments are located within the
A) lamellae membranes of the outer segments.
B) inner membrane of bipolar cells.
C) ganglion cells.
D) amacrine cells.
E) lamellae membranes of the inner segments.
Q2) The modules of primary visual cortex project their information mostly to
A) the amygdala.
B) the frontal cortex.
C) the auditory association cortex.
D) the primary motor cortex.
E) the extrastriate cortex.
Q3) Cerebral achromatopsia refers to
A) seeing the world as shades of one color.
B) a symptom of Balint's syndrome.
C) a loss of color vision.
D) seeing the world as shades of red and green.
E) a difficulty in scanning the visual scene.
Q4) Explain the concept of a receptive field in the visual system and provide an example of this concept for a ganglion cell within the cat retina.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical
Senses
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Indicate which of the following is the correct pathway by which auditory information flows to the brain.
A) auditory nerve -> superior olivary nuclei -> medial geniculate -> superior colliculus -> auditory cortex
B) auditory nerve -> cochlear nuclei -> medial geniculate -> auditory cortex
C) auditory nerve -> cochlear nuclei -> superior olivary nuclei -> inferior colliculus medial geniculate -> auditory cortex
D) auditory nerve -> cochlear nuclei -> superior olivary nuclei -> medial geniculate -> auditory cortex
E) auditory nerve -> cochlear nuclei -> superior colliculus -> lateral geniculate -> auditory cortex
Q2) The shearing force that bends the tips of the inner hair cells in response to movement of the basilar membrane arises from the
A) linkage between the hair cells and the tectorial membrane.
B) mechanical linkage between the hair cells and the tympanic membrane.
C) movement of the round window.
D) movement of the hair cells through the tectorial membrane.
E) movement of fluid past the tips of the hair cells.
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Chapter 8: Sleep and Biological Rhythms
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125 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Caffeine promotes wakefulness because it is a(n)
A) adenosine antagonist.
B) adenosine agonist.
C) GABA antagonist.
D) GABA agonist.
E) norepinephrine antagonist.
Q2) ________ is a sleep disorder that involves a buildup of carbon dioxide in the blood during sleep.
A) Situational insomnia
B) Sleep apnea
C) REM disorder
D) Narcolepsy
E) Cataplexy
Q3) Administration of a(n)________ would be expected to promote sleep.
A) adenosine antagonist
B) adenosine agonist
C) hypocretin agonist
D) serotonin antagonist
E) norepinephrine agonist
Q4) Explain why it is said that the brain is active during sleep.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Reproductive Behavior
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121 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) People with Turner's syndrome
A) lack steroid receptors.
B) have no gonads.
C) develop male internal sex organs.
D) have two Y chromosomes and one X chromosome.
E) are prolific at bearing children.
Q2) Menstruation is triggered by
A) reduced secretion of estradiol and progesterone from the corpus luteum.
B) a surge of androgens from the adrenal cortex.
C) implantation of a fertilized ovum in the uterus.
D) a surge of estrogens from the adrenal cortex.
E) increased secretion of estrogen and progesterone from the corpus luteum.
Q3) Which of the following is true of the estrous cycle of rats?
A) Removal of the ovaries does not disrupt the estrous cycle once it has been established in the adult female.
B) The estrous cycle is controlled by adrenal hormones.
C) Ovulation is not required for sexual behavior during the estrous cycle.
D) The estrous cycle lasts 4 days.
E) The uterine lining is lost on day 4 of the cycle.
Q4) Compare the neural circuits that control male and female sexual behavior.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Emotion
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103 Verified Questions
103 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the James-Lange theory of emotion,which of the following is most important for the subjective experience of an emotion?
A) an intact thalamus
B) the cultural context in which an event occurs
C) one's self-report of what is being experienced
D) sensory feedback from muscles and internal organs
E) changes in hormone levels provoked by the stimulus
Q2) Facial expressions of emotions are similar in young blind and young sighted persons.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Moral judgments that involve deciding to harm another person _______ activity within the _______.
A) decrease; ventromedial prefrontal cortex
B) increase; motor cortex
C) increase; ventromedial prefrontal cortex
D) decrease; hippocampus
E) increase; ventromedial hypothalamus
Q4) Describe evidence supporting the involvement of the amygdala in emotional behavior.
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Chapter 11: Ingestive Behavior
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121 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Damage to the ________ abolishes glucoprovic and lipoprivic eating.
A) preoptic hypothalamus
B) nucleus accumbens
C) nucleus of the solitary tract
D) ventromedial hypothalamus
E)fornix
Q2) Individuals with anorexia nervosa lose all interest in food.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Carrie was underweight as a baby,and in grade school she began to
A) engage in self-mutilation.
B) overeat and gain weight.
C) show depression.
D) view herself as underweight.
E) show fits of violence.
Q4) Cannabinoid agonists stimulate eating.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Cite evidence from the human and rat literature which suggests that obesity is not caused merely by a weak will.
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Chapter 12: Learning and Memory
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128 Verified Questions
128 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Long-term potentiation involves the insertion of AMPA receptors into the dendritic membrane.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Describe the role of dopamine in reinforcing brain stimulation.
Q3) Patients with anterograde amnesia are NOT capable of which type of learning?
A) motor
B) complex relational
C) perceptual
D) sensory-response
E)classical conditioning.
Q4) Patient H.M.is able to perform all of the following tasks quite well EXCEPT
A) making a classically conditioned eyeblink response.
B) recognizing broken drawings.
C) recalling childhood events that occurred prior to age 9.
D) consolidating information from short-term memory to long-term memory using rehearsal.
E) mirror drawing.
Q5) Discuss the role of the NMDA receptor in LTP.
Q6) Explain what is meant by the "Hebb rule."
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Human Communication
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108 Verified Questions
108 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Speech is lateralized in the right hemisphere in the majority of left-handed people.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following is true of stuttering?
A) Stuttering is more common in women.
B) Damage to speech motor programs produces stuttering.
C) Stuttering affects 1 in 1000 people.
D) Stuttering may involve faulty feedback of speech sounds on the auditory system.
E) Stuttering is influenced by environmental factors.
Q3) What sources of information have formed the basis for our understanding of the physiology of language?
Q4) Describe three types of acquired dyslexias.
Q5) Damage to the left hemisphere can impair the ability to use a map.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Explain how the emotional content of a verbal message is conveyed to a listener.
Q7) Define aphasia and explain why anomia is a key symptom of all forms of aphasia.
Q8) Differentiate between whole-word and phonetic reading.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Neurological Disorders
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113 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Another term for cerebrovascular accident is
A) apoptosis.
B) tumor growth.
C) epilepsy.
D) stroke.
E) seizure disorder.
Q2) Parkinson's disease has been traced to
A) overproduction of dopamine within the basal ganglia.
B) degeneration of dopamine neurons within the nigrostriatal system.
C) loss of cholinergic neurons within the frontal cortex.
D) overproduction of GABA within the caudate nucleus.
E) overactivation of serotonin neurons in the hippocampus.
Q3) Parkinson's disease can be induced by drugs such as MPTP.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What are the most common forms of viral encephalitis?
Q5) A key symptom of Huntington's disease is anterograde amnesia.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Explain the differences between partial and generalized seizures.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Schizophrenia, Affective Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders
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131 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) A mutation of the DISC-1 gene may result in schizophrenia.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The positive symptoms of schizophrenia are thought to result from overactivity of ________ neurons of the ________.
A) cholinergic; basal forebrain
B) NPY; hypothalamus
C) dopaminergic; mesolimbic system
D) noradrenergic; nucleus accumbens
E) serotonergic; raphe nuclei
Q3) Damage to the cingulum bundle aggravates obsessive-compulsive disorder.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following would represent a neurological symptom evident in schizophrenia?
A) having poor control of eye movements and odd facial expressions
B) exhibiting excessive emotional expression
C) believing that doctors are part of a plot to poison you
D) thinking that you are the most powerful being on earth
E) experiencing a feeling of euphoria at the start of an episode
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Chapter
16: Autistic, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity, Stress, and Substance Abuse Disorders
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119 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) The primary concern about children with attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder (ADHD)is that
A) ADHD interferes with learning in school.
B) their behavior is irritating to their teachers.
C) excessive fidgeting leads to extreme weight loss.
D) persons with ADHD are likely to abuse cocaine as adults.
E) ADHD in childhood becomes depression in adulthood.
Q2) Injection of CRH into brain would be expected to result in
A) a profound state of relaxation.
B) increased beard growth in men.
C) impaired fear responses.
D) behavioral signs of anxiety.
E) activation of the parasympathetic nervous system.
Q3) The primary means by which the immune system defends against invading organisms is to
A) suppress the release of CRH.
B) release corticosterone.
C) generate red blood cells from bone marrow.
D) generate antibodies that bind to and kill a foreign cell.
E) trigger apoptosis of brain cells.
Page 18
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