Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Exam
Solutions
Course Introduction
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology provides a foundational understanding of the structure and function of the human body. This course explores major body systems including the skeletal, muscular, nervous, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and reproductive systems emphasizing how their components interact to maintain homeostasis. Students will learn key anatomical terminology, examine physiological processes at both the cellular and organ levels, and develop a basis for further study in health and medical sciences.
Recommended Textbook
The Anatomy and Physiology Learning System 4th Edition by Edith Applegate
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Chapter 1: Introduction to the Human Body
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Q1) Which of the following is NOT a physical factor essential for life?
A) respiration
B) water
C) pressure
D) heat
E) oxygen
Answer: A
Q2) Ductless glands belong to the _____ system.
A) lymphatic
B) endocrine
C) respiratory
D) urinary
E) digestive
Answer: B
Q3) What is the term for the plane that divides an organ into right and left portions?
Answer: sagittal
Q4) What is the term for the study of functions and their relationships to each other and to structure?
Answer: physiology
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Chapter 2: Chemistry, Matter, and Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the mass number of an atom with 8 protons,8 neutrons,and 8 electrons?
Answer: 16
Q2) The three most abundant elements in the body are
A) C, H, and N
B) C, H, and Ca
C) C, H, and O
D) O, H, and N
E) O, Na, and K
Answer: C
Q3) The simplest form of matter is a(n)
A) atom
B) molecule
C) ion
D) element
E) compound
Answer: D
Q4) What is the term that describes the type of reaction in which more energy is stored in the products than in the reactants?
Answer: endergonic
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Chapter 3: Cell Structure and Function
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most of a cell's life cycle is spent in a nondividing phase called
A) interphase
B) prophase
C) metaphase
D) anaphase
E) telophase
Answer: A
Q2) The movement of oxygen from a region of higher concentration to a region of lower concentration without the expenditure of energy is
A) active transport
B) facilitated diffusion
C) pinocytosis
D) simple diffusion
E) osmosis
Answer: D
Q3) What is the term for the filaments in the nucleus that are composed of DNA?
Answer: chromatin
Q4) What is the term for the membranous organelle that functions in energy production?
Answer: mitochondria
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Chapter 4: Tissues and Membranes
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Sample Questions
Q1) The tough,outer layer of the meninges is the
A) pia mater
B) arachnoid
C) dura mater
D) synovial mater
E) cortex
Q2) Epithelial tissues repair quickly because they have abundant blood vessels and reproduce readily.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Muscle tissue that is multinucleated and shows cross striations
A) is attached to bones by tendons
B) is involuntary
C) is found in the walls of blood vessels and internal organs
D) has branching fibers
E) has tapered cells with pointed ends
Q4) The innermost layer of the meninges is the dura mater.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the term for the small channels that radiate from the osteocytes?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Integumentary System
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Q1) Melanocytes are found in the stratum corneum of the epidermis.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the term for the type of holocrine gland that opens into hair follicles?
Q3) Which of the following is NOT true about ceruminous glands?
A) They are modified sweat glands.
B) They secrete cerumen.
C) They are stimulated by emotional stress.
D) They are located in the external auditory (ear) canal.
Q4) Which one of the following is NOT true about the dermis?
A) It is thicker than the epidermis.
B) It is composed of connective tissue.
C) It has numerous blood vessels.
D) It consists of 5 distinct layers.
E) It contains sense receptors.
Q5) The expanded distal portion of the hair follicle is the
A) papillae
B) bulb
C) glandular region
D) region of dead keratinized cells
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Skeletal System
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Q1) Most of the bones of the body are initially formed as hyaline cartilage models that later develop into bone.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the term for the connective tissue covering around the outside of the diaphysis of a long bone?
Q3) A pouch or sac is a(n)
A) acetabulum
B) bursa
C) coracoid
D) odontoid
Q4) What is the term for the anterior bone of the pectoral girdle?
Q5) Short bones
A) include the phalanges
B) are solid pieces of compact bone
C) are found in the cranium
D) are primarily spongy bone with a thin layer of compact bone on the surface
E) include most of the facial bones
Q6) What is the term for the freely movable joints?
Q7) What is the term for the enlarged ends of long bones?
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Chapter 7: Muscular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ability of muscle tissue to return to its original shape after contraction or extension is called
A) excitability
B) elasticity
C) extension
D) tetanus
E) irritability
Q2) Bending the head backwards or moving the upper arm behind the vertical plane of the body are examples of
A) flexion
B) extension
C) protraction
D) eversion
E) hyperextension
Q3) Oxygen debt occurs as a result of the accumulation of
A) lactic acid
B) pyruvic acid
C) creatine phosphate
D) glucose
E) citric acid
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Chapter 8: Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Neurons that carry impulses toward the central nervous system are
A) interneurons
B) association neurons
C) motor neurons
D) efferent neurons
E) sensory neurons
Q2) Neurons that are totally within the central nervous system are _____ neurons.
A) association
B) afferent
C) efferent
D) motor
E) sensory
Q3) What is the predominant cation in the extracellular fluid outside a nonconducting neuron?
Q4) What is the term for the gap between myelin segments in a myelinated nerve fiber?
Q5) In most people the spinal cord is at least 2 feet long.
A)True
B)False
Q6) What are the two components of the central nervous system?
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Sensory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Proprioception is the sense of position.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the term for the type of receptors involved in hearing and equilibrium?
Q3) Which one of the following is an INCORRECT match of receptor and example?
A) chemoreceptor-taste
B) mechanoreceptor-hearing
C) nociceptor-equilibrium
D) thermoreceptor-cold
E) photoreceptor-vision
Q4) What is the term for the refractive component of the eye that adjusts for close vision?
Q5) What is the term for the pigmented portion of the eye that has radial and circular muscles?
Q6) A word that means "surgical repair of the ear" is
A) tympanectomy
B) iridectomy
C) audiology
D) otoplasty
E) keratoplasty
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Chapter 10: Endocrine System
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Q1) All of the following statements about the adenohypophysis are correct EXCEPT it
A) is derived from the embryonic oral cavity
B) is also called the anterior lobe
C) is regulated by direct neural stimulation
D) secretes more hormones than the neurohypophysis
Q2) What are the derivatives of arachidonic acid that are similar to hormones in many ways?
Q3) The glands embedded on the posterior surface of the thyroid gland are the
A) parathyroid glands
B) thymus glands
C) adrenal glands
D) follicular glands
E) islets of Langerhans
Q4) Polydipsia means
A) excessive thirst
B) excessive urine
C) excessive hunger
D) many glands
E) many pregnancies
Q5) What are the terms for the two gonadotropins from the adenohypophysis?
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Cardiovascular System: The Heart
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Sample Questions
Q1) The two heart chambers that contain oxygenated blood are the
A) right atrium and left atrium
B) right atrium and right ventricle
C) left atrium and left ventricle
D) right ventricle and left ventricle
Q2) What is the term for the chamber of the heart with the thickest wall?
Q3) The base of the heart is more superior than the apex.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The heart lies _____ midline.
A) ²/ to the left side of the
B) ²/ to the right side of the
C)directly on the body's
D) ¹/ to the left side of
Q5) The greatest deflection from the baseline on an electrocardiogram is caused by the
A) depolarization of the atria
B) repolarization of the atria
C) depolarization of the ventricles
D) repolarization of the ventricles
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Chapter 12: Cardiovascular System: Blood Vessels
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Q1) When blood pressure decreases,the kidneys secrete
A) angiotensin
B) renin
C) aldosterone
D) renal erythropoietic factor
E) adrenocorticotropic hormone
Q2) Decreases in blood pressure reduce the frequency of action potentials from the pressure receptors in the aortic arch and this results in increased heart rate and vasoconstriction.
A)True
B)False
Q3) All of the following provide pressure gradients for venous blood flow EXCEPT
A) contraction of skeletal muscles
B) respiratory movements
C) contraction of muscle in vessel walls
D) contraction of the valves in veins
Q4) What are the two differences in structure between arteries and veins?
Q5) What is the term for the sounds heard through a stethoscope as a result of blood flow?
Q6) What is the term for the pulse point in the neck?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Cardiovascular System: Blood
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Q1) Blood normally has a neutral pH of 7.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the term for the molecule in erythrocytes that combines with oxygen?
Q3) Sodium and vitamin B are essential for the formation of a blood clot.
A)True
B)False
Q4) What is the term for the component that makes up about 55 percent of blood volume?
Q5) Iron,vitamin B ,and folic acid are necessary for RBC production.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The vitamin that is essential for blood clotting is vitamin
A) A
B) C
C) D
D) E
E) K
Q7) What is the term for the components in recipient's blood that react with mismatched donor's blood?
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Chapter 14: Lymphatic System and Body Defense
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Q1) The wall of a lymph capillary is composed of overlapping cells that form one-way valves.These cells are
A) simple squamous epithelium
B) stratified squamous epithelium
C) simple cuboidal epithelium
D) loose connective tissue
E) smooth muscle cells
Q2) You step on a dirty,rusty nail and the physician gives you an injection of tetanus immunoglobulin.This is an example of _____ immunity.
A) active natural
B) active artificial
C) passive natural
D) passive artificial
Q3) Most,about 70%,of the circulating lymphocytes are
A) T-lymphocytes
B) B-lymphocytes
C) undifferentiated lymphocytes
D) phagocytic lymphocytes
Q4) What is the term for the substance that induces fever in systemic inflammation?
Q5) What is the term for the B-cell clone that produces antibodies?
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Respiratory System
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Q1) Increased carbon dioxide concentration favors oxygen unloading.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The trachea branches to form air passages called the A) bronchioles
B) lobar bronchi
C) alveolar ducts
D) primary bronchi
E) tracheal bronchi
Q3) The largest cartilage of the larynx,commonly called the Adam's apple,is the A) epiglottis
B) thyroid
C) cricoid
D) arytenoid
E) corniculate
Q4) The removal of the pharyngeal tonsils is called a tonsillectomy.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is the form in which most of the carbon dioxide is transported?
Q6) What is the term for the type of tissue that forms the lining of the trachea?
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Chapter 16: Digestive System
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Q1) What are the three monosaccharides that are the end products of carbohydrate digestion?
Q2) Secretin stimulates the pancreas to secrete digestive enzymes.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Nutrients that are absorbed into the capillaries of the villi include
A) glucose, amino acids and monoglycerides
B) monosaccharides, fatty acids and monoglycerides
C) glucose and amino acids
D) monoglycerides and fatty acids
E) triglycerides, glucose, and amino acids
Q4) The tiny fingerlike projections on the plicae circulares in the small intestine are
A) villi
B) haustra
C) rugae
D) teniae coli
E) lacteals
Q5) What is the term for the structure that separates oral cavity from nasal cavity?
Q6) What are the components of a portal triad in the liver?
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Chapter 17: Metabolism and Nutrition
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Q1) All of the following are synthesized from amino acids EXCEPT
A) hemoglobin
B) hormones
C) cellulose
D) enzymes
E) albumin
Q2) Twenty-five grams of pure carbohydrate will yield _____ calories of energy.
A) 25
B) 250
C) 1000
D) 100
E) 10
Q3) What is the term for the energy required to keep body functioning at a minimal level?
Q4) The storage form of energy in plants is
A) fiber
B) cellulose
C) glycogen
D) starch
E) oil
Page 19
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Chapter 18: Urinary System and Body Fluids
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Q1) What is the term for the process in the renal corpuscle by which plasma components leave the blood and enter the renal tubules?
Q2) Urethratresia means
A) inflammation of the urethra
B) inflammation of the ureter
C) lack of an opening in the urethra
D) obstruction of the urethra
E) suture of the urinary bladder
Q3) Urine volume increases as a result of increased ADH.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Urine is transported away from the kidney in the
A) renal pelvis
B) renal sinus
C) ureter
D) collecting tubule
E) urethra
Q5) Blood plasma accounts for most of the extracellular fluid volume.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 19: Reproductive System
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Q1) The portion of the uterine wall that is sloughed off during menstruation is the stratum
A) functionale of the endometrium
B) functionale of the perimetrium
C) basale of the endometrium
D) basale of the perimetrium
Q2) What is the term for the stage of oogenesis that is ovulated?
Q3) What is the term for the tubular structure within the spermatic cord and abdominopelvic cavity that conveys sperm?
Q4) The tubular structure that begins in the scrotum and ends at the ejaculatory duct is the
A) epididymis
B) spermatic cord
C) ductus deferens
D) efferent ducts
E) rete testis
Q5) What is the term for the hormone that triggers ovulation?
Q6) What is the term for the first menstrual flow?
Q7) What is the term for the expanded distal region of the uterine tube?
Q8) What is the term for the type of erectile tissue that surrounds the urethra?
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Chapter 20: Development
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Q1) The outermost extraembryonic membrane that contributes to the formation of the placenta is the
A) allantois
B) amnion
C) chorion
D) yolk sac
Q2) Fertilization is the
A) penetration of an ovum by a sperm
B) separation of the zona pellucida and cells of the corona radiata
C) union of an egg and a sperm
D) union of the sperm and ovum pronuclei
Q3) What is the term for the postnatal period that begins at birth and lasts about 4 weeks?
Q4) The expulsion stage of labor generally lasts for 3-4 hours.
A)True B)False
Q5) Milk is not produced unless prolactin is stimulated by a baby's suckling. A)True B)False
Q6) What is the term for traits carried on the X and Y chromosomes?
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