Introduction to Behavioral Science Test Preparation
Course Introduction
Introduction to Behavioral Science offers students a foundational understanding of how human behavior is shaped by psychological, social, and environmental factors. The course explores key concepts in psychology, sociology, and anthropology to examine why individuals think, feel, and act the way they do. Topics include perception, decision-making, motivation, attitude formation, group dynamics, and the scientific methods used to study human behavior. Through lectures, case studies, and interactive activities, students gain insights into how behavioral science principles apply to real-world issues in health, work, relationships, and society.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Psychology 11th Edition by James W. Kalat
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29 Chapters
4396 Verified Questions
4396 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: What Is Psychology
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153 Verified Questions
153 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) What did Sigmund Freud emphasize in treating troubled people?
A)Relating their current behavior to their early childhood experiences
B)Getting them to relate to other people in a group therapy session
C)Using rewards and punishments to change specific behaviors
D)Altering the activity at certain types of synapses in the brain
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following is a major concern of cross-cultural psychologists?
A)In what ways human behavior differs from that of other animal species
B)What is part of human nature, and what varies depending on our background
C)To what extent people understand the causes of their own behavior
D)What is the best way to teach children to behave ethically
Answer: B
Q3) Why do so few statements apply to the behavior of all people,all the time?
A)Human behavior does not follow principles of cause and effect.
B)So far, psychologists have not conducted much scientific research.
C)Behavior varies depending on a huge variety of influences.
D)None of the research on animals applies in any way to people.
Answer: C
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3
Chapter 2: Scientific Methods in Psychology
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242 Verified Questions
242 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does an experimenter try to equate the experimental group and the control group?
A)The experimenter attempts to increase the demand characteristics.
B)The experimenter attempts to eliminate all independent variables.
C)The experimenter attempts to eliminate all dependent variables.
D)The experimenter uses random assignment of participants.
Answer: D
Q2) Because people who join Alcoholics Anonymous control their alcohol problems better than people who do not join,a researcher concludes that Alcoholics Anonymous is highly effective.What is a major limitation on this study?
A)The research had too many independent variables.
B)The research did not have a hypothesis.
C)The research did not have demand characteristics.
D)People were not randomly assigned to groups.
Answer: D
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4
Chapter 2: A: Scientific Methods in Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) If different researchers consistently get similar results,we say the results are
Answer: replicable
Q2) The sum of all the scores divided by the total number of scores is called the ______.(NOT "average." Give the more precise term.)
Answer: mean
Q3) If most patients recover from depression after a few months of therapy,we can conclude that the therapy was helpful.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) Some statistically significant results represent only random fluctuations in the data. A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q5) A before-and-after study can provide invalid results if it has no ________ group.
Answer: control
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Chapter 3: Biological Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) What does a neurotransmitter do?
A)It measures the amount of activity in a brain.
B)It either excites or inhibits a neuron.
C)It flows through the bloodstream.
D)It conveys information from one brain to another.
Q2) In spite of being a hallucinogen,LSD has sometimes been used for which purpose?
A)To relieve severe anxiety
B)To improve attention
C)To combat Alzheimer's disease
D)To help people lose weight
Q3) What are the main parts of a neuron,other than the cell body?
A)Axon and dendrites
B)Axon and glia
C)Dendrites and glia
D)Glia and mitochondria
Q4) Which of the following is a common treatment for Parkinson's disease?
A)L-dopa, a chemical that the brain converts into dopamine
B)Drugs that block the reuptake of serotonin and related neurotransmitters
C)A diet that minimizes intake of phenylalanine
D)Educational programs designed to improve emotional control
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Chapter 3: A: Biological Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The hormone that increases attention to social information,and magnifies love and trust toward someone you already love,is known as ________.
Q2) One drug that many people take exerts its effects by blocking axons from releasing both excitatory and inhibitory neurotransmitters.That drug is _______.
Q3) A heritability of 1 indicates that genetic variation is responsible for all the observed differences in behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q4) An important method of measuring brain activity is fMRI.That abbreviation stands for _________ magnetic resonance imaging.
Q5) Ordinarily,people use only about 10 percent of their brain.
A)True
B)False
Q6) In most cases,neurons communicate at synapses by transmitting an electrical charge.
A)True
B)False
Q7) The nervous system has two kinds of cells,called _____ and glia.
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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) Can people track an odor trail,as dogs do?
A)No!
B)Yes, if they crawl on their hands and knees.
C)Yes, after they practice by following a dog.
D)Yes, but only if it is the odor left by a dog or cat.
Q2) Which part of the retina,if any,has the greatest proportion of cones,relative to rods?
A)The periphery
B)The fovea
C)The area surrounding the blind spot
D)All parts have equal proportions.
Q3) What is a phantom limb?
A)A limb with greater than normal strength
B)A limb with greater than normal sensation
C)A sensation as if an amputated limb were still present
D)A limb with normal strength but no sensation
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Chapter 4: A: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) People taste very dilute sugar or salt solutions more easily than equally dilute bitter substances.
A)True B)False
Q2) Feature detectors can explain all aspects of pattern perception. A)True
B)False
Q3) Suppose we are trying to measure someone's ability to detect weak stimuli.When we present extremely weak stimuli (sights,sounds,or touches),this person almost always reports that they were present.Before we draw any conclusions about this person's apparently great sensitivity,what else do we need to know?
Q4) Humans have an approximately equal number of rods and cones. A)True B)False
Q5) The field of psychology that emphasizes how we perceive overall patterns through a top-down process is known as __________ psychology.
Q6) Detection of the tilt,acceleration,and orientation of the head depends on the __________ system.
Q7) In what way are hurt feelings similar to physical pain?
Page 9
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Chapter 5: Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) How has the condition of biracial children apparently changed over decades?
A)They have more academic difficulty than in the past.
B)They have more health problems than in the past.
C)They have better social acceptance than in the past.
D)They report more turmoil and stress than in the past.
Q2) How does alcohol lead to the behavioral problems associated with fetal alcohol syndrome?
A)It prevents the transmission of inhibitory synaptic messages.
B)It causes too much myelin to form around the axons in the brain.
C)It causes some neurons that get too little stimulation to self-destruct.
D)It prevents oxygen and nutrition from reaching the brain of the fetus.
Q3) An infant who mostly ignores the mother in the Strange Situation shows which attachment style?
A)Securely attached
B)Anxious
C)Avoidant
D)Disorganized
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10
Chapter 5: A: Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define theory of mind and give an example of a situation involving a child who has not yet developed theory of mind.
Q2) The issues that middle-aged people face in a midlife transition resemble an adolescent identity crisis.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Expressions of anger tend to be more effective in the United States than in Asia.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to Piaget,children lack the concept of object permanence during the ____________ stage.
Q5) The different activities that a society expects of males and females are known as ___________ roles.
Q6) An investigator who follows a single group of individuals year after year is using a ___________________ design.
Q7) What is the difference between a cross-sectional design and a longitudinal design? Which would be better for a researcher who wanted to avoid the influence of cohort effects?
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) What term applies when someone learns to respond to a stimulus and not to a similar one?
A)Extinction
B)Stimulus generalization
C)Discrimination
D)Spontaneous recovery
Q2) Why do behaviorists insist that thoughts are not the causes of behavior?
A)Thought processes are too slow to explain most behaviors.
B)Most people have trouble describing their thoughts clearly.
C)Much of behavior depends on unconscious thought processes.
D)The events that caused the thoughts are the real causes.
Q3) You would like to become a famous playwright,but you may or may not try,depending on what?
A)Your proactive interference
B)Your retroactive interference
C)Your schedule of reinforcement
D)Your sense of self-efficacy
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Chapter 6: A: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose you want to train your roommate to keep his/her side of the room clean.According to the disequilibrium principle,how should you start?
Q2) In some cases,the conditioned response is significantly different from the unconditioned response.
A)True B)False
Q3) To produce extinction in classical conditioning,repeatedly present the __________ by itself.
Q4) In Pavlov's experiments,a sound preceded food,which evoked salivation.We refer to the sound as the ______ stimulus.
Q5) Almost anything could become a secondary reinforcer.
A)True B)False
Q6) One type of learning that occurs even though the learner makes no response and receives no reinforcement is _________.
Q7) In conditioned taste aversion,animals learn to avoid a food because it was paired with _________.
Q8) Describe how classical conditioning could explain drug tolerance.
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Chapter 7: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) What causes the memory impairment known as Korsakoff's syndrome?
A)Lack of vitamin B1
B)Inability to metabolize phenylalanine
C)Lack of the hormone insulin
D)Intolerance for gluten
Q2) Deliria learns 20 new songs while her twin sister Oblivia plays tennis.When both of them learn another new song,who forgets it faster,and why?
A)Deliria, because of proactive interference
B)Deliria, because of retroactive interference
C)Oblivia, because of proactive interference
D)Oblivia, because of retroactive interference
Q3) An experimenter reads many series of letters,such as TGWNR,and you try to recall each set later,without rehearsing during the delay.About how long would each memory probably last?
A)Less than a second
B)A few seconds but less than 20
C)More than 20 seconds but less than a minute
D)Until you tried to remember a different set of letters
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Chapter 7: A: Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) What recommendations do psychologists offer concerning best ways for the police to conduct suspect lineups?
Q2) Psychologists recommend that police lineups can improve recognition by telling the witness which person the police suspect.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Inability to store new long-term memories is known as __________ amnesia.
Q4) If you remember more of some material the second time you try to recall it than you did the first time,your improved memory is called ________.
Q5) Repeating something over and over,word for word,is the best way to remember it.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Holding a memory long enough in short-term memory causes it to consolidate into long-term memory.
A)True
B)False
Q7) A suspect lineup is an example of testing memory by the ______ method.
Q8) Define executive functioning and describe one way to measure it.
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Q9) What are several ways in which memory is different from replaying a recording?
Chapter 8: Cognition and Language
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228 Verified Questions
228 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following would be a good prototype of "athlete"?
A)Chess champion
B)Basketball fan
C)Olympic champion
D)Couch potato
Q2) How many morphemes are in the word friends?
A)1
B)2
C)3
D)7
Q3) What might prevent you from showing the Stroop effect?
A)Print the words in large capital letters.
B)Print the words with wider than usual spaces between them.
C)Print the words in italic font.
D)Print the words in a language you don't understand.
Q4) Which of these sentences has the same deep structure as "The rats are in cages"?
A)The cats are in rages.
B)The cages contain rats.
C)The rats are not in cages.
D)The mice are in cages.
Page 16
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Chapter 8: A: Cognition and Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) People who look at words find it difficult to say the color of ink of each word,instead of reading the words themselves.This result is known as the __________.
Q2) Deaf children who don't get an opportunity to learn language when they are young can catch up later.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Compared to satisficers,maximizers tend to make better choices but be less pleased with their choices.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In making decisions,thoroughly considering every possibility to find the best one is called _____.
Q5) If you are asked whether one object could be rotated to match another one,you say you answered it by picturing its motion in your head.What evidence did Shepard and Metzler produce to show that your process really is like watching something move?
Q6) Chimpanzees are unable to make the sounds that humans use in speech.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 9: Intelligenceintelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) The validity of a test indicates which of the following?
A)How consistent someone's scores are between a first test and a retest
B)How many of its question are neither too easy nor too difficult
C)How many institutions have considered the test to be useful
D)How well its scores predict some type of performance
Q2) Of the possible explanations for the Flynn effect,which of these is the LEAST likely?
A)Improved health
B)Improved education
C)Increased stimulation from television, video games, and so forth
D)Improved nutrition
Q3) Which of these opposes the idea that all of intelligence depends on a single underlying ability?
A)Executive functioning correlates highly with many other intellectual skills.
B)Certain types of brain damage impair one ability while sparing others.
C)Many nonhuman animal species show good problem-solving skills, if properly tested.
D)Monozygotic twins resemble each other in IQ scores more than dizygotic twins do.
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Chapter 9: A: Intelligence Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) On average,people with high IQ scores have fewer car accidents than people with low IQ scores.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If scores on a particular test are accurate for predicting students' grades in school,the test has high _________.
Q3) What types of interventions have been successful for improving children's IQ scores?
Q4) Of the two types of twins,those resemble each other more strongly in their IQ scores are _____________ twins.
Q5) Define stereotype threat,and describe the findings from Claude Steele's classic study on stereotype threat.
Q6) If an aptitude test measures fluid intelligence,an achievement test measures ______ intelligence.
Q7) The results comparing monozygotic and dizygotic twins imply a genetic contribution to differences in IQ performance.
A)True B)False
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Chapter 10: Consciousnessconsciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) In what way is hypnosis similar to dreaming?
A)Mental activity becomes separate from brain activity.
B)The person loses all contact with the real world.
C)Brain activity indicates REM sleep.
D)The person accepts contradictory information without protest.
Q2) Which of these would be good advice for someone with sleep apnea?
A)Drink some alcohol just before bedtime.
B)Try to lose weight.
C)Try to come to grips with your repressed memories.
D)Ask a therapist to help analyze your dreams.
Q3) When are long,slow,high-amplitude EEG waves most common?
A)During stage 4 sleep
B)During REM sleep
C)During stage 1 sleep
D)During wakefulness
Q4) About how long does a circadian rhythm last?
A)A year
B)A day
C)An hour
D)A few minutes
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Chapter 10: A: Consciousnessconsciousness
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dreaming occurs only during REM sleep.
A)True B)False
Q2) Rhythms of wakefulness and sleepiness lasting about one day are called _______ rhythms.
Q3) Dreams accurately predict the future.
A)True B)False
Q4) You have insomnia if you average less than 7 hours sleep per night.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What happens during binocular rivalry?
Q6) People traveling west suffer more serious jet lag than do people traveling east. A)True
B)False
Q7) The major postural muscles are most relaxed during the _____ sleep stage.
Q8) People who have trouble breathing while they sleep are suffering from _______
Q9) Briefly describe sleep apnea and narcolepsy.
Q10) Night terrors occur mostly during stage _____of sleep. Page 21
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Chapter 11: Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors
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Sample Questions
Q1) In what way does insulin influence hunger?
A)It increases the sensitivity of the taste buds.
B)It increases the excretion of waste products.
C)It increases the frequency of stomach contractions.
D)It increases the flow of glucose into the cells.
Q2) What was the effect on U.S.and Canadian students after they tried to list the Ten Commandments?
A)They performed better than usual on a memory task.
B)They acted in a more extraverted way than they usually did.
C)They resisted a temptation to cheat.
D)They reported unusually complex dreams the next night.
Q3) If you eat,drink,or sweat in preparation for future needs rather than current needs,what type of motivation are you displaying?
A)Drive reduction
B)Homeostasis
C)Allostasis
D)Self-actualization
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Chapter 11: A: Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors
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Sample Questions
Q1) Measurements of vaginal secretions indicate a woman's level of sexual arousal and interest.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Just putting a larger portion of food on the plate influences people to eat more.
A)True
B)False
Q3) After orgasm,men have a refractory period before they can become sexually aroused again.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Whether the external genitals develop looking male or female depends on one hormone,which is _____________.
Q5) Maintaining stability of temperature,body weight,body water,and other biological conditions is known as ____________________.
Q6) What factors influence whether someone develops a heterosexual or homosexual orientation?
Q7) Fat cells release the hormone _____________,which decreases hunger.
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Chapter 12: Part 1 Emotions,stress,and
Healthemotions,stress,and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) When damage to the prefrontal cortex impairs someone's emotional responses,what happens to the decisions they make?
A)They think more carefully than usual and evaluate all the evidence.
B)They calmly make decisions that most people consider disturbing.
C)They hesitate far longer than normal before making any decision.
D)They become highly conformist, making the same decisions that most others do.
Q2) Which of the following probably will NOT improve your happiness?
A)Perform an act of kindness for someone you hardly know.
B)Make a weekly list of things that make you feel grateful.
C)Take a walk in a natural area.
D)Look forward to getting a new car or a new television set.
Q3) According to Selye,what happens during the resistance stage of the general adaptation syndrome?
A)Increased secretion of the hormone leptin
B)Increased secretion of the hormone cortisol
C)Increased arousal of the sympathetic nervous system
D)Fatigue and inactivity
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Chapter 12: A: Emotional,stress,and
Healthemotional,stress,and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) A guilty-knowledge test is similar to a polygraph test except that the examiner asks different types of questions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A modified version of the polygraph test produces more accurate results by asking questions that should be threatening only to someone who knows the facts of a crime that have not been publicized.This is known as the _______ ________ test.
Q3) The idea that emotional feeling results from sensing your body's reaction is known as the ________- ________ theory.
Q4) Emotions often provide a quick guide to making moral decisions.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The polygraph (or "lie-detector test")measures arousal of the __________ nervous system.
Q6) The main evidence for the idea of "basic emotions" is that people throughout the world recognize some of the same facial expressions.
A)True
B)False
Page 26
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Chapter 13: Social Psychologysocial Psychology
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Q1) How do people react to a face with average nose,average mouth,and other average features?
A)They consider that face uninteresting.
B)They consider that face similar to their own.
C)They consider that face strange.
D)They consider that face attractive.
Q2) In a variation of Milgram's obedience experiment,the teacher had to hold the learner's hand onto the shock plate.What was the result?
A)The teachers obeyed orders as much as before.
B)All teachers refused to continue.
C)Obedience declined to less than half the previous level.
D)Obedience increased to more than the previous level.
Q3) When would you be least likely to conform to the opinions of the majority?
A)If you see that the majority is clearly wrong
B)If you are outnumbered by only three or four to one
C)If you are outnumbered by a large group, but you have one ally
D)If you are afraid of being ridiculed
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Chapter 13: A: Social Psychologysocial Psychology
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Q1) To evaluate people's moral reasoning,Lawrence Kohlberg examined whether the answers people gave to moral dilemmas matched their behavior in real-world situations.
A)True
B)False
Q2) If you intentionally put yourself at a disadvantage to provide an excuse for failure,you are engaged in a self-_______ strategy.
Q3) Sometimes a group pressures members into suppressing their doubts and supporting an ill-advised decision.This process is called _________.
Q4) Attributions that we adopt to maximize credit for our successes and minimize blame for our failures are called ________-_________ biases.
Q5) Describe a study that demonstrates cognitive dissonance.
Q6) Birds with brighter feathers and longer tails are "advertising" the fact that they are healthy.
A)True
B)False
Q7) An unfavorable attitude toward a group of people is called ________.
Q8) Describe Milgram's obedience study.
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Chapter 14: Personalitypersonality
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Freud,what are you doing if you present yourself as the opposite of what you really are?
A)Displacement
B)Projection
C)Sublimation
D)Reaction formation
Q2) Why are many psychologists skeptical of the Rorschach inkblots?
A)The validity of the test is higher than the reliability.
B)The test seldom provides valid information we could not get in other ways.
C)Under the current system, clinicians seldom agree with each other about interpretations.
D)The test is strongly biased against people who are less intelligent or less talkative.
Q3) On average,the personality of young people today differs from what their parents or grandparents showed at the same age.What does this trend demonstrate?
A)An actor-observer effect
B)A genetic effect
C)A birth order effect
D)A cohort effect
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Chapter 14: A: Personalitypersonality
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Q1) You could lie on many MMPI items,and no psychologist would even suspect.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Recent research on implicit memory strongly supports Freud's theories about the unconscious.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In Freud's theory,blockage of normal psychosexual development at some stage is called
Q4) How does the MMPI identify people who might be lying to try to look good?
Q5) The opposite of emotional stability is ____________.
Q6) The strong similarity in personality between parents and their adopted children indicates a strong influence of family environment on personality development.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Criminal profiling leads the police to the criminal with high accuracy.
A)True
B)False
Page 30
Q8) What method did psychologists use to determine the Big Five personality traits?
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Chapter 15: Part 1 Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and
Treatmentabnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the Tarasoff ruling,what should a therapist do if a client threatens to attack someone?
A)Maintain the client's statement in complete confidentiality.
B)Commit the client to a mental hospital.
C)Warn the person who was threatened.
D)Report the incident to the police.
Q2) What causes a monkey to form a strong fear of snakes?
A)Monkeys are born with that fear.
B)Monkeys can develop that fear by seeing another monkey show fear of snakes.
C)Monkeys learn a fear of snakes only by getting a bite from a snake.
D)Monkeys learn a fear of snakes by pairing a snake with an unpleasant stimulus.
Q3) Which drug is sometimes used to help people quit alcohol?
A)Prozac
B)Antabuse
C)Methadone
D)L-dopa
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Chapter 15: A: Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and
Treatmentabnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26441
Sample Questions
Q1) Someone who suffers from depression almost every winter may receive a diagnosis of _______ ________ disorder.
Q2) Learned avoidance behaviors are hard to extinguish.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A psychiatrist must keep a client's statements confidential,even if the client threatens to attack someone.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Types of psychotherapy that have been demonstrated to be effective are known as ___________ supported treatments.
Q5) In John B.Watson's analysis of phobia learning,the unconditioned stimulus was _____________________.
Q6) Most addictive substances increase the release of the neurotransmitter dopamine. A)True B)False
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Q7) Of three types of treatment for depression-antidepressant drugs,psychotherapy,and electroconvulsive therapy-the one likely to produce the most rapid improvement is
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