Introduction to Anthropology Exam
Solutions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Anthropology explores the diverse aspects of human experience through the study of cultural, social, biological, and linguistic anthropology. This course provides a comprehensive overview of humanitys origins, evolution, and the cultural practices that shape societies across the globe. Students will engage with anthropological theories, methods, and case studies to develop a nuanced understanding of how humans adapt to their environments, organize communities, express beliefs, and communicate. By examining both past and present cultures, the course fosters critical thinking about global diversity, social structures, and the interconnectedness of people worldwide.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 11th Edition by
Serena Nanda
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Anthropology and Human Diversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) The American Anthropological Association's current Code of Ethics has worked well in situations of violence and political danger.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) A primary contribution of urban archaeologists is the development of:
A)New architecture based on traditional designs.
B)New methods of city governance.
C)New knowledge about people who resided at the site.
D)New insights into agriculture.
E)New information about traditional Native American lifestyles.
Answer: C
Q3) What is ethnography?
A)It is the reconstruction of past cultures based on material remains.
B)It is the scientific study of the concept of culture and adaptation.
C)It is the process of doing qualitative,fieldwork-based research.
D)It is the protection and exhibition of cultural resources.
E)It is the process of seeking laws and general principles that govern cultural phenomena.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Doing Cultural Anthropology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Boas' style of fieldwork was known as __________ __________.
Answer: Participant observation.
Q2) It is common for anthropologists to feel confused and disoriented when they first arrive to their field sites.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) How is Malinowski's approach to the study of cultures different from Boas'?
A)Malinowski was an evolutionist and Boas was a critic of evolutionism.
B)Their approaches are similar,except that Franz Boas did not actually carry out fieldwork.
C)Boas focused on the study of child-rearing,while Malinowski focused on the study of history and body measurements.
D)Malinowski emphasized the notion of function in society,while Boas focused on the study of history and adaptation of culture.
E)Boas focused on the study of history and adaptation,and Malinowski focused on the study of child-rearing.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: The Idea of Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Social birth refers to:
A)The biological act of giving birth through social ritual.
B)The ceremonial transition from childhood to adolescence.
C)The spiritual awakening of an individual through the completion of his or her designated rite of passage.
D)The point where a person is considered a human being and a member of human society.
E)The event where women collectively give birth in a social setting.
Answer: D
Q2) Describe Marvin Harris' analysis of Hindu cows in India using an ecological functionalist approach.
Answer: Cows serve a greater material value by being kept alive and not eaten because they provide dung for fertilizer and fuel,draft labor,and also work to reproduce more cows.
Q3) Inuit children are protected from the harsh environment and physical challenges until it is time for them to transition into adulthood.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Communication
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Q1) What is chronemics?
Q2) How does language shape a people's concept of reality? What is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis,and why is it only partially accepted by anthropologists?
Q3) What are the four components of any language?
Q4) Define sociolinguistics and give an example of it.
Q5) Charles Hockett argues that the following two steps were critical in the evolution of human language:
A)Productivity and displacement.
B)Displacement and blending.
C)Blending and dual structure.
D)Blending and duality of patterning.
E)Duality of pattern and productivity.
Q6) The core vocabulary is a list of words which designate things,actions,and activities likely to be named in all the world's languages.
A)True
B)False
Q7) What success did Dr.Sue Savage-Rumbaugh have in teaching sign language to the bonobo chimpanzee Kanzi?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Making a Living
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Q1) For the Gwich'in,the most important result of climate change has been:
A)The increased presence of outside industries that have negative impacts on local culture.
B)The need to find more sophisticated ways of keeping warm as their area cools.
C)Increased contact with outsiders and increasing ability to sell furs and native crafts.
D)The decrease in size and health of the caribou herd on which they depend.
E)Increased ability to use snowmobiles to hunt caribou and fur bearing mammals.
Q2) A major change in Lua' subsistence patterns in the last several decades is:
A)Their growing isolation from other Thai hill tribes.
B)An increase in the diversity of crops planted.
C)A growing dependence on a few main crops which they sell to the market.
D)An increase in wild game in the forest so that they no longer need to depend on cultivation.
E)Expulsion from their lands because of the Vietnam War.
Q3) It is likely that difficult and dangerous conditions in the meat packing industry will soon result in new,strong government regulation of that industry.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Economics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Present and discuss two examples of anthropological work in the corporate world.
Q2) Where resources are scarce and large areas are needed to support the population,territorial boundaries are:
A)Strictly defended and the cause of high amounts of conflict.
B)Loosely marked,but strictly defended by military coalitions.
C)Usually not defended.
D)Strictly marked,but loosely defended during certain seasons.
E)Marked and privately owned by influential members of the community.
Q3) Which of the following is most essential in pastoralist societies?
A)Rights of ownership of land.
B)Rights of access to land.
C)The ability to sell land.
D)The ability to acquire land through inheritance.
E)The ability to transfer rights of land ownership as part of a marriage contract.
Q4) Are you a resister to capitalism? Explain the ways in which you are,or are not,with reference to the definition of capitalism provided in this chapter.
Q5) What are the three fundamental attributes of capitalism?
Q6) Describe the ceremonial exchange that takes place in kula.
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Chapter 7: Kinship
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Q1) Corporate descent groups tend to exist in societies with:
A)Industrial economic systems.
B)Unilineal descent.
C)Kindreds.
D)High geographic mobility.
E)A complex social stratification system.
Q2) Women usually have a lower status in societies where there is a matrilineal reckoning of descent than they do in a patrilineal society.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In patrilineal descent groups,inheritance moves from father to son.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Distinguish between bilateral and ambilineal descent.
Q5) In Minangkabau culture,once a son gets married he no longer remains a kinsmen of his original matrihouse.
A)True
B)False
Q6) There are two fundamental ties recognized by every society.What are they?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Marriage, family, and Domestic Groups
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Q1) One of the exceptions to the almost universal prohibition on brother/sister marriage was among:
A)The Toda of India.
B)The Tiwi of Australia.
C)The ancient Hawaiian royalty.
D)The Kipsigis of East Africa.
E)Medieval Europan Royalty.
Q2) In arranged marriages:
A)The wife's family never initiates the arrangement.
B)The couple always lives with the husband's family (patrilocal residence).
C)The woman is valued for her economic potential.
D)Both families lose face (social status)if they reject the marriage offer.
E)Marriage brokers are frequently used.
Q3) The levirate is a custom in which the woman marries her deceased husband's brother.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Why would a family seek a marriage broker?
Q5) What is a blended family?
Q6) How is dowry different from bridewealth?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Gender
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Q1) In France,the growing number of Muslim immigrants has led to:
A)Greater tolerance of religion throughout French society.
B)A requirement that all students be taught Christianity in public schools.
C)A series of terror attacks aimed at forcing French authorities to officially recognize Islam.
D)The outlawing of headscarves in public schools.
E)Legislation that supported equal rights for men and women.
Q2) In what types of societies do we frequently find sex/gender alternatives?
Q3) In woman/woman marriages:
A)The wife and her female husband always have sexual relations.
B)The woman husband always takes on masculine characteristics.
C)The woman husband is someone who for a variety of reasons no man wanted for a wife.
D)The female husband may take on aspects of the male gender role such as participating in male initiation rituals.
E)Wives with female husbands are always regarded as inferior and stigmatized.
Q4) The Native American "two spirit" is best described as an effeminate homosexual.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is a dagongmei?
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Political Organization
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Questions
Q1) What is the major defining characteristic of a state society?
Q2) In a stratified society,no one is denied access to the basic material resources needed to survive.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the role of the nation-state in our increasingly globalized world today? Can you imagine any other types of political organization above the level of the state? What do you imagine would be the challenges for such a structure?
Q4) According to the text,which of the following statements most accurately describes ethnic conflict in the former Yugoslavia?
A)It is based on deep ethnic cultural differences which go back for centuries.
B)It is based on contemporary political manipulation of relatively small cultural differences.
C)There are no cultural differences between groups and the conflict is strictly economic.
D)The important ethnic differences have been minimized by the media.
E)The ethnic conflicts have been caused by U.S.foreign policy which favors Serbs over Bosnians.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Stratification
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Q1) Which of the following is associated with the assimilationist model of immigrant adaptation in the United States?
A)The salad bowl.
B)The fondue pot.
C)The frying pan and skillet.
D)The melting pot.
E)The barbeque.
Q2) Why is skin color not biologically adequate to distinguish a group of people?
A)Skin color is a continuum of difference.
B)Skin color is not visible to all people.
C)Color is a cultural category and not all people define color the same way.
D)Skin color is never the sole characteristics of race.
E)Skin does not technically hold or transmit color.
Q3) Education plays a role in social mobility in the United States.
A)True
B)False
Q4) How would you characterize income inequality in the United States? Use examples.
Q5) A good example of an achieved status in the United States is marriage.
A)True
B)False
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Religion
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Q1) The Christian notion that reenacting the Last Supper stands for communion with God is an example of:
A)Superstition.
B)Science.
C)Prophecy.
D)Magic.
E)Symbolism.
Q2) The anthropologist Walter Cannon argued that sorcery:
A)Could kill people through an "extreme stress reaction."
B)Backed the power of the wealthy in society.
C)Was an entirely anti-social force that societies must strive to eliminate.
D)Could not be effectively differentiated from witchcraft.
E)Was present in Africa but not in Europe or Asia.
Q3) The purpose of divination is to:
A)Get in contact with the divine.
B)Find water.
C)Prove that God exists.
D)Find something hidden.
E)Cast a spell on an enemy.
Q4) How are monotheism and polytheism alike and different?
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Chapter 13: Creative Expression: Anthropology and the Arts
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Q1) Explain why art is not universally considered a product of artistic innovation.
Q2) The Balinese cockfight is called "deep play" because:
A)It is merely play.
B)It is done in a playful manner.
C)It has deep symbolic meaning.
D)People who engage in it are over their heads financially.
E)It deepens the gap between the different social strata in Balinese society.
Q3) Tourism in traditional societies has led to the emergence of artist as a special and distinct occupational specialization.
A)True
B)False
Q4) A creative process in which improvisation is more highly valued than originality is characteristic of:
A)African music.
B)Western painting.
C)Navajo singing.
D)Balinese dance.
E)Inuit carving.
Q5) Orientalism is often described as a European intellectual movement.What is it?
Page 15
Q6) How were gender roles depicted in Orientalist art?
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Chapter 14: Power, conquest, and a World System
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Q1) At one time or another,much of the world came under direct European colonization.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following was considered a primary and key advantage to Europeans in their expansion?
A)Translators.
B)Guides.
C)New maps.
D)Education.
E)Disease.
Q3) Name three factors that motivated European expansion worldwide.
Q4) Decolonization in areas like the Congo was very peaceful and successful.
A)True
B)False
Q5) John Winthrop,one of the early governors of Massachusetts,declared that settlers had fair title to land because of vacuum domicilium.What does this mean?
Q6) What were two functions of taxation in European colonies?
Q7) What is a colony?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Culture, change, and the Modern World
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Q1) Because conditions in factories are difficult,Chinese workers take almost any opportunity to leave them and return to the countryside.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Describe the ambiguous position of the Norwegian government toward the Saami herders.
Q3) What are the key problems faced by the world today? What roles can anthropologists play in their solutions?
Q4) Modernization theory resulted in foreign advice and financial aid designed to alter the structural,cultural,and psychological features of poor nations.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are three critical problems facing poor nations today?
Q6) The total population of the world as of 2012 is approximately:
A)2.7 billion.
B)4.53 billion.
C)6.84 billion.
D)10.74 billion.
E)12.5 billion.
17
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