Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology Final Exam

Course

Introduction

Introduction to Anatomy and Physiology offers students a foundational understanding of the human bodys structure and function. The course explores the organization of the body from the cellular level to organ systems, emphasizing the relationship between anatomical structures and their physiological roles. Students will learn key terminology, basic concepts of body organization, major organ systems, and regulatory mechanisms that maintain homeostasis. Through interactive lectures and laboratory experiences, this course prepares students for advanced studies in health sciences and related fields.

Recommended Textbook

Holes Human Anatomy Physiology 13th Edition by David Shier

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24 Chapters

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Page 2

Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology

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Sample Questions

Q1) Oxygen is the primary raw material for new living material.

A)True

B)False

Answer: False

Q2) Which of the following is not an example of a homeostatic mechanism in the human body?

A)Shivering when body temperature falls below normal.

B)Increasing heart rate and force of contraction when blood pressure falls.

C)Retaining fluid leading to retaining more fluid.

D)Secreting insulin after a meal to return blood sugar concentration toward normal. Answer: C

Q3) The maintenance of a steady body temperature in the face of fluctuating environmental conditions illustrates homeostasis.

A)True

B)False

Answer: True

Q4) The branch of science that deals with the functions of human body parts is called ______.

Answer: physiology

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Chapter 2: Chemical Basis of Life

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Sample Questions

Q1) An enzyme is a ____.

A)protein that speeds up chemical reactions without being changed or depleted

B)protein that functions as a hormone

C)protein that inhibits chemical reactions by being changed or depleted

D)fibrous protein that is part of certain tissues in the body

Answer: A

Q2) The ______ uses iodine in a synthesis reaction.

A)spleen

B)liver

C)thymus

D)thyroid gland

Answer: D

Q3) _____________ are building blocks of nucleic acids. Answer: nucleotides

Q4) A base is an electrolyte that releases ions that combine with hydrogen ions.

A)True

B)False

Answer: True

Q5) Amino acids are building blocks of __________.

Answer: protein

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Chapter 3: Cells

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Sample Questions

Q1) A cell that secretes abundant proteins would have many nucleoli.

A)True

B)False

Answer: False

Q2) DNA molecules are in the nucleus

A)as free molecules.

B)complexed with protein,forming chromatin fibers.

C)complexed with protein,forming nucleoli.

D)complexed with protein on the nuclear envelope.

Answer: B

Q3) The structures in the nucleus that serve as a "mitotic clock" are A)telomeres.

B)kinases.

C)ribosomes.

D)hormones.

Answer: A

Q4) The framework of a cell membrane is a lipid bilayer.

A)True

B)False

Answer: True

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Chapter 4: Cellular Metabolism

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Sample Questions

Q1) "Metabolism" refers to

A)the reactions in the body that synthesize proteins and nucleic acids.

B)the reactions in the body that break down proteins and nucleic acids.

C)all of the chemical reactions in a cell.

D)the breakdown of glucose molecules to release energy.

Q2) Anaerobic and aerobic respiration begin with _______,in which glucose is broken down.

Q3) The electron transport chain is a series of enzyme complexes that pass electrons,releasing energy that is used to phosphorylate ADP to ATP on the inner mitochondrial membrane.

A)True

B)False

Q4) Oxidation forms chemical bonds.

A)True

B)False

Q5) MicroRNAs

A)are 21 or 22 bases long.

B)control gene expression.

C)are noncoding RNAs.

D)are all of the above.

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Chapter 5: Tissues

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Sample Questions

Q1) The soft part of the nose and the supporting rings of the respiratory passages are composed of fibrocartilage.

A)True

B)False

Q2) Cardiac muscle can function without nervous stimulation but skeletal muscle cannot.

A)True

B)False

Q3) The blood-brain barrier consists of

A)capillaries whose cells are firmly attached by overlapping tight junctions surrounded by astrocytes.

B)a sheet of muscle tissue that separates the brain from the skull.

C)aligned blood cells.

D)capillaries joined by desmosomes that are closer together than they are elsewhere.

Q4) The study of tissues is called ___________.

Q5) Striations but not intercalated discs are seen in _____________ muscle tissue.

Q6) ______ _______ join cells,forming tissues.

Q7) The inner lining of the abdomen is a _______ membrane.

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Q8) Neuron axons transmit electrical impulses to _______,______,and ________.

Chapter 6: Skin and the Integumentary System

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Sample Questions

Q1) Individuals at elevated risk for hypothermia include

A)homeless people exposed to the outdoors.

B)the very old and the very young.

C)very thin people.

D)all of the above.

Q2) Corns are

A)areas of white skin pigmentation.

B)scaly scalp areas.

C)keratinized conical masses on toes.

D)growths emanating from the nostrils.

Q3) Localized redness,swelling,warmth,and pain are indicators of _________________,the normal response to injury.

Q4) Shafts of hair are composed of

A)living dermal cells.

B)dead epidermal cells.

C)living epidermal cells.

D)dead dermal cells.

Q5) The ______________ of the subcutaneous layer acts as a heat insulator.

Q6) ____________ is the pigment produced by melanocytes.

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Q7) Two or more types of tissue functioning together constitute a(n)___________.

Chapter 7: Skeletal System

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Sample Questions

Q1) Which of the following is not a function of bones?

A)Contraction

B)Attachment for muscles

C)Blood cell production

D)Storage of inorganic salts

Q2) The femur extends from the knee to the foot.

A)True

B)False

Q3) Which of the following increases the risk of developing osteoporosis?

A)Low intake of dietary calcium

B)Lack of physical exercise

C)Family history of the condition

D)All of the above

Q4) Bone-forming cells are called ______.

Q5) The medullary cavity of a long bone is lined with a thin cellular layer called ______.

Q6) The small intestine requires vitamin D to adequately absorb calcium.

A)True

B)False

Q7) The two divisions of the skeleton are called axial and ________.

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Chapter 8: Joints of the Skeletal System

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Sample Questions

Q1) Movement at the ankle that brings the foot closer to the shin is ________.

Q2) Artificial joints are built of A)glucosamine and chondroitin.

B)silicone polymers for small joints and metals for large joints.

C)silicone polymers for large joints and metals for small joints.

D)proteins for small joints and carbohydrates for large joints.

Q3) The hip joint is a ball-and-socket joint.

A)True

B)False

Q4) A synchondrosis

A)allows bone growth.

B)equalizes pressure between vertebrae.

C)includes a joint capsule.

D)allows free movement.

Q5) A condylar joint allows only up-and-down motion in one plane.

A)True

B)False

Q6) The ______ ______ in the knee joint help prevent displacement of the articulating surfaces.

Q7) Most joints of the skeletal system are _________.

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Chapter 9: Muscular System

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Sample Questions

Q1) A myogram is

A)a chart that shows how many muscle cells a neuron synapses with.

B)a recording of the events of a twitch.

C)a measurement of muscle tone.

D)a depiction of the results of a stress test.

Q2) The pigment responsible for the reddish brown color of skeletal muscle is ______.

Q3) Short muscle cells with centrally located nuclei are

A)smooth muscle fibers.

B)skeletal muscle fibers.

C)cardiac muscle fibers.

D)striated muscle fibers.

Q4) Both acetylcholine and norepinephrine can affect

A)smooth muscle contraction.

B)skeletal muscle contraction.

C)synthesis of actin and myosin.

D)exercise tolerance.

Q5) Endomysium separates individual muscle fibers from each other.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 10: Nervous System I

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Sample Questions

Q1) Most of the neurons in the brain and spinal cord are

A)bipolar.

B)unipolar

C)multipolar.

D)nonpolar.

Q2) A myelinated nerve fiber is ______,whereas an unmyelinated nerve fiber is ______.

A)gray,and composing the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord;white,and composing the white matter of the brain and spinal cord

B)white,and composing the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord;gray,and composing the white matter of the brain and spinal cord

C)white,and composing the white matter of the brain and spinal cord;gray,and composing the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord

D)white,and composing the gray matter of the brain and spinal cord;red,and composing the white matter of the brain and spinal cord

Q3) A nerve is a single neuron that transmits impulses.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 11: Nervous System II

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Sample Questions

Q1) If the right lateral spinothalamic tract is severed,

A)muscles on the left side are paralyzed.

B)muscles on the right side are paralyzed.

C)pain impulses from the left side are blocked.

D)pain impulses from the right side are blockeD.

Q2) Cerebrospinal fluid is

A)clear and liquid.

B)white and thick.

C)red.

D)yellow in the CNS and clear in the PNS.

Q3) The _________ nerve is a mixed cranial nerve that conducts sensory impulses from and motor impulses to the thoracic and abdominal viscera.

Q4) The choroid plexuses project into the ventricles.

A)True

B)False

Q5) Which of the following lists the parts of a reflex arc in the correct sequence?

A)Receptor,sensory neuron,motor neuron,interneuron,effector

B)Effector,receptor,sensory neuron,motor neuron,interneuron

C)Effector,sensory neuron,receptor,interneuron,motor neuron

D)Receptor,sensory neuron,interneuron,motor neuron,effector

Page 13

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Chapter 12: Nervous System III

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Sample Questions

Q1) Movement of hair cells in the semicircular canals signals

A)sound waves to the brain.

B)the direction of motion.

C)the frequency of the sound.

D)the velocity of the movement.

Q2) Sensory receptors include

A)mechanoreceptors.

B)chemoreceptors.

C)photoreceptors.

D)all of the above.

Q3) As they extend from the retina to the brain,the nerve fibers

A)from the nasal half of each retina cross over.

B)from the temporal half of each retina cross over.

C)all cross over.

D)do not cross over.

Q4) Referred pain occurs when the brain projects the sensation back to the original source in the body from which the pain originated.

A)True

B)False

Q5) Receptors stimulated by changes in temperature are called ____________ .

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Chapter 13: Endocrine System

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Sample Questions

Q1) Cortisol is useful in controlling inflammation reactions because it

A)decreases the permeability of capillaries.

B)increases synthesis of prostaglandins.

C)destabilizes lysosomal membranes.

D)decreases blood flow.

Q2) A hormone whose effects last a long time has a ____ half-life.

Q3) The thalamus controls secretion of pituitary hormones.

A)True

B)False

Q4) Hormones

A)regulate metabolism.

B)have functions in growth,reproduction,and development.

C)help regulate water and electrolyte balance and blood pressure.

D)do all of the above.

Q5) The nervous system releases hormones at synapses and the endocrine system releases neurotransmitters into the bloodstream.

A)True B)False

Q6) The ______ gland is located deep between the cerebral hemispheres attached to the roof of the third ventricle.

Page 15

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Chapter 14: Blood

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Sample Questions

Q1) The final step in the formation of a blood clot is

A)the formation of prothrombin activator.

B)that thrombin converts fibrinogen to fibrin.

C)that prothrombin activator converts prothrombin to thrombin.

D)tissue damage.

Q2) A pulmonary embolism is most likely caused by a clot reaching A)a lung through a pulmonary artery.

B)a lung through a pulmonary vein.

C)the heart through a pulmonary artery.

D)the heart through a pulmonary vein.

Q3) A person with type A blood can successfully donate blood to a person with type ________ blood.

A)A

B)B

C)O

D)none of the above

Q4) The most abundant type of plasma protein is ____________ .

Q5) The clumping of red blood cells that occurs when transfused blood is of an incompatible type is called ______________ .

Page 16

Q6) An abnormally low white blood cell count is called ____________ .

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Chapter 15: Cardiovascular System

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Sample Questions

Q1) Arteries are strong,elastic vessels that carry blood to the heart.

A)True

B)False

Q2) Which of the following is true about the heart?

A)The apex end points downward at about the 5th intercostal space.

B)The heart is located lateral to the lungs.

C)The average adult heart is about 8 cm long and 5 cm wide.

D)The base of the heart lies beneath the fourth rib.

Q3) A person warming up after being cold feels a warm rush as blood flows quickly to the peripheral appendages.Nitric oxide is important in this situation because it

A)raises blood pressure.

B)raises blood temperature.

C)relaxes the smooth muscle in the blood vessel wall.

D)enhances gas exchange.

Q4) Which of the following helps return blood to the heart?

A)Positive intrathoracic pressure

B)Valves in the arteries

C)Contracting skeletal muscles

D)Capillary action

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Chapter 16: Lymphatic System and Immunity

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Sample Questions

Q1) Interferon is a group of hormonelike peptides that cells produce in response to A)chemical irritants.

B)viruses.

C)bacteria.

D)fungi.

Q2) A virus differs from other pathogens in that it is A)larger.

B)more dangerous.

C)not capable of reproduction outside a living cell.

D)multicellular.

Q3) The thymus is in the mediastinum behind the sternum.

A)True

B)False

Q4) ______ is accumulation of tissue fluid in the interstitial spaces.

Q5) Tissue fluid is ______ and lymph is ______.

A)forced out of lymph vessels;absorbed into lymph vessels

B)forced out of blood plasma;absorbed into blood capillaries

C)rich in proteins;rich in proteins and foreign particles

D)forced out of blood plasma and generally lacking in proteins;absorbed into lymph capillaries

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Chapter 17: Digestive System

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Sample Questions

Q1) Activities of the digestive system generally increase when it is stimulated by A)sympathetic impulses.

B)parasympathetic impulses.

C)sensory impulses.

D)somatic impulses.

Q2) Bile salts aid the absorption of _________ vitamins.

Q3) Large,fixed phagocytes in the lining of the hepatic sinusoids are _______ cells.

Q4) Pancreatic fluid contains a high concentration of ______ ______,which makes it alkaline.

Q5) The enterogastric reflex begins in the stomach and ends in the small intestine.

A)True B)False

Q6) The sphincter muscle located between the small intestine and the large intestine is the ______ ______.

Q7) Fatty foods stay in the stomach longer than protein or carbohydrate foods. A)True B)False

Q8) The _________ reflex regulates the rate at which chyme leaves the stomach.

Q9) Chisel-shaped teeth are _______.

Q10) The passageway through the digestive tube is called the _____. Page 19

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Chapter 18: Nutrition and Metabolism

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Sample Questions

Q1) The ways that nutrients are altered chemically and used in cells to build up and break down compounds is called _________.

Q2) Factors that affect BMR are

A)body size.

B)body temperature.

C)the level of endocrine activity.

D)all of the above.

Q3) Gram for gram,carbohydrate provides about twice as much energy as protein.

A)True

B)False

Q4) A triglyceride consists of

A)three glycerols and a fatty acid.

B)glycerol and three fatty acids.

C)a cholesterol and three fatty acids.

D)two cholesterols and two fatty acids.

Q5) Hannah eats tremendous amounts of food,but then takes laxatives,vomits,and exercises to keep from gaining weight.She has an eating disorder called ____.

Q6) Riboflavin is carried in the blood combined with the blood protein called ______.

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Chapter 19: Respiratory System

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Sample Questions

Q1) The walls of the alveoli are composed of

A)ciliated columnar epithelium.

B)simple squamous epithelium.

C)stratified squamous epithelium.

D)areolar connective tissue.

Q2) The enzyme carbonic anhydrase causes

A)carbon dioxide to react with water.

B)carbon dioxide to react with bicarbonate ions.

C)water to react with bicarbonate ions.

D)water to react with hydrogen ions.

Q3) A voluntary increase in the rate and depth of breathing is called ______.

Q4) The partial pressure of oxygen that stimulates the respiratory areas is ___ of normal.

A)33%

B)50%

C)67%

D)80%

Q5) Carbon monoxide bonds to hemoglobin more effectively than does oxygen.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 20: Urinary System

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Sample Questions

Q1) Nephrons whose corpuscles are near the renal medulla are called _____ _____.

Q2) Hemodialysis involves

A)an artificial kidney.

B)an artificial liver.

C)a kidney transplant.

D)a bone marrow transplant.

Q3) Which of the following is correct concerning the location of the kidneys?

A)The right kidney is usually higher than the left one.

B)They are located behind the parietal peritoneum.

C)Their upper borders are about at the level of the third lumbar vertebra.

D)They are against the anterior wall of the abdominal cavity.

Q4) During urine formation,some substances move from the plasma in the peritubular capillary into the renal tubule by the process called _____.

Q5) A nephron consists of

A)a renal corpuscle and a renal tubule.

B)an afferent and efferent arteriole.

C)a cortex and a medulla.

D)a bladder and a ureter.

Q6) Cells in the _________ produce ADH.

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Q7) Water is reabsorbed throughout most of the renal tubule by the process of _____.

Chapter 21: Water, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Balance

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Q1) Dehydration is caused by A)excessive sweating.

B)prolonged water deprivation.

C)prolonged vomiting or prolonged diarrhea.

D)all of the above.

Q2) Carbon dioxide reacts with water to form _____ _____.

Q3) A person usually drinks about ____ milliliters a day.

A)500

B)1,000

C)1,500

D)2,500

Q4) Effects of hypokalemia include A)muscle weakness.

B)acne.

C)sweating.

D)diabetes.

Q5) The intracellular fluid compartment includes all water and electrolytes enclosed by a _____ _____.

Q6) Water obtained as a by-product of the oxidation of various nutrients is called water of _____.

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Chapter 22: Reproductive Systems

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Q1) The last fluid expelled from the urethra during ejaculation comes from the A)testes.

B)bulbourethral gland.

C)prostate gland.

D)seminal vesicles.

Q2) The interstitial cells of the testes produce A)seminal fluid.

B)spermatogenic cells.

C)sperm cells.

D)androgens.

Q3) Factors that may suggest prostate cancer include A)cellular changes observed in a biopsy sample.

B)elevated PSA level in the blood.

C)enlargement of the prostate gland.

D)all of the above.

Q4) The testes originate from tissues posterior to the parietal pleura.

A)True

B)False

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Chapter 23: Pregnancy, Growth, and Development

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Q1) Which of the following is not a characteristic of childhood?

A)Secondary teeth replacing primary teeth

B)Becoming reproductively functional

C)Establishing bowel control

D)Developing a high degree of voluntary muscular control

Q2) The implantation of the blastocyst results from

A)enzymes digesting the endometrium around the blastocyst.

B)hyaluronic acid breaking down the myometrium around the blastocyst.

C)hCG stimulating the growth of trophoblast blood vessels.

D)the cessation of the reproductive cycle.

Q3) The foramen ovale is an opening that allows fetal blood to pass from the

A)right atrium to the left atrium.

B)left atrium to right atrium.

C)right ventricle to the left ventricle.

D)left ventricle to the right ventricle.

Q4) Fetal hemoglobin becomes largely replaced with adult hemoglobin

A)after the first trimester.

B)at birth.

C)from 4 months after birth.

D)when a child starts school.

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Chapter 24: Genetics and Genomics

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Q1) Genetics is the study of

A)sperm and eggs.

B)the effect of the environment on health.

C)inheritance of characteristics.

D)DNA.

Q2) A pharmacogenetic test can reveal whether a certain drug will be effective and/or cause adverse effects in a particular person.

A)True

B)False

Q3) In incomplete dominance,

A)the heterozygous phenotype is intermediate between that of either homozygote.

B)one allele masks the effect of the other.

C)one allele is inactive.

D)only one sex is affecteD.

Q4) We can predict the likelihood of a particular inherited trait occurring in a particular family member by consulting the ways that genes are transmitted on chromosomes.

A)True

B)False

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