Introduction to Behavioral Science Final
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Behavioral Science offers an overview of the scientific study of human behavior, exploring how individuals think, feel, and act within various social, cultural, and environmental contexts. The course introduces foundational concepts from psychology, sociology, anthropology, and economics, emphasizing the interplay between biological, cognitive, and social factors in shaping behavior. Students will gain insight into topics such as decision-making, motivation, learning, group dynamics, and the effects of social influence, while also developing an understanding of research methods and ethical considerations in behavioral science.
Recommended Textbook
Introduction to Psychology 11th Edition by James W. Kalat
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Page 2
Chapter 1: What Is Psychology
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Q1) Why have later psychologists abandoned Titchener's search for the structures that compose the mind?
A)They consider the questions impossible to answer.
B)The research is too expensive.
C)The research requires methods that now seem unethical.
D)The questions pertain to biology, not psychology.
Answer: A
Q2) Why did behaviorists of the mid-1900s concentrate on studying rats in a maze?
A)They needed to conduct the least expensive research.
B)They were trying to identify genes that control behavior.
C)They were trying to understand the evolution of behavior.
D)They expected to discover general laws of behavior.
Answer: D
Q3) Which of the following is a major concern of cross-cultural psychologists?
A)In what ways human behavior differs from that of other animal species
B)What is part of human nature, and what varies depending on our background
C)To what extent people understand the causes of their own behavior
D)What is the best way to teach children to behave ethically
Answer: B
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Chapter 2: Scientific Methods in Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the correlation between variables A and B is zero,what can we conclude?
A)A and B have the same mean, the same median, and the same distribution.
B)As A goes up, B does not consistently go either up or down.
C)The mean value of either A or B must be zero.
D)If we know the value of A, we can predict the value of B with zero error.
Answer: B
Q2) Because students who took a calculus course do better in biology than students who did not take calculus,a researcher concludes that understanding calculus is helpful for understanding biology.What is wrong with this study?
A)Calculus is a more difficult subject than biology.
B)Biology is a more difficult subject than calculus.
C)The research had too many independent variables.
D)Students were not randomly assigned to groups.
Answer: D
Q3) What does "p < 0.05" mean?
A)Random events would produce this outcome less than 5 percent of the time.
B)The correlation between two variables is very low, almost random.
C)Fewer than 5 percent of individuals had scores above the mean.
D)Fewer than 5 percent of scientists agree with this theory.
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: A: Scientific Methods in Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Properly conducted experiments allow researchers to draw conclusions about cause and effect.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) A before-and-after study can lead to a firm conclusion,even without a control group.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) The sum of all the scores divided by the total number of scores is called the ______.(NOT "average." Give the more precise term.)
Answer: mean
Q4) Random assignment is an important procedure in both experiments and correlational research.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q5) A definition that states how to measure something is a(n)__________ definition.
Answer: operational
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Chapter 3: Biological Psychology
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Q1) What does it mean to say that someone is "motion blind"?
A)The person has trouble seeing anything clearly while he or she is moving.
B)The person cannot see the speed or direction of movement.
C)After watching something move, the person has a period of distorted vision.
D)The person has poor aim in walking toward or reaching toward an object.
Q2) Studies on PKU (phenylketonuria)support which of these generalizations?
A)Localized brain damage can impair one behavior with little effect on others.
B)A special environment can modify the effect of a gene.
C)Certain brain areas can grow new neurons even in adults.
D)Physical exercise can improve memory and mood.
Q3) The concept that mental activity is the same as brain activity is known as what?
A)The all-or-none law
B)Dualism
C)Monism
D)Dale's law
Q4) Unlike computer messages,which of the following is true for synapses?
A)Every synaptic message looks the same as any other one.
B)Synaptic messages spread diffusely instead of going to a particular target.
C)A single synaptic message conveys an entire thought.
D)Synaptic messages vary from sudden and brief to slow and long-lasting.
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Chapter 3: A: Biological Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Parkinson's disease results from a deficiency of transmission at dopamine synapses.
A)True B)False
Q2) Cocaine and amphetamine affect behavior by attaching to hormone receptors. A)True B)False
Q3) Psychologists are in strong agreement about their explanations for male-female differences.
A)True B)False
Q4) What type of evidence supports the idea of monism?
Q5) The left hemisphere of the brain gets equal sensations from the left and right hands. A)True B)False
Q6) What types of evidence do researchers usually examine when trying to estimate the heritability of a human characteristic?
Q7) The chemicals released by neurons at synapses are called ______.
Page 7
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Chapter 4: Sensation and Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) What causes a phantom limb?
A)Emotional distress
B)Hypnosis
C)Rewiring in the brain
D)Irritation at the site of an amputation
Q2) Suppose someone claims that color can be explained by the physics of light.What evidence argues against that claim?
A)Binocular depth perception
B)Optical illusions
C)Diffraction of light by a prism
D)Color vision deficiency
Q3) A jury's verdict risks either convicting an innocent person or freeing a guilty person.In the terminology of signal-detection theory,convicting an innocent person is which of the following?
A)A correct rejection
B)A hit
C)A false alarm
D)A miss
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Chapter 4: A: Sensation and Perception
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Q1) People see little or no color in the periphery of their visual field.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A subliminal message to buy popcorn increases people's likelihood of buying it.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A participant is asked to report every time he or she sees a faint light.If rewards are offered for correctly reporting the presence of the light,but no punishment for reporting it when it is absent,the participant will make many hits but also many
Q4) Sound waves with greater amplitude are perceived as having a higher pitch than sound waves with lower amplitude.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Cats can see in total darkness.
A)True
B)False
Q6) In the eye,light is focused by the rigid cornea and the flexible _______.
Q7) In what way are hurt feelings similar to physical pain?
Q8) The retinal receptors adapted for color vision are the _______.
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Chapter 5: Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) What did Lev Vygotsky argue that educators should consider?
A)A child's birth order
B)A child's genetic predispositions
C)A child's current stage of cognitive development
D)A child's zone of proximal development
Q2) Studies on object permanence and theory of mind support which generalization?
A)Cognitive development depends on a certain stage of social and emotional development.
B)A child who understands object permanence also understands theory of mind.
C)Coming to understand either concept requires a sudden, all-or-nothing transition.
D)Whether a child seems to understand a concept depends on the way we test.
Q3) Which of Piaget's stages of cognitive development is characteristic of infants?
A)The formal operations stage
B)The preoperational stage
C)The concrete operations stage
D)The sensorimotor stage
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Chapter 5: A: Development
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Q1) The idea that we cope with our fear of death by avoiding thoughts about death and by affirming our worldview,including religious or political beliefs,is known as _________-management theory.
Q2) On average,men and women are about equal at detecting facial expressions of emotion.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Many of the apparent differences between firstborn and later-born children are really due to differences between small and large families.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Many studies have reported differences between firstborn and later-born children.What aspect of the procedure makes it difficult for us to draw conclusions from these results?
Q5) Men have greater abilities to do well in math than women do. A)True
B)False
Q6) Define theory of mind and give an example of a situation involving a child who has not yet developed theory of mind.
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Chapter 6: Learning
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Q1) People hear a tone,followed by a puff of air to the eyes,which causes an eyeblink.After a few pairings,people blink their eyes when they hear the tone.In this experiment,what is blinking?
A)The conditioned stimulus
B)The unconditioned stimulus
C)Both the conditioned stimulus and the unconditioned stimulus
D)Both the conditioned response and the unconditioned response
Q2) What is the procedure for extinction in operant conditioning?
A)Repeatedly present the conditioned stimulus by itself.
B)Repeatedly present the unconditioned stimulus by itself.
C)Stop providing positive reinforcement.
D)Provide negative reinforcement.
Q3) Pavlov believed that pairing a CS with a UCS necessarily led to classical conditioning.Which of the following is evidence AGAINST that idea?
A)In most cases, the CR resembles the UCR.
B)Repeatedly omitting the UCR leads to extinction.
C)Conditioning fails if the UCS occurs alone as often as it occurs after the CS.
D)A more intense CS leads to a more intense CR.
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Chapter 6: A: Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Both positive and negative reinforcement increase the probability of a behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Almost anything could become a secondary reinforcer.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Research has consistently supported Pavlov's view that conditioning depends on the growth of a new axon connection between two areas of the cortex.
A)True
B)False
Q4) To produce extinction in classical conditioning,repeatedly present the __________ by itself.
Q5) Classical conditioning can help to explain drug tolerance.
A)True
B)False
Q6) In Pavlov's experiments,a sound preceded food,which evoked salivation.We refer to the sound as the ______ stimulus.
Q7) According to Thorndike,responses that are followed by reinforcement become more probable.He called this the law of _________.
Page 13
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Chapter 7: Memory
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Q1) Why are many psychologists skeptical of reports that therapy helps people recover repressed memories of early childhood abusive experiences?
A)Abusive experiences in childhood are known to be rare.
B)The recovery techniques could suggest false memories.
C)Only hypnosis can accurately recover memories from early childhood.
D)Repressed memories can never return to consciousness.
Q2) After you witness a crime,the police show you photographs and ask whether any of them was the culprit.They are checking your memory by which method?
A)Free recall
B)Cued recall
C)Recognition
D)Savings
Q3) In Ebbinghaus's research,what was the advantage of using nonsense syllables?
A)Computers can easily generate long lists of nonsense syllables.
B)It is easy to motivate people to memorize a list of nonsense syllables.
C)Nonsense syllables do not generate proactive interference.
D)It is possible to know exactly when someone first learned a list.
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Chapter 7: A: Memory
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Q1) The system for using current information is known as _______ memory.
Q2) A sequential lineup,in which a witness makes a yes/no judgment on each suspect,one at a time,decreases the probability of falsely identifying an innocent person.
A)True B)False
Q3) A police officer is interviewing a young child about a possible instance of child abuse.What should the interviewer do and avoid doing?
Q4) After an event happens,people tend to overestimate how predictable it was. A)True B)False
Q5) A multiple-choice exam is an example of a recognition test of memory. A)True B)False
Q6) Chunking can overcome some of the limitations of short-term memory. A)True B)False
Q7) Repeating something over and over,word for word,is the best way to remember it. A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Cognition and Language
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Questions
Q1) Because you can easily think of examples of dishonest politicians,you might conclude that dishonesty is common among politicians.Reasoning of this type is an example of what?
A)The availability heuristic
B)The framing effect
C)The maximizing strategy
D)The law of effect
Q2) What is a morpheme?
A)A unit of meaning
B)A unit of sound
C)A unit of spelling
D)A unit of grammar
Q3) Why did Hungarian author Laszlo Polgar devote so much effort to teaching his daughters chess?
A)He wanted to show that women have better strategic skills than men.
B)He wanted to demonstrate the importance of genetic predispositions in expertise.
C)He wanted to show that enough effort can make almost anyone an expert.
D)He wanted to perfect his methods of instruction.
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Chapter 8: A: Cognition and Language
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Q1) Measurements of brain activity and examination of the chromosomes can aid in determining whether someone has attention deficit disorder.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The tendency to look for evidence to support what you already believe is the ______ bias.
Q3) Failure to detect changes in part of a scene is known as change ________.
Q4) A unit of sound is called a phoneme.A unit of meaning is a _____.
Q5) People who are easily distracted,impulsive,moody,and unlikely to follow through on their plans are said to have __________ disorder.
Q6) Research on the framing effect shows that people tend to choose the risky strategy when considering gains and avoid taking risks when considering losses.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Psychologists can learn why people made their decisions simply by asking them.
A)True
B)False
Q8) What is the Stroop effect?
Page 17
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Chapter 9: Intelligenceintelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) To determine the validity of an IQ test,what does someone measure?
A)How well the scores predict success in school
B)How consistent people's scores are from test to retest
C)How closely the scores fit the normal distribution
D)How many psychologists have used the test in various countries
Q2) Howard Gardner's theory of multiple intelligences disagrees with which of these?
A)The Flynn effect
B)The possibility of measuring psychological variables
C)Spearman's concept of g
D)Cattell's distinction between fluid and crystallized intelligence
Q3) Solving a problem of a type you have never seen before requires which type of intelligence?
A)Fluid intelligence
B)Crystallized intelligence
C)Multiple intelligence
D)Standardized intelligence
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Chapter 9: A: Intelligence Intelligence
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Q1) Describe the Flynn effect and at least two possible explanations for it.
Q2) Scores on tests of language,logic,spatial reasoning,and other cognitive abilities all correlate positively with one another.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Raven's Progressive Matrices can be used to measure intelligence of people who speak other languages.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Charles Spearman identified a g factor in intelligence.The g stands for _______.
Q5) Although the mean score on an IQ test is 100,the most common score is a few points higher.
A)True
B)False
Q6) If we give a test twice,and most people get approximately the same score the second time as they did the first time,then the test has high __________.
Q7) What would be the strongest evidence that an IQ test is biased against some group?
Q8) On a standardized IQ test,the mean score is _________.
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Chapter 10: Consciousnessconsciousness
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Q1) Several studies indicate that brain activity preparing for a movement starts before the conscious decision to make the movement.Why is the interpretation of results uncertain?
A)The results vary drastically from one culture to another.
B)Researchers cannot accurately measure the time of a brain activity.
C)People cannot accurately report the time when they made the movement.
D)Voluntary decisions are gradual and difficult to pinpoint in time.
Q2) Why do we feel wakeful and sleepy on a 24-hour schedule?
A)The body responds to changes in the temperature and lighting of the environment.
B)An area in the brain generates this rhythm.
C)Muscular activity produces lactate, which leads to sleepiness.
D)A feedback cycle among several endocrine organs generates this rhythm.
Q3) When researchers briefly flash a word and then present a masking pattern,what is the purpose of the masking pattern?
A)To give the observer a signal to respond
B)To measure how fast people shift attention
C)To increase stimulation of the visual cortex
D)To prevent consciousness of the word
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Chapter 10: A: Consciousnessconsciousness
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Q1) People are most likely to suffer serious jet lag when they travel in a(n)______direction.
Q2) During the time of sleep when the brain is most active,the muscles are least active.
A)True B)False
Q3) The area of the brain known to generate the body's circadian rhythm is the ____________________.
Q4) People of what age are most likely to be morning people? _____
Q5) The symptoms of narcolepsy suggest an intrusion of ____ stage of sleep into wakefulness.
Q6) One person in a vegetative state answered yes/no questions by imagining different types of movement.
A)True B)False
Q7) Paradoxical sleep,marked by high brain activity but no muscle activity,is synonymous with _____ sleep.
Q8) Brain recordings suggest that some people in a vegetative state are conscious. A)True B)False
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Chapter 11: Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors
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Q1) Which aspect of anatomy differs,on average,between heterosexual and homosexual men?
A)Detailed structure of the blood vessels entering the brain
B)Size of part of the hypothalamus
C)Distance between the eyes and the mouth
D)Ratio of arm length to leg length
Q2) When a meal brings more nutrients into the body than the cells can use at the time,what happens to the rest of them?
A)The body excretes them as waste.
B)The body stores them in fat cells or in the liver.
C)The nutrients remain in the blood stream until the cells need them.
D)The body converts the extra nutrients into muscle tissue.
Q3) For most jobs,the quality of the work (as opposed to the quantity)depends mainly on what?
A)Satisfaction with the pay
B)Being young
C)Extrinsic motivation
D)Intrinsic motivation
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Chapter 11: A: Motivated Behaviorsmotivated Behaviors
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Q1) It is dangerous to touch someone who has AIDS.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Later surveys confirmed the Kinsey study's statistics on prevalence of various sexual activities and orientations.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Someone who regards himself as a man and who prefers male sexual partners has a ____________________ gender identity.
Q4) A female fetus exposed to extra testosterone during prenatal life develops genital appearance intermediate between the usual male and female patterns.
A)True
B)False
Q5) According to Maslow's hierarchy of needs,certain motivations take priority over others.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The most abundant sugar in the blood,and the main source of fuel for the brain,is
Page 23
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Chapter 12: Part 1 Emotions,stress,and
Healthemotions,stress,and Health
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Q1) What is very UNLIKELY for soldiers whose brain damage includes the amygdala?
A)Schizophrenia
B)Post-traumatic stress disorder
C)Obesity
D)Major depression
Q2) How do the guilty-knowledge test and polygraph test differ from one another?
A)They investigate different types of crime.
B)They measure different physiological variables.
C)They take place in different types of location.
D)They ask different types of questions.
Q3) Of the following,what would a health psychologist be UNLIKELY to study?
A)How to get people to follow their physician's advice
B)The behavioral strategies that reduce pain
C)Behaviors such as smoking and overeating that influence health
D)The best type of psychotherapy for treating depression
Q4) What is the main evidence for the idea that people have six "basic emotions"?
A)Six words in all languages
B)Six types of movement
C)Six brain areas
D)Six facial expressions
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Chapter 12: A: Emotional,stress,and
Healthemotional,stress,and Health
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Q1) The study of the features that enrich life,such as happiness,hope,creativity,courage,spirituality,and responsibility,is known as __________ psychology.
Q2) People who seldom feel emotional tend to make the best decisions.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Brief,unintentional facial expressions reveal emotions that people might want to hide.
A)True
B)False
Q4) People are more likely to display facial expressions when they are with other people than when they are alone.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The brain area most responsible for variations in the level of anxiety is the _________.
Q6) Prolonged stress causes the adrenal glands to release the hormone __________,which enhances metabolism and increases the supply of sugar and other nutrients to the cells.
Q7) Describe three major categories of ways to cope with stress. Page 25
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Chapter 13: Social Psychologysocial Psychology
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Q1) What is the forewarning effect?
A)Telling people about a possible danger makes it seem more likely.
B)Telling people about a possible danger makes it seem less likely.
C)Expecting to hear a persuasive message makes the message less effective.
D)Expecting to hear a persuasive message makes the message more effective.
Q2) What is one reason for the actor-observer effect?
A)Some people's behavior is more consistent than others' is.
B)You like to think of yourself as better than other people.
C)You are aware of how much your own behavior varies.
D)You are aware of how much other people's behavior varies.
Q3) What is the fundamental attribution error?
A)A tendency to overemphasize internal attributions for other people's behaviors
B)A tendency to overemphasize external attributions for other people's behaviors
C)A tendency to make attributions quickly without examining the facts
D)A tendency to delay too long about making attributions
Q4) What does a questioner do in the prisoner's dilemma to get someone to confess?
A)Pretend to sympathize with the accused person.
B)Offer a lower penalty to someone who confesses.
C)Refuse all food, water, or comfort until someone confesses.
D)Ask trick questions that get someone to confess without realizing it.
Page 27
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Chapter 13: A: Social Psychologysocial Psychology
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Q1) If someone uses fear to persuade you to do something,more extreme danger makes you more likely to act.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A situation in which people say nothing,assuming that everyone else in the group understands and fully agrees with what is going on,is known as pluralistic _______.
Q3) What is the difference between the central route to persuasion and the peripheral route? When are people more likely to follow the peripheral route?
Q4) What contributions,if any,do low self-esteem and mental illness make to the probability of violent behavior?
Q5) An unfavorable attitude toward a group of people is called ________.
Q6) Asch's research showed that most people sometimes conform to the majority's opinion,even when they know the majority is wrong.
A)True
B)False
Q7) Explaining someone's behavior in terms of the situation,including factors that would influence almost anyone,is called ________ attribution.
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Chapter 14: Personalitypersonality
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Q1) How strongly do the personalities of adopted children correlate with those of the adopting parents? What conclusion do these results imply?
A)The correlation is high. Conclusion: Children learn personality from their parents.
B)The correlation is high. Conclusion: Family environment contributes little to personality.
C)The correlation is low. Conclusion: Children learn personality from their parents.
D)The correlation is low. Conclusion: Family environment contributes little to personality.
Q2) Which of the following did Alfred Adler emphasize more than Freud did?
A)Unconscious motives
B)The id, ego, and superego
C)Goal-directed behavior
D)Stages of sexual development
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Chapter 14: A: Personalitypersonality
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Q1) On average,personality traits differ from one part of the United States to another.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The earliest of Freud's stages of psychosexual development,the one characteristic of infants,is the _______ stage.
Q3) The branch of personality theory that emphasizes people's conscious decisions,values,beliefs,and spiritual experiences is known as ___________ psychology.
Q4) Criminal profiling leads the police to the criminal with high accuracy.
A)True
B)False
Q5) According to Jung,the collective conscious depends on heredity more than it does on personal experience.
A)True
B)False
Q6) You could lie on many MMPI items,and no psychologist would even suspect.
A)True
B)False
Q7) The opposite of emotional stability is ____________.
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Chapter 15: Part 1 Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and
Treatmentabnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
295 Verified Questions
295 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26461
Sample Questions
Q1) What is an alternative to the dopamine hypothesis of schizophrenia?
A)Smaller than average ventricles
B)Inability to metabolize acetaldehyde into acetic acid
C)Inability to metabolize phenylalanine
D)Deficient release of glutamate
Q2) Which term applies to a therapist who uses a combination of methods and approaches?
A)Family systems therapist
B)Group therapist
C)Eclectic therapist
D)Cognitive therapist
Q3) What is defined as "a maladaptive,inflexible way of dealing with the environment and other people"?
A)Reaction formation
B)Tardive dyskinesia
C)Delusion of grandeur
D)Personality disorder
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Chapter 15: A: Abnormal Psychology: Disorders and
Treatmentabnormal Psychology: Disorders and Treatment
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
102 Verified Questions
102 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/26441
Sample Questions
Q1) Someone who develops major depression is likely to remain permanently depressed,unless he or she gets therapy.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Monkeys can learn to fear snakes by watching other monkeys showing fear of snakes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) How has psychotherapy changed since the middle of the 20th century,and why?
Q4) Sleep problems,including a tendency to enter REM sleep faster than average and to awaken early in the morning,are typical of people with the psychiatric disorder called
Q5) What evidence supports the neurodevelopmental hypothesis of schizophrenia?
Q6) How do the results on avoidance learning relate to phobias?
Q7) Antidepressant drugs are most helpful for people with mild to moderate depression.
A)True
B)False
32
Q8) In John B.Watson's analysis of phobia learning,the conditioned stimulus was
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