Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Exam Answer Key
Course Introduction
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology provides an essential overview of the structure and function of the human body. The course explores the organization of cells, tissues, organs, and organ systems, emphasizing the relationships between anatomical structures and physiological processes. Students will gain foundational knowledge of major body systems, such as the muscular, skeletal, nervous, cardiovascular, and respiratory systems, while learning key terminology and concepts necessary for further study in health and biological sciences. Integrating theoretical learning with practical applications, this course prepares students for advanced coursework and careers in healthcare, fitness, and biomedical fields.
Recommended Textbook
Body Structures and Functions 12th Edition by
Ann Senisi Scott
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Chapter 1: Introduction to the Structural Units
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Q1) umbilical area
A)pain in the back
B)pain below the right ribs
C)a cut in the lower part of the right arm
D)heartburn
E)stomach cramps
F)right inguinal hernia
Answer: E
Q2) A scratch on the left thigh would best be described as _____.
A)deep
B)superficial
C)internal
D)external
E)b & d f. a & c
Answer: E
Q3) The _____ plane divides the body into front and back portions.
A)coronal
B)sagittal
C)transverse
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Chemistry of Living Things
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Q1) Buffers help a living organism to maintain a constant pH value.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The smallest unit of a compound is a(n) ____________________.
Answer: molecule
Q3) P
A)calcium
B)carbon
C)hydrogen
D)iron
E)oxygen
F)sodium
G)potassium
H)nitrogen
I)magnesium
J)phosphorus
Answer: J
Q4) A positively or negatively charged particle is called a(n)
Answer: ion
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Chapter 3: Cells
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Q1) Some of the phospholipids of the cell membrane are hydrophilic. What does that mean?
A)They attract water.
B)They repel water.
C)They alternate between attracting and repelling water.
Answer: A
Q2) Filtration is an example of _____.
A)active transport
B)passive transport
C)phagocytosis
D)pinocytosis
Answer: B
Q3) ____________________ is a sticky semifluid material found between the nucleus and the cell membrane.
Answer: Cytoplasm
Q4) Cancer is the most common cause of death in the United States.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Tissues and Membranes
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Q1) Name the four main types of tissues: ____________________, ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.
Q2) removes waste products of metabolism from the body
A)skeletal
B)muscular
C)digestive
D)respiratory
E)circulatory
F)excretory
G)nervous
H)endocrine
I)reproductive
J)integumentary
Q3) The ____________________ process will form new vertically upstanding blood cells.
Q4) A(n) ____________________ is a thin layer of tissue that covers a surface, lines a cavity, or divides a space or organ.
Q5) ____________________ helps in the process of blood coagulation.
Q6) A(n) ____________________ is the basic structural unit of the body.
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Chapter 5: Integumentary System
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Q1) a vesicle or bullae that becomes filled with pus
A)papule
B)bulla
C)pustule
D)nodule
E)macule
Q2) solid, elevated lesion less than 1 cm in diameter
A)papule
B)bulla
C)pustule
D)nodule
E)macule
Q3) localized changes in skin color of less than 1 cm
A)papule
B)bulla
C)pustule
D)nodule
E)macule
Q4) A chronic, noncontagious inflammatory skin disease is called
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Chapter 6: Skeletal System
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Q1) amphiarthrosis
A)movable joint
B)immovable joint
C)area between two articular cartilages
D)partially movable joint
E)lining of the articular cartilage
F)example of a pivot joint
G)joint connected by tough fibrous tissue
H)elastic material between vertebrae
Q2) suture
A)movable joint
B)immovable joint
C)area between two articular cartilages
D)partially movable joint
E)lining of the articular cartilage
F)example of a pivot joint
G)joint connected by tough fibrous tissue
H)elastic material between vertebrae
Q3) Name the four types of bones:
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Chapter 7: Muscular System
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Q1) Skeletal muscles must be stimulated by nerve impulses to contract.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Tetanus is preventable.
A)True
B)False
Q3) internal oblique
A)muscle of facial expression
B)muscle of the trunk
C)muscle of the lower extremity
D)muscle of the upper extremity
Q4) Which of the following hernias occur when the stomach pushes through the diaphragm?
A)hiatal
B)inguinal
C)abdominal
Q5) ____________________ diagnose and treat patients whose health problems are associated with the body's muscular, nervous, or skeletal systems.
Q6) The masseter and temporalis muscles are representative of the muscles of
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Chapter 8: Central Nervous System
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Q1) ____________________ may be short-term or long-term.
Q2) When a neuron membrane is "at rest," which of the following is true?
A)There are large amounts of potassium (K+) ions inside the cells.
B)There are large amounts of sodium (Na+) ions inside the cells.
C)The potassium (K+) and sodium (Na+) ions are in balance.
Q3) ____________________ is an inflammation of the brain.
Q4) The brain contains four lined cavities called ventricles.
A)True
B)False
Q5) cerebrum
A)sensory neurons
B)motor neurons
C)associative neurons
D)neurotransmitter
E)one of the four major parts of the brain
F)dura mater
G)arachnoid mater
Q6) Name the three parts of the brainstem: ____________________, ____________________, and ____________________.
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Q7) The ________________________ is the most highly organized system in the body.
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Chapter 9: Peripheral and Autonomic Nervous System
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Q1) The spinal nerves are all mixed nerves.
A)True
B)False
Q2) vestibulocochlear
A)I
B)II
C)III
D)IV
E)V
F)VI
G)VII
H)VIII
I)IX
J)X
K)XI
L)XII
Q3) Tingling, burning, and crawling of the skin would be called _____.
A)sciatica
B)neuralgia
C)paresthesia
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Chapter 10: Special Senses
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Q1) What type of hearing loss results when the ear is blocked by ear wax?
A)conductive hearing loss
B)sensorineural damage
C)mixed hearing loss
Q2) excessive intraocular pressure
A)strabismus
B)astigmatism
C)rhinitis
D)tinnitus
E)hairiness of the tongue
F)glaucoma
G)sty
H)amblyopia
I)Ménière's disease
J)myopia
Q3) Located on the papillae are the _________________________.
Q4) Fill in the missing structures to complete the pathway of equilibrium: Movement of the head > stimulates equilibrium receptors in the ______________________________ areas of the inner ear > ______________________________ > cerebellum.
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Chapter 11: Endocrine System
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Q1) The anterior pituitary gland secretes _____.
A)growth hormone
B)vasopressin
C)oxytocin
D)calcitonin
Q2) The hormone secreted by the pineal gland is _____.
A)prostaglandins
B)melatonin
C)calcitonin
D)oxytocin
Q3) ____________________ is the result of excessively low blood sugar, and it can result in insulin shock.
Q4) The gland located at the base of the brain is the _____ gland.
A)pituitary
B)thyroid
C)thymus
D)adrenal
Q5) ______________________________ is a condition caused by decreased secretion of insulin or the ineffective use of insulin.
Q6) A(n) ____________________ is any organ that produces a secretion.
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Chapter 12: Blood
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Q1) producing
A)an
B)edema
C)emia
D)poiesis
E)leuko
F)thrombo
G)gen
H)patho
I)mono
J)poly
Q2) _____ is vital to the function of the red blood cell, helping it transport oxygen to the tissues and some carbon dioxide away from tissues.
A)Hemoglobin
B)Albumin
C)Fibrinogen
D)Globulin
Q3) Red blood cells, or ____________________, are biconcave, disc-shaped cells.
Q4) ____________________ is necessary for blood clotting.
Q5) The average adult has ____________________ pints of blood in the body.
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Chapter 13: Heart
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Q1) The structure of the heart allows it to function as a double pump.
A)True
B)False
Q2) when blood thinners are given intravenously after a MI
A)Holter monitor
B)murmurs
C)diuretics
D)cardiac catheterization
E)thrombolytic therapy
F)CAD
G)lipid panel
H)cardiac stents
I)pacemaker
J)third-degree block
Q3) Cardiac muscle tissue, or _____, makes up the major portion of the heart.
A)myocardium
B)pericardium
C)endocardium
D)septum
Q4) The heart is located in the ____________________ cavity.
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Chapter 14: Circulation and Blood Vessels
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Q1) Arteries carry deoxygenated blood to the heart.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The artery that runs along the upper arm and elbow area where a pulse point can be found is called _____.
A)carotid
B)brachial
C)axillary
D)subclavian
Q3) A temporary interruption of blood flow to the brain is a(n)
Q4) Peripheral vascular disease is caused by blockage of the coronary arteries.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The ballooning out of an artery and thinning of the artery wall is called a(n)
Q6) Another term used to describe high blood pressure is ____________________.
Q7) The ______________________________ brings oxygenated blood to the heart muscle.
Q9) The ____________________ is the largest artery in the body. Page 16
Q8) Another term used to describe low blood pressure is ____________________.
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Chapter 15: The Lymphatic and Immune Systems
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Q1) If a person has been fully immunized as a child, there is no need for vaccines during adulthood.
A)True
B)False
Q2) cancer of the lymph nodes
A)acquired immunodeficiency syndrome
B)anaphylactic shock
C)asthma
D)Hodgkin's disease
E)hypersensitivity
F)infectious mononucleosis
G)lupus
H)lymphadenitis
I)scleroderma
J)tonsillitis
Q3) It is possible for a person who is experiencing no symptoms of AIDS to carry and transmit HIV to others.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The body's ability to resist pathogens is called ____________________.
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Chapter 16: Infection Control and Standard Precautions
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Q1) urinary tract infection
A)bacteria
B)fungi
C)protozoa
D)rickettsia
E)virus
F)helminths
Q2) Infection from ____________________ is spread through the bites of fleas, tick, mites, and lice.
Q3) pinworms
A)bacteria
B)fungi
C)protozoa
D)rickettsia
E)virus
F)helminths
Q4) Different people may experience different symptoms from the same viral infection.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 17: Respiratory System
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Q1) Quiet breathing at a normal rate is called eupnea.
A)True
B)False
Q2) serve(s) as point of exchange of oxygen and carbon dioxide with capillaries
A)anterior nares
B)turbinates
C)cilia
D)mucous membrane
E)pharynx
F)alveoli
G)pleural fluid
H)bronchi
I)larynx
J)diaphragm
Q3) Overinflation of the lungs during inhalation is prevented by the _____.
A)stimulation of nerve endings in the walls of the lungs
B)the action of the diaphragm
C)positive pressure in the pleural cavity
D)the level of oxygen in the alveoli
Q4) ____________________ is an inflammation of the membranes that cover the lungs.
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Chapter 18: Digestive System
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Q1) A(n) ____________________ is a sore, or lesion, that forms in the mucosal lining of the stomach or duodenum.
Q2) replacement of normal liver tissue with connective tissue
A)gastroesophageal reflux disease
B)hiatal hernia
C)gastric ulcer
D)inflammatory bowel disease
E)hepatitis
F)diverticulitis
G)cholecystitis
H)pyloric stenosis
I)cirrhosis
J)heartburn
Q3) The digestive juice that breaks down protein into amino acids is _____.
A)trypsin
B)amylase
C)lipase
D)bile
Q4) Hidden blood in stool is called ____________________.
Q5) Bile is produced in the ____________________.
21
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Chapter 19: Nutrition
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Q1) The most common nutritional disorder in the United States today is ____________________.
Q2) Which of the following factors usually plays the least significant role in obesity?
A)genetics
B)lack of physical activity
C)overconsumption of food
D)underconsumption of fruits and vegetables
Q3) It is essential to eat some form of meat, fish, or poultry each day to receive the proper amounts of protein.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Two minerals that are especially important for health in females, but are often consumed in less than optimal amounts, are _____.
A)calcium and potassium
B)calcium and iron
C)potassium and sodium
D)sodium and calcium
Q5) ____________________ play(s) a major role in the growth and repair of tissue.
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Chapter 20: Urinary System
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Q1) Which condition is the most common cause of failure of kidney transplants?
A)rejection of the kidney by the recipient
B)infection
C)negative side effects of medications
Q2) Excretion is the process of moving nitrogenous waste material, excess salts, and excess water from the body.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The term used to describe the limit of reabsorption of a specific substance is the ____________________.
Q4) How much of the fluid that comprises filtrate is reabsorbed into the bloodstream?
A)15 percent
B)80 percent
C)90 percent
D)99 percent
Q5) The kidneys share one ureter.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The second step in urine formation is ____________________.
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Chapter 21: Reproductive System
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Q1) ____________________, also called conception, occurs when the sperm and egg nuclei combine.
Q2) Some sexually transmitted infections can be passed from the mother to her child during the birth process.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The most common form of cancer in males over the age of 50 is ____________________ cancer.
Q4) bacterial STD in which males may experience painful urination and discharge of pus
A)dysmenorrhea
B)endometriosis
C)menorrhagia
D)toxic shock syndrome
E)epididymitis
F)benign prostatic hypertrophy
G)chlamydia
H)gonorrhea
I)genital herpes
J)trichomoniasis
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Chapter 22: Genetics and Genetically Linked Diseases
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Q1) ____________________ is a sex-linked blood disorder passed on the X chromosome.
Q2) A(n) ____________________ disorder is caused by a variation in the genetic pattern.
Q3) impairment of skeletal muscles because their fibers are replaced with fat and connective tissue
A)phenylketonuria
B)sickle cell anemia
C)Tay-Sachs disease
D)Duchenne's muscular dystrophy
E)Huntington's disease
F)cystic fibrosis
G)thalassemia
H)hemophilia
I)Down syndrome
J)Turner's syndrome
Q4) ____________________ is the term for a change that occurs in the nucleus of gametes, and it is passed on to the next generation.
Q5) The ____________________ is a small package of DNA that carries instructions for cellular synthesis of a specific protein.
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