Introduction to Anthropology
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Course Introduction
Introduction to Anthropology provides students with a comprehensive overview of the study of humanity, exploring the origins, development, and diversity of human societies and cultures. The course examines the four main subfields of anthropology: cultural anthropology, which studies contemporary cultures and social practices; physical or biological anthropology, which investigates human evolution and biological diversity; archaeology, which reconstructs past societies through material remains; and linguistic anthropology, which analyzes language and communication in social contexts. Through lectures, discussions, and readings, students gain insight into the methods and theories anthropologists use to understand human behavior, cultural differences, and the shared aspects of the human experience.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 1st Edition by Kenneth J. Guest
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Anthropology in a Global Age
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Q1) The environmental issues that so concern people like the Marshall Islanders are aggravated by companies taking advantage of lax environmental regulations. What aspect of globalism does this demonstrate?
A) environment dodging
B) flexible accumulation
C) increasing immigration
D) rapid change
E) time-space compression
Answer: D
Q2) The belief that one's own culture or way of life is normal and natural, and viewing the different practices of other people as strange and unnatural, is called:
A) myopia.
B) relativism.
C) narrow-mindedness.
D) shortsightedness.
E) ethnocentrism.
Answer: E
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Culture
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Q1) Evolutionary psychologists generally argue that our genetic makeup determines who we are and how we behave, while anthropologists argue otherwise. What do anthropologists argue regarding the nature versus nurture debate surrounding who we are and how we behave? What evidence do anthropologists have to substantiate their argument? Which argument do you find more convincing, that of evolutionary psychologists or anthropologists, and why?
Answer: Students must demonstrate competence in distinguishing between the biology and culture arguments regarding human identity and behavior. They must identify the argument by anthropologists for the strong influence that culture has on human experience and provide at least one example of evidence anthropologists use to substantiate this, such as the variety that exists across cultural groups even though human genetic codes are 99.99 percent identical. Students must conclude by adeptly supporting either the evolutionary psychology or anthropology argument, and must use either an example or strong point to sufficiently substantiate and underscore their choice.
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4
Chapter 3: Fieldwork and Ethnography
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Q1) Bronislaw Malinowski (1884-1942) advocated that ethnographers develop which skill during their fieldwork?
A) statistical
B) local language
C) GIS
D) demographic
E) computer
Answer: B
Q2) Because she has been a community activist and advocate for her research subjects, and founded Organs Watch as a watchdog organization, Nancy Scheper-Hughes' research could be considered a form of ________ ethnography.
A) experimental
B) public
C) mutual
D) organizational
E) informed
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Language
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Q1) The author suggests each of the following points to explain how men tend to dominate in mixed-gender conversations, EXCEPT:
A) men tend to use commands and criticisms, and are more likely to interrupt and to express doubts.
B) male communication patterns are unrelated to social stratification in the culture at large.
C) men speak more in public forums like board meetings, classrooms, and seminars.
D) women are more likely than men to apologize, agree, and ask.
E) men tend to dominate the conversation by the amount of talking they do.
Q2) ________ is the linguistic ability to refer to events or objects not present or to events that are happening in the future or past.
A) Displacement
B) Productivity
C) Phonology
D) Kinesics
E) Syntax
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Chapter 5: Human Origins
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Q1) Modern Homo sapiens settled in the Pacific Islands approximately 40,000 years ago due to:
A) stress on food resources.
B) increased social organization.
C) uncontrolled population growth.
D) the lowering of sea levels due to a cooling climate.
E) being displaced by Neandertals.
Q2) What do we know about the behavior of Neandertals based on archaeological excavations?
Q3) People from the high-altitude highlands of South America develop larger lung capacity in order to process more oxygen; however, if these individuals move to a lower altitude, the size does not reverse because:
A) acclimatization is permanent.
B) advantageous phenotypic traits are genetically determined.
C) this trait is a variation that results from only genetic factors.
D) this is a permanent developmental adaptation.
E) this adaptation changes the individual's DNA.
Q4) Identify where Neandertals are located in the human evolutionary chain and how they are similar physically to other modern Homo sapiens.
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Chapter 6: Race and Racism
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Q1) All human beings of every "race" share what percentage of their DNA?
A) 75 percent
B) 80 percent
C) 90 percent
D) 98 percent
E) 99.9 percent
Q2) After the Civil War, many states passed laws mandating the segregation of American citizens of European and African descent. These policies were known as:
A) antimiscegenation.
B) caste.
C) discrimination.
D) "darky" laws.
E) Jim Crow.
Q3) Explain how the race system developed in Malaysia.
Q4) Compare and contrast the concepts of individual racism with institutional racism. Provide examples from the class to support your points.
Q5) Explain how race is constructed in Brazil.
Q6) Identify three factors that determine race in the Dominican Republic.
Q7) Explain how European colonial expansion gave rise to "race" and racism.
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Chapter 7: Ethnicity and Nationalism
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Q1) According to the text, what ended five hundred years of peace between Bosnian Muslims, Catholic Croats, and Orthodox Christian Serbs in the former Yugoslavia?
A) ethnic and cultural policies imposed by state leaders
B) religious beliefs
C) ethnic rivalries
D) colonial interference
E) Russian influence
Q2) An ethnic group's desire to assert its domination over a recognized territory and to affirm its values, ambitions, and common destiny is known as:
A) ascendance.
B) dominion.
C) hegemony.
D) nationalism.
E) reign.
Q3) In the text, the author notes that the French national soccer team imploded at the 2010 World Cup because one of the team's stars questioned if some members of the team were actually "French." They have to be citizens of France to play on the team.
Explain why this became an issue for the French team.
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9
Chapter 8: Gender
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT considered a secondary sexual characteristic?
A) genitalia
B) breast size
C) hair distribution
D) strength
E) pitch of voice
Q2) The process of becoming "male" or "female" occurs during childhood and youth.
Provide two specific examples of ways that parents start this process by "doing gender." Provide two specific examples of ways that participating in sports reflects personality traits (e.g., gentleness vs. competitiveness) commonly associated with women and men in the United States. Provide specific examples from the text of ways that the behaviors are reinforced. How is this tied to the constructions of masculinity inherent in the "fag discourse" in U.S. high schools? Why does it benefit girls to act masculine?
Q3) ________ is gender identity displayed through action.
A) Stereotyping
B) Discourse
C) Construction
D) Performance
E) Transgendering
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Chapter 9: Sexuality
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Q1) Physical anthropologist Helen Fisher suggests that neurochemicals guide humans through which of the following experiences?
A) forming community networks
B) collecting and preparing food
C) creating household alliances
D) falling in love
E) early childhood development
Q2) Masu harka and 'yan daudu see homosexual behavior as:
A) incompatible with marrying women and having families, and as incompatible with their Muslim faith.
B) compatible with marrying women and having families, and as compatible with their Muslim faith.
C) incompatible with marrying women and having families, but as compatible with their Muslim faith.
D) compatible with marrying women and having families, but as incompatible with their Muslim faith.
E) embracing Western decadence and rejecting their Nigerian heritage, especially their Muslim faith.
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Chapter 10: Kinship, Family, and Marriage
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Q1) The two types of descent groups distinguished by anthropologists are clans and:
A) lineages.
B) descents.
C) heredities.
D) cognatics.
E) cousins.
Q2) Which of the following is defined as a type of descent group that traces genealogical connections through generations by linking individuals to a founding ancestor?
A) companionates
B) marriages
C) families
D) clans
E) lineages
Q3) The incest taboo universally prohibits sexual relations:
A) between cousins, regardless of cross- or parallel cousin relationships.
B) between first cousins and between second cousins.
C) between parents and children and siblings.
D) between half siblings and parallel cousins.
E) between half siblings and cross cousins.
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Chapter 11: Class and Inequality
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Q1) India's recent economic transformations are resulting in:
A) the development of new occupations and social mobility that are challenging the power of caste boundaries to maintain a system of stratification.
B) the decrease of social mobility and a hardening of caste boundaries.
C) the development of new occupations and the reduction of the number of castes from four to three.
D) the development of new occupations and the increase of the number of castes from four to six.
E) widespread rioting as the social order collapses.
Q2) Anthropologists such as Setha Low have demonstrated that class is largely invisible in the United States due to which of the following actions carried out by portions of the population?
A) individual association
B) neighborhood fusion
C) community building
D) media seclusion
E) voluntary isolation
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Chapter 12: The Global Economy
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Q1) Fordism is best defined as a(n):
A) conservative worldview that sees the free market as the main mechanism for ensuring economic growth.
B) flexible strategy that corporations use to accumulate profits during the era of globalization.
C) universal strategy for exploiting raw materials from colonized nations.
D) model of production based on a social compact between labor, capital, and government.
E) economic worldview that holds that government should play no role in economic growth.
Q2) Agriculture developed in all of the following regions, EXCEPT:
A) the Andes.
B) the Fertile Crescent.
C) Mexico.
D) southern Africa.
E) China.
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Migration
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Q1) A distinguishing feature of contemporary globalization is the high rate of global migration, both between and within nations. Scholars have analyzed how this unprecedented movement is closely linked to uneven development in the global economy. Discuss how uneven development and development policies may influence individual decisions to migrate. Draw on examples from the chapter or your own experience to discuss the diverse range of motivations, destinations, and contexts that shape internal and external migration. How can we understand global migrations in terms of "pushes" and "pulls"?
Q2) Drawing on Bruce Whitehouse's ethnography of Malian migrants, explain why the textbook describes the experience of people from Togotala as one of "reshaping globalization from the ground up." How have remittances sent back to Togotala by migrants helped local residents? Discuss how the mostly Muslim migrants to the city of Brazzaville in the Republic of Congo have been able to establish themselves as merchants. How have these Malian migrants been treated in Brazzaville?
Q3) According to the textbook, Muslim street vendors in New York City have long-standing ties that cross the Atlantic Ocean. Discuss how these merchants are an example of transnational entrepreneurial migrants. What is the importance of social networks in their experience?
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Chapter 14: Politics and Power
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Q1) Groups of indigenous people like the Maasai, who live outside the direct control of the government of Tanzania and have had to form their own nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) and other political organizations to fight against the state's efforts to act as though they did not exist, are today known as:
A) tribes.
B) states.
C) groups.
D) chiefdoms.
E) bands.
Q2) A local nongovernmental organization that challenges state policies and uneven development, and advocates for resources and opportunities for members of its local communities, is known as a(n):
A) civil society organization.
B) international aid society.
C) international corporation.
D) local support agency.
E) nonaligned charity.
Q3) In a brief essay, compare and contrast the concept of power, in general, with state power, and give an example of each.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Religion
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Q1) World religions are often quite flexible and innovative at the ________level.
A) local
B) national
C) global
D) individual
E) institutional
Q2) Victor Turner was an influential anthropologist who studied various aspects of religion. Turner considered religious pilgrimage to be a unique form of religious ritual. What is a religious pilgrimage? What are three specific examples of religious pilgrimage and what do they entail? What stages of process do the pilgrimage examples you provided entail? What purposes do your examples serve a particular religion in general? What purposes does religious pilgrimage serve for the individual and his or her community?
Q3) French ethnographer and folklorist Arnold van Gennep (1873-1957) was the first to theorize a category of ritual called "rites of passage." What are rites of passage, and what is an example of a rite of passage in your own cultural experience? How are rites of passage related to rituals and religion? Are there rites of passage in cultural groups that are not tied to religion? Provide an example. How do rites of passage affect the individual and how do they affect the cultural group as a whole?
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Page 17
Chapter 16: Health and Illness
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Q1) ________ is the individual patient's experience of sickness.
A) Disease
B) Microbiome
C) Bacteria
D) Illness
E) Biomedical
Q2) What did Anne Fadiman's research among Hmong refugees in California contribute to anthropological knowledge of the conflicts that can arise between Western and non-Western approaches to health care and treatment? Summarize Lia Lee's health condition, including how her parents' understanding of qaug dab peg differed to physicians' understanding of her condition. What were the experiences of this child and her family as a result of cross-cultural misunderstandings?
Q3) The ecosystem, composed of trillions of organisms in the human body, is a:
A) cultural pharmacology.
B) disease.
C) bacteria.
D) human microbiome.
E) nature cure.
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Chapter 17: Art and Media
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Q1) As discussed in this text, Globalization has meant greater economic overlap and communications between different nations. Anthropological studies of art traced the production and sale of art created in once-remote locations to galleries and shops on the other side of the world. When did so-called ethnic art become more popular? Using two specific examples discussed for Africa, explain how art produced in one part of the world is distributed and consumed in the United States or Europe. Who are the two primary types of buyers-and discuss three categories of individuals most directly involved in selling the works of art abroad?
Q2) ________ are virtual characters created to inhabit alternate worlds.
A) Mediascapes
B) Avatars
C) Oralities
D) Surrogates
E) Socialites
Q3) Analysis of European Paleolithic cave art indicates that:
A) the designs were painted by the same group of individuals.
B) there were no burials associated with the paintings.
C) the paintings depicted an equal number of humans and animals.
D) there is no indication of ritual or symbolic meaning.
E) the paintings were modified over a 20,000-year period.
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