Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology provides students with a foundational overview of the structure and function of the human body. The course explores the organization of the body from cellular to system levels, examining major organ systems such as the skeletal, muscular, circulatory, respiratory, digestive, and nervous systems. Students will learn basic anatomical terminology, physiological processes that maintain homeostasis, and how body systems interact to support life. Emphasis is placed on understanding how the structure of body parts relates to their function, preparing students for further study in health, medicine, and biological sciences.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Anatomy and Physiology 7th Edition by Valerie C. Scanlon
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Chapter 1: Organization and General Plan of the Body
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Sample Questions
Q1) The integumentary system:
A)includes the skin
B)is a barrier to pathogens
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and includes the hair
Answer: D
Q2) In anatomic position,the hands are ____ and the feet are ____.
A)palms forward/parallel
B)palms backward/at a right angle
C)palms forward/at a right angle
D)palms backward/parallel
Answer: A
Q3) The term palmar is a synonym for:
A)plantar
B)volar
C)brachial
D)popliteal
Answer: B
Q4) The heat (energy)production of the body is called ____________________.
Answer: metabolic rate
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Chapter 2: Some Basic Chemistry
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Sample Questions
Q1) A bond in which electrons are shared between two atoms is a(n)____________________ bond.
Answer: covalent
Q2) The element that is part of the hormone thyroxine is:
A)calcium
B)cobalt
C)iodine
D)sodium
Answer: C
Q3) All enzymes are made of the organic molecule ____________________.
Answer: protein
Q4) An acid solution has:
A)more hydroxyl ions than hydrogen ions
B)more hydroxyl ions than water ions
C)more hydrogen ions than water ions
D)more hydrogen ions than hydroxyl ions
Answer: D
Q5) For the elements cobalt and copper,the chemical symbols are ____________________ and ____________________.
Answer: Co,Cu Cu,Co
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Chapter 3: Cells
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cells that take in small proteins by pinocytosis are found in the ____________________ (organ).
Answer: kidney
Q2) The cell organelles on which protein synthesis takes place are the:
A)mitochondria
B)ribosomes
C)Golgi apparatus
D)lysosomes
Answer: B
Q3) The cell organelles that permit sperm cells to move are ____________________.
Answer: flagella
Q4) Which statement is NOT true of the cell organelles?
A)The Golgi apparatus synthesizes carbohydrates.
B)The endoplasmic reticulum synthesizes lipids.
C)The mitochondria synthesize ATP.
D)The proteasomes synthesize new ribosomes.
Answer: D
Q5) In order for a hormone to affect a cell,it must fit into a ____________________ on the cell membrane.
Answer: receptor site
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Chapter 4: Tissues and Membranes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements are true of skeletal and smooth muscle? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statement.)
A)Skeletal muscle is attached to bone or to major blood vessels.
B)Both skeletal and smooth muscle are considered voluntary.
C)A voluntary muscle cell must receive nerve impulses in order to contract.
D)Another name for visceral muscle is striated muscle.
E)The striations of a striated muscle cell are formed by the layers of the cell membranE.
F)Smooth muscle is found in the iris of the eye and in the wall of the uterus.
Q2) The serous membrane that covers the surface of the heart is called the:
A)visceral pericardium
B)mesentery
C)parietal pericardium
D)visceral pleura
Q3) Which statement is NOT true of connective tissue (CT)?
A)Elastic CT contributes to normal exhalation.
B)Areolar CT cushions the kidneys.
C)Adipose tissue stores potential energy.
D)Areolar CT is found between the skin and muscles.
Q4) The connective tissue membrane that covers a bone is a
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Chapter 5: The Integumentary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Melanocytes produce ____ when stimulated by ____.
A)melanin/UV rays
B)keratin/pressure
C)melanin/pressure
D)keratin/UV rays
Q2) The primary function of the stratum germinativum is:
A)osmosis,to prevent water loss
B)mitosis,to produce new dermis
C)osmosis,to contribute to sweating
D)mitosis,to produce new epidermis
Q3) Human hair helps keep dust out of the ____________________.
Q4) The subcutaneous tissue layer is also called the ____________________.
Q5) The visible portion of a nail is made of ____________________.
Q6) The subcutaneous tissue is located between the ____________________ and the ____________________.
Q7) Langerhans cells are found in the ____________________ of the skin,where they ____________________.
Q8) The dermis is made primarily of the proteins ____________________ and ____________________.
Q9) In a cold environment,the arterioles in the dermis will ____________________. Page 7
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Chapter 6: The Skeletal System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements are true of the effects of hormones on bones? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)
A)Calcitonin decreases the reabsorption of calcium from bone matrix.
B)Insulin increases the use of fats for energy production in growing bones.
C)The rate of mitosis in growing bones is increased by growth hormone.
D)If thyroxine is present,all food types may be used for energy production.
E)Parathyroid hormone lowers the blood calcium level to preserve calcium for bone growt
F)Protein synthesis in growing bones is increased by growth hormone and thyroxine.
Q2) All of the following are synovial joints except:
A)hinge joints
B)sutures
C)saddle joints
D)ball-and-socket joints
Q3) The skull is made lighter in weight by the presence of ____________________ in some of the bones.
Q4) The ribs that do not articulate with the sternum are called ____________________,and there are ____________________ (number)pairs.
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Chapter 7: The Muscular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Two muscles may be called synergists if:
A)they have the same function
B)they are in the same part of the body
C)they have opposite functions
D)one contracts while the other relaxes
Q2) During exercise,more blood will be circulated to muscles because of increased ____________________.
Q3) Tendons are made of ____ tissue,and are attached to the ____ of a muscle.
A)fibrous connective/fascia
B)elastic connective/fascia
C)fibrous connective/periosteum
D)elastic connective/periosteum
Q4) In the neuromuscular junction,the membrane of the muscle fiber is called the:
A)muscle terminal
B)sarcomere
C)sarcoplasmic reticulum
D)sarcolemma
Q5) About 25% of the body's heat at rest is produced by the ____________________ of the skeletal muscles.
Q6) The muscle on the buttock that extends the thigh is the
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Chapter 8: The Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which cranial nerve pair is NOT paired with its correct function?
A)acoustic - equilibrium
B)glossopharyngeal - secretion of saliva
C)olfactory - sense of smell
D)abducens - movement of the shoulder muscles
Q2) The ____________________ division of the autonomic nervous system constricts the pupils of the eyes.
Q3) The part of the brain that regulates visual and auditory reflexes is the:
A)hypothalamus
B)cerebellum
C)midbrain
D)thalamus
Q4) A group of axons and dendrites in the PNS is called a:
A)sensory group
B)nerve
C)motor group
D)nerve tract
Q5) A(n)____________________ of a neuron carries impulses away from the cell body.
Q6) The white matter of the spinal cord is made of the ____________________ of interneurons.
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Chapter 9: The Senses
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement is NOT true of the characteristics of sensations?
A)Feeling a sensation in the area of the receptors is called projection.
B)Contrast is the difference between seeing and hearing.
C)Becoming unaware of a continuing stimulus is called adaptation.
D)Awareness of a sensation after the stimulus has stopped is called an afterimage.
Q2) The anterior cavity of the eye contains ____________________ and the posterior cavity contains ____________________.
Q3) The cochlea has receptors called ____________________ in the ____________________.
Q4) Becoming unaware of a continuing stimulus is called ____________________.
Q5) The sensory area for the sense of taste is in the ____ lobes of the cerebrum.
A)frontal and parietal
B)parietal and temporal
C)temporal and occipital
D)occipital and frontal
Q6) The receptors for smell and taste have the general name ____________________.
Q7) The optic nerve is formed by ____________________ neurons and passes through the eyeball at the ____________________.
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Q8) The first part of the eye that refracts light rays is the ____________________.
Chapter 10: The Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) In women,the function of FSH is to:
A)initiate development of egg cells in the ovaries
B)increase the secretion of estrogen
C)both A and B
D)both A and B,and increase the secretion of GnRH
Q2) The hormone that decreases the blood calcium level is:
A)thyroxine
B)PTH
C)calcitonin
D)insulin
Q3) When the effects of a hormone decrease the stimulus for secretion of that hormone,this sequence of events is called a:
A)positive feedback mechanism
B)negative feedback mechanism
C)stimulus-response mechanism
D)releasing-hormone mechanism
Q4) The hormone that decreases the blood calcium level is ____________________.
Q5) In the two-messenger mechanism of the action of protein hormones,the first messenger is the ____________________ that must bond to a ____________________ on the cell membrane.
Page 13
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Chapter 11: Blood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Once a clot has formed in a ruptured vessel,the area to be repaired is made smaller by:
A)more clotting
B)clot retraction
C)heparin
D)hemolysis
Q2) Rh antibodies are formed only when an Rh ____________________ person is exposed to Rh ____________________ blood.
Q3) In RBC development,the last immature stage is called a ____________________.
Q4) When a transfusion reaction due to mismatched blood occurs,the most serious consequence may be:
A)liver damage from the foreign RBCs
B)kidney damage from the foreign RBCs
C)liver damage from the free hemoglobin in the blood
D)kidney damage from the free hemoglobin in the blood
Q5) If more carbon dioxide than usual is in the blood,the pH of the blood will:
A)decrease
B)stay the same
C)increase
D)increase then decrease
Page 14
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Chapter 12: The Heart
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Sample Questions
Q1) The cardiac reserve is the:
A)ability of the heart to speed up when necessary
B)ability of the heart to pump more forcefully
C)difference between resting heart rate and maximum exercise heart rate
D)difference between resting cardiac output and maximum exercise cardiac output
Q2) An athlete has a resting cardiac output of 4,750 mL.What are the pulse and stroke volume?
A)46 bpm and 98 mL
B)52 bpm and 100 mL
C)48 bpm and 105 mL
D)50 bpm and 95 mL
Q3) During exercise,if cardiac output is 15,000 mL and stroke volume is 120 mL,then pulse is ____________________.
Q4) The endocardium is found:
A)lining the chambers of the heart
B)lining the fibrous pericardium
C)throughout the heart muscle
D)lining the epicardium
Q5) The part of the heart that initiates each beat is the ____________________,which is located in the ____________________.
Page 15
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Chapter 13: The Vascular System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Velocity of blood flow is inversely related to the:
A)need for oxygen in tissues
B)length of the part of the vascular system
C)need for nutrients in tissues
D)cross-sectional area of the part of the vascular system
Q2) Which of the following statements are true of the body's responses to a small loss of blood? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)
A)Heart rate will increase.
B)Vasoconstriction will take place.
C)Filtration in the kidneys will increase.
D)Breathing will decrease to conserve energy.
Q3) In hepatic portal circulation,blood from the ____________________ and the ____________________ flows through the ____________________ before returning to the heart.
Q4) During exercise,blood flow to the digestive tract will:
A)increase
B)decrease
C)remain the same
D)be unpredictable
Q5) To compensate for a small loss of blood,the arteries will ____________________.
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Chapter 14: The Lymphatic System and Immunity
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Sample Questions
Q1) A foreign antigen is an antigen that:
A)will stimulate antibody production
B)is found on a person's cells rather than in the blood
C)is found in a person's blood rather than on cells
D)is one of a person's HLA types
Q2) The function of cytotoxic T cells is to:
A)help recognize foreign antigens
B)guide antibodies to their targets
C)remember cellular pathogens such as bacteria
D)chemically destroy foreign antigens
Q3) Lymph nodules destroy pathogens that have entered the body by way of ____________________.
Q4) In adaptive immunity,macrophages and helper T cells work together to ____________________.
Q5) In innate immunity,the function of interferon is to prevent the reproduction of ____________________ within cells.
Q6) In adaptive immunity,the process of complement fixation is activated by a(n)____________________.
Q7) In adaptive immunity,the ____________________ T cells activate B cells.
Page 17
Q8) The cisterna chyli collects lymph from the ____________________.
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Chapter 15: The Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) If carbon dioxide accumulates in body fluids,the pH of the fluid will:
A)decrease
B)increase
C)remain the same
D)increase then decrease
Q2) Oxygen is released from hemoglobin to tissues when the PO<sub>2</sub> is ____________________ and the PCO<sub>2</sub> is ____________________.
Q3) The nerves to the diaphragm are called:
A)diaphragm nerves
B)phrenic nerves
C)sympathetic nerves
D)parasympathetic nerves
Q4) The volume of air inhaled and exhaled in one breath is called:
A)tidal volume
B)normal volume
C)normal capacity
D)expected capacity
Q5) During inhalation,intrapulmonic pressure ____________________ and air moves ____________________ the lungs.
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Chapter 16: The Digestive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement is NOT true of swallowing?
A)The pharynx contracts and propels food into the esophagus.
B)The tongue pushes the food toward the pharynx.
C)Peristalsis of the esophagus propels food toward the stomach.
D)The epiglottis is elevated to cover the nasopharynx.
Q2) The effect of sympathetic nerve impulses on the alimentary tube is to:
A)increase peristalsis
B)decrease peristalsis
C)increase secretions
D)increase secretions and peristalsis
Q3) Which statement is NOT true of the secretions of the small intestine?
A)Intestinal hormones stimulate secretion by the pancreas.
B)Parasympathetic impulses increase secretions.
C)Peptidases complete the digestion of lipids.
D)Sucrase and lactase digest disaccharides.
Q4) The liver and pancreas are part of the portion of the digestive system called the ____________________.
Q5) Pancreatic trypsin contributes to the digestion of ____________________.
Q6) An example of mechanical digestion is ____________________.
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Q7) The serous membrane that lines the abdominal cavity is the ____________________.
Chapter 17: Body Temperature and Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) The stages of cell respiration that take place in the mitochondria of cells are:
A)glycolysis and the Krebs cycle
B)the Krebs cycle and the cytochrome (electron)transport system
C)the cytochrome (electron)transport system and glycolysis
D)all three stages
Q2) The term for the total heat production by the body is ____________________.
Q3) Vasoconstriction in the dermis will:
A)increase the loss of body heat by sweating
B)decrease the loss of body heat by sweating
C)increase the loss of body heat by radiation
D)decrease the loss of body heat by radiation
Q4) Vitamin A is necessary for the synthesis of:
A)insulin
B)thyroxine
C)collagen in the dermis
D)rhodopsin in the retina
Q5) In cell respiration,most ATP is formed during the ____________________ (stage).
Q6) In cell respiration,the function of NAD and FAD is to carry ____________________ to the ____________________.
Q7) A substance that causes a fever is called a(n)____________________.
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Chapter 18: The Urinary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement is NOT true of the location of the kidneys?
A)They are superior to the diaphragm.
B)They are lateral to the backbone.
C)They are behind the peritoneum.
D)They are superior to the urinary bladder.
Q2) The kidneys respond to increased acidity of the blood by excreting ____________________ ions.
Q3) The kidneys are located ____________________ to the spine,____________________ to the diaphragm,and ____________________ to the peritoneum.
Q4) The nitrogenous waste product that comes from energy production in muscles is ____________________.
Q5) The renal vein carries blood to the ____________________.
Q6) The kidneys respond to increased acidity of body fluids by:
A)excreting hydrogen ions
B)excreting sodium ions
C)retaining hydrogen ions
D)excreting potassium ions
Q7) In the kidneys,the hormone that increases the reabsorption of sodium ions and water is ____________________.
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Chapter 19: Fluidelectrolyte and Acidbase Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements are true of water intake and output? (Read carefully and select all of the correct statements.)
A)Most water intake is in the form of water and other beverages.
B)Most water output is in the form of urine.
C)Metabolic water provides 25% of the total water intake because cell respiration is a constant process.
D)Most foods do not provide water.
E)Water loss by way of sweating may vary greatly from day to day.
F)Water loss by way of breathing is the water vapor in exhaled air.
Q2) Blood plasma becomes tissue fluid by the process of ____________________.
Q3) The second largest source of daily water intake for a person comes from ____________________.
Q4) Too little water in the body:
A)is called dehydration,and may be caused by hemorrhage
B)may be caused by diarrhea
C)both A and B
D)both A and B and may be caused by severe burns
Q5) Lethargy and decreased awareness are signs of a pH imbalance with the body fluids becoming too ____________________.
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Chapter 20: The Reproductive Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) An erection occurs when the arteries to the penis ____,and the cavernous tissue
A)dilate/empties of blood
B)constrict/fills with blood
C)dilate/fills with blood
D)constrict/empties of blood
Q2) For women,the hormone that promotes the release of an ovum from a mature follicle is:
A)FSH
B)estrogen
C)LH
D)progesterone
Q3) In oogenesis,the hormones that are necessary for the production of a mature ovum are ____________________ and ____________________.
Q4) The ____________________ cells of the testes produce inhibin.
Q5) The urethral and vaginal openings are covered by the ____________________ and the ____________________.
Q6) Spermatogenesis takes place in the ____________________,and each cell that undergoes meiosis produces ____________________ functional sperm cell(s).
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Chapter 21: Human Development and Genetics
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Sample Questions
Q1) Blood is carried from the placenta to the fetus by the:
A)ductus venosus
B)umbilical vein
C)blood sinuses
D)umbilical arteries
Q2) The embryonic membrane that has villi to provide for the nourishment of the early embryo is the ____________________.
Q3) After birth,the infant's pulmonary circulation is increased because the foramen ovale ____ and the ductus arteriosus ____.
A)is closed/constricts
B)is opened/constricts
C)is closed/dilates
D)is opened/dilates
Q4) The stage of labor during which the placenta is delivered is the:
A)first stage
B)second stage
C)third stage
D)fourth stage
Q5) The genes for sex-linked traits are found on the ____________________ chromosome.
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Chapter 22: An Introduction to Microbiology and Human Disease
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Q1) The presence of bacteria in the blood is called ____________________.
Q2) Which of these is NOT a zoonosis?
A)chicken pox
B)rabies
C)plague
D)Lyme disease
Q3) An inapparent infection is one in which the person has no:
A)cough
B)rash
C)fever
D)symptoms at all
Q4) Most fungi live on dead organic matter and are therefore called:
A)parasites
B)saprophytes
C)normal flora
D)deadbeats
Q5) A disease that typically lasts a certain period of time and is followed by recovery is called ____________________.
25
Q6) The respiratory tract limits the intake of airborne pathogens because of its ____________________ epithelium.
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