Introduction to Anthropology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Introduction to Anthropology explores the diverse facets of human existence by examining culture, society, biology, and language through time and across the globe. This course introduces students to the foundational concepts, methods, and theories of anthropologys four major subfields: cultural anthropology, biological anthropology, archaeology, and linguistic anthropology. Through lectures, readings, and case studies, students will develop a deeper appreciation of human diversity, cultural adaptations, the evolutionary processes shaping our species, and the ways in which anthropologists investigate and interpret human behaviors and societies both past and present.
Recommended Textbook
Cultural Anthropology 11th Edition by
Serena Nanda
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Anthropology and Human Diversity
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Q1) Which of the following problems would an applied anthropologist be most likely to study?
A)The ways in which families are organized to carry out the basic tasks of farming in agricultural societies.
B)The ways in which health care delivery to American minority communities might be improved.
C)The ways in which a society's religious beliefs relate to its artwork.
D)The relationship between the language members of a culture speak and the ways in which they understand the world.
E)The percentage of goods and practices in a culture that have their origins in a different culture.
Answer: B
Q2) What do archaeologists study?
Answer: Archaeologists study human culture through material remains or artifacts.
Q3) Based on mathematical models of migration and genealogy,when do scientists believe that all contemporary humans most recently shared a common ancestor?
Answer: Humans shared a common ancestor between 3,000 and 4,000 years ago.
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3
Chapter 2: Doing Cultural Anthropology
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Q1) What was "Project Camelot"?
Answer: It was a project headed by the U.S.Army and Department of Defense to enlist anthropologists and other social scientists in achieving American foreign policy goals.
Q2) Anthropologists rarely work with groups of more than 50 individuals.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The fieldwork technique that involves gathering cultural data by observing people's behavior and participating in their lives is called:
A)Cross-cultural survey.
B)Participant observation.
C)Laboratory experimentation.
D)Structured interview.
E)Stratified random sampling.
Answer: B
Q4) Engaged anthropologists refrain from choosing sides in political contests.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: The Idea of Culture
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Q1) Language has many symbolic components,but it is not considered a symbol system.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Ethnoscience is a theoretical approach that focuses on the way in which members of a culture classify their world.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) From the perspective of ecological functionalism,the Hindu taboo on eating beef is:
A)Irrational.
B)Symbolic of other types of relationships in society.
C)Adaptive to the long-run conditions of drought and crop shortages in India.
D)Based on a conscious understanding of ecological anthropology by Indians.
E)Maladaptive in India,considering the large numbers of people who do not have enough to eat.
Answer: C
Q4) __________ is the movement of cultural traits from one society to another.
Answer: Diffusion.
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Chapter 4: Communication
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Q1) A fundamental principle of language is that:
A)The more phonemes a language has,the more different ideas can be expressed in it.
B)The more material goods a culture has,the more talkative its members will be.
C)Oppressed groups rarely contribute words to the language of their oppressors.
D)Language always reflects the history of those who use it.
E)The more primitive a culture,the more likely its members are to be dependent on senses such as smell and hearing rather than language.
Q2) How can linguists determine the age of a language?
Q3) Describe the goals of U.S.English,Inc.
Q4) The ability of humans to use language depends partially on the linkage between the visual and auditory areas of the brain.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Define sociolinguistics and give an example of it.
Q6) Why is the Sapir-Whorf hypothesis significant to linguistic studies?
Q7) How does Ferdinand de Saussure distinguish between language and speech,and why is this important for anthropologists?
Q8) How do linguists define a "word"?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Making a Living
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Q1) In their adaptation to their harsh environment,the Australian aboriginals survived by:
A)Expanding their population.
B)Using a wide variety of food sources.
C)Hunting big game animals.
D)Practicing vegetarianism.
E)Using effective rituals to increase their food supply.
Q2) __________ are rural,food-producing populations that are incorporated into larger state societies.
Q3) Compare foraging,horticulture,and agriculture in terms of (a)technology,(b)main features of social organization,and (c)relation to population density and productivity.
Q4) In the last fifty years,the Lua' have increasingly moved from horticulture to agriculture.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the advantages and disadvantages of industrializing the production of our food,such as the example of the American beef industry? What alternatives can you imagine to the global food industry we use today?
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Economics
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Q1) It is not necessary for every society to have an economic system.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Research in Zinacantan shows that the obligations to take on cargoes (or religious offices)generally prevents anyone from becoming wealthy.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In Belize,there is a long tradition of national cuisine.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Productive resources are goods,natural resources,or information that is used to create other goods.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Name three distinctions between a household and a firm.
Q6) Describe how gift-giving creates a social relationship,according to Marcel Mauss.
Q7) What do anthropologists mean by economizing behavior? Is this always linked to financial gain?
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Kinship
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Q1) There are two fundamental ties recognized by every society.What are they?
Q2) One of the most important functions of the clan across cultures is to:
A)Regulate marriage.
B)Manage economic affairs of the family.
C)Preserve the environment by sacred identification.
D)Determine political positions.
E)Educate young people.
Q3) The Yako of Nigeria practice double descent.What are the different functions of the matriclans and patriclans among them?
Q4) Bilateral kinship systems:
A)Are found in most foraging and industrial societies.
B)Are the most common kinship systems in tribes.
C)Exist only among hunters and gatherers.
D)Are found everywhere except in the United States and Europe.
E)Are the same as double descent systems.
Q5) Matrilineage refers to a lineage formed by descent in the male line.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Distinguish between inheritance and succession.
Q7) What is a segmentary lineage system?
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Chapter 8: Marriage, family, and Domestic Groups
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Q1) Over the last century,among the Kipsigis of East Africa,bridewealth payments have:
A)Disappeared under the pressure of colonialism and modernity.
B)Increased,to cover the rising cost of living.
C)Remained the same in spite of changed economic conditions.
D)Decreased,as other economic opportunities compete for a man's investments.
E)Been prohibited by law.
Q2) What is fraternal polyandry?
Q3) Among the Na of China,romantic love is considered more important and long lasting than family love.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Marriage is the way most societies arrange for the products and services of men and women to be exchanged and for the care of children.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is a blended family?
Q6) Endogamy is the social rule that you must marry within your own group.
A)True
B)False
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Gender
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Q1) Explain the difference between the concepts "sex" and "gender" and discuss some of the ways,with examples,that culture constructs gender roles.
Q2) What does a Manam (a group in New Guinea)girl display at the time of her initiation?
A)Jewelry that she has made.
B)Food that she has prepared.
C)Wealth her parents and clan have contributed for the event.
D)Pigs that she and her sisters have raised.
E)New dances that she has developed to display her personality.
Q3) Margaret Mead was one of the first anthropologists to show that sex and gender roles vary cross-culturally.Discuss why this was an important contribution to anthropology and our understanding of human societies across cultures.
Q4) Distinguish between sex and gender.
Q5) Margaret Mead was an important early cultural anthropologist who emphasized the importance of culture in gender behavior.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What was the primary role of the two-spirit in most Native American societies?
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Chapter 10: Political Organization
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Q1) One thing that the Yoruba and Igbo of Nigeria as well as the Mende of Sierra Leone have in common is that:
A)They are all hunting-gathering societies.
B)They are all societies that have important third gender groups.
C)In all three,the king is also the head priest.
D)In all three,women held important formal political office.
E)All three were state level societies.
Q2) In a society that is characterized by age grades:
A)Chiefs control all of the critical material resources.
B)People follow a well-ordered progression through a series of age-related life stages.
C)Rituals are rarely necessary.
D)People who lack the necessary skills to progress to the next grade are cast out of society.
E)People are very unlikely to make significant investments in warfare.
Q3) Compare and contrast rebellion and revolution.
Q4) Outline the main features of the Kpelle moot.In what way does it seem different from the way disputes are handled in American courtrooms? Can you see any situations in which moot-like proceedings would be useful in American society? Discuss why or why not.
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Chapter 11: Stratification
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Q1) Which of the following is not a primary dimension of stratification?
A)Wealth.
B)Personality.
C)Prestige.
D)Symbolic power.
E)Political power.
Q2) In the United States,legislation in the 1920s limited immigration to people from the "Nordic" races of Northern and Western Europe.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In pre-Communist China,one group that had very high prestige was:
A)Scholars.
B)Merchants.
C)Money lenders.
D)Farmers.
E)Craftsmen.
Q4) Changes in China since the death of Mao have resulted in increasing prosperity and increasing equality.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Religion
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Q1) A nativistic religious movement is:
A)An attempt by an economically powerful group to maintain its control of society.
B)A religious movement that looks to the re-establishment of a past golden age.
C)A series of rituals designed to determine who is and who is not a true member of a group.
D)An ecclesiastical movement to convert nonbelievers.
E)An attempt by the state to impose state religion on its citizens.
Q2) Why do Fulani of Mali insult their children?
Q3) When someone uses the fingernails of a victim to work a spell,what kind of magic is he using?
Q4) Religious symbols generally have a single meaning for all members of a religion. A)True B)False
Q5) Describe the three stages of a rite of passage.
Q6) What are the six characteristics of religion?
Q7) Totemism is a type of religion that is practiced by Native Americans.
A)True
B)False
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Q8) Under what conditions do we expect to find the emergence of syncretic religions?
Chapter 13: Creative Expression: Anthropology and the Arts
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Q1) What is henna,and how is it used as an art form in Morocco?
Q2) Torajan tau-tau,or wooden effigies of nobles,carved in connection with mortuary ritual:
A)Have disappeared since contact with Western tourists.
B)Have often been stolen or bought for the Western art collector's market.
C)Created the indigenous status of artist where it never previously existed.
D)Never been used traditionally,but are a "fake" cultural product developed for the Western tourist market.
E)Have fallen into disuse since the conversion of the Torajan to Christianity.
Q3) Orientalism is often described as a European intellectual movement.What is it?
Q4) What is "deep play"?
Q5) Trickster tales can be an indirect way of expressing dissatisfaction with an unequal system of social relations.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What is bhangra,and how does it express world music?
Q7) Museums are very specific areas of graphic representation.Consider various types of museums that you have visited and how this relationship to art is different from that in smaller indigenous societies.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Power, conquest, and a World System
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Q1) Describe the ways that education and taxation were used in colonization in the 19th century.How did these institutions work for the benefit of colonial governments?
Q2) What is a "national narrative"?
Q3) Who were the Heeren XVII (The Lords Seventeen)?
A)The admirals of the Dutch Navy.
B)The colonial governors of Indonesia.
C)The tax paid to the government to trade slaves.
D)The Dukes who partitioned Africa.
E)The directors of the Dutch East India Company.
Q4) Why is repatriation of historical artifacts controversial?
Q5) In the early 1400s,a visitor from China to Europe:
A)Would have been concerned by the growing strength of the Catholic Church.
B)Would have been impressed by the speed with which technological innovation was taking place.
C)Would have been impressed with advances in medicine.
D)Would have thought Europe poverty stricken and backward.
E)Would have been impressed by the size and training of European armies.
Q6) Who were the Tirailleurs Senegalais?
Q7) What were two functions of taxation in European colonies?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Culture, change, and the Modern World
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Q1) According to Jim Igoe,who worked with the Maasai,a critical problem with development is that:
A)Many projects are based in Western understandings that seem logical to the people who design the projects but less plausible to their recipients.
B)Many projects assume a level of education that is just not present among the project recipients.
C)Projects that are designed by local communities are often unacceptable to the people who have to fund them.
D)Western project managers are rarely accepted by project recipients in poor nations.
E)Although major donors want to fund large projects,the kinds more likely to work are small projects.
Q2) According to Susan Greenhalgh,among newly prosperous urban Chinese,girls are now considered as good as or even preferable to boys.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Name three social changes that have occurred in China because of the shortage of women.
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