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Introduction to American History offers students a comprehensive overview of the major events, figures, and themes that have shaped the United States from pre-Columbian times to the present. The course examines the cultural, political, social, and economic developments that define the American experience, with a focus on key episodes such as colonization, the American Revolution, Civil War, industrialization, the world wars, the civil rights movement, and recent trends. Through critical analysis of primary and secondary sources, students will gain a deeper understanding of the complexities of American society and its ongoing evolution within a global context.
Recommended Textbook
AMERICA A Narrative History 10th Edition by
David Emory Shi
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Q1) The city of Tenochtitlán was founded in 1325 by the:
A) Mayas
B) Chibchas
C) Incas
D) Aztecs
E) Anasazis
Answer: D
Q2) A major reason for the defeat of the Spanish Armada was:
A) storms in the North Sea
B) Elizabeth's brilliance as a naval strategist
C) the incompetence of the Spanish captains
D) the greater size of the English vessels
E) inaccurate Spanish maps and compasses
Answer: A
Q3) Ferdinand Magellan's ship was the first to sail around the world.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Q1) When Massachusetts leader John Winthrop spoke of "a city upon a hill," he was referring to that colony's desire to:
A) be financially successful
B) become independent of England
C) serve as a model Christian community
D) establish an ideal government
E) convert the Indians to Christianity
Answer: C
Q2) By the early eighteenth century, the English colonies in North America: A) extended beyond the Appalachians
B) had eliminated their French and Spanish rivals C) were the most populous and prosperous on the continent D) were on the verge of independence from England
E) remained tiny outposts of civilization
Answer: C
Q3) New Netherland became one of the most ethnically diverse American colonies. A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Q1) By 1700, the most democratic and important social institutions were:
A) coffee houses
B) churches
C) theaters
D) colleges
E) taverns
Answer: E
Q2) The best explanation for the Salem witch craze is:
A) the playacting and false accusations of teenage girls
B) the presence of real witches in Salem Village
C) social division and anxieties within the village
D) the low rate of literacy among the villagers
E) natural hallucinogens in the local water supply
Answer: C
Q3) During the eighteenth century, demand for slaves in the southern colonies declined slightly.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Q1) Which of the following did the French settle first?
A) Mobile
B) New Orleans
C) Detroit
D) St. Louis
E) Quebec
Q2) A "writ of assistance" was:
A) an order to the public to assist police officers in arresting suspected smugglers
B) a blanket search warrant that did not specify the place to be searched
C) the legal order that guaranteed trial by jury
D) a government document used to assess criminal fines on colonists suspected of smuggling
E) official permission to unload cargo in a colonial port
Q3) The Declaratory Act of 1766:
A) required Americans to declare loyalty to the Crown
B) recognized the principle of "no taxation without representation"
C) repealed all prior British taxes
D) reasserted the government's right to tax the colonists
E) gave Americans some seats in Parliament
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Q1) During the war, Benjamin Franklin's son, William:
A) was a prominent American general
B) served as minister to France
C) stayed loyal to Britain
D) deserted from the Continental army
E) earned his father's admiration
Q2) Discuss the choices colonists had to make concerning which side to support during the American Revolution.
Q3) The peace treaty was signed in:
A) Brussels
B) London
C) Madrid
D) Amsterdam
E) Paris
Q4) An important American victory-"the turn of the tide of success"-was at:
A) Savannah
B) Camden
C) Vincennes
D) Charleston
E) Kings Mountain

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Q1) The Constitution addressed slavery by:
A) referring numerous times to "slaves" or "slavery"
B) counting slaves as three fifths of a person for the purposes of apportionment
C) requiring that all slaves count toward a state's congressional representation
D) making it legal in every state
E) requiring that slaves have full legal protections
Q2) The first of these states to ratify the Constitution was:
A) Delaware
B) New York
C) Rhode Island
D) Virginia
E) Massachusetts
Q3) It is sometimes assumed that because the Articles of Confederation were weak, they were unpopular. Discuss the merits of this statement.
Q4) The partisan divisions of the 1790s ended the friendship of Adams and Jefferson for an extended period.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the system of checks and balances in the Constitution.
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Q1) Stephen Decatur
A)appointed justice of the peace in the District of Columbia
B)elected president in 1804
C)negotiated the Louisiana Purchase
D)was a naval hero against the Barbary pirates
E)was a war hawk from Kentucky
F)saw the British attack of Fort McHenry from Baltimore Harbor
G)became vice president in 1801
H)was chief justice
I)was an American naval hero in the War of 1812
J)explored the Louisiana Purchase and Far West
Q2) Describe the Lewis and Clark expedition. What impact did it have on developing the United States west of the Mississippi River?
Q3) Marbury v. Madison was sparked by Jefferson's attempts to repeal the judgeships initiated by Adams's "midnight appointments."
A)True
B)False
Q4) Examine Aaron Burr's western conspiracy.
Q5) Explain the Treaty of Ghent and the end of the War of 1812.
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Q1) The cotton gin's invention:
A) meant that fewer slaves were needed
B) made cotton a major export item
C) spurred immigration to the South
D) caused slavery to spread to Ohio and Illinois
E) increased imports from Britain
Q2) By the 1850s, railroads had begun to receive encouragement from the federal government in the form of:
A) military protection
B) monetary backing
C) a ban on further canal construction
D) advertising
E) land grants
Q3) What factors account for the tremendous growth in cotton cultivation from 1790 to 1860?
Q4) Discuss the communications revolution and its impact on advancing the nation.
Q5) Theatergoers in the antebellum period often hurled insults and objects at performers.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) The Panic of 1819 turned into a depression because:
A) cotton prices collapsed
B) international commerce slowed
C) banks failed
D) businessmen and speculators had recklessly borrowed money
E) the "whole Banking system" was "swindling on a large scale"
Q2) The immediate cause of the Panic of 1819 was:
A) the flooding of the American market with cheap British goods
B) the collapse of the Bank of the United States
C) the Transcontinental Treaty of 1819
D) the difficulty of obtaining credit
E) a sudden collapse of cotton prices
Q3) Support for the Tariff of 1816 came primarily from the South.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss the election of 1824. Be sure to include all of the candidates, details of the campaign itself, the outcome, and the political controversy after the election.
Q5) Detail the Missouri Compromise of 1820. Discuss the various obstacles that needed to be solved in order to complete the deal.
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Q1) During Jackson's presidency, the national debt grew smaller until it was paid off entirely in 1835.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Describe the election of 1832. What were the major political parties, and what were the significant issues involved in the campaign? What was the outcome?
Q3) Martin Van Buren resigned from Jackson's cabinet:
A) in order to give the president a clear path to replace the entire cabinet
B) in order to challenge Jackson for the presidency in 1832
C) because he did not want to be viewed as competition for the president
D) for financial reasons
E) in order to be Henry Clay's vice presidential running mate
Q4) Discuss the diverse coalition of the Whigs. What were the major characteristics of "Whiggery"?
Q5) Ultimately, the Jackson presidency was revolutionary. Discuss the major political changes brought about by Jackson's administration.
Q6) Discuss Jackson's idea of personal politics, to include the death of his wife shortly after his 1828 electoral victory and his destruction of the B.U.S.
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Q1) Mary Chesnut
A)plotted a slave revolt near Richmond in 1800
B)was hanged for killing her master when defending herself against a sexual assault
C)ran away from slavery in Maryland and became an outspoken critic of the institution
D)plantation mistress who was a critic of the plantation system
E)led a successful slave revolt on Saint-Domingue
F)allegedly plotted slave rebellion in South Carolina
G)free black man kidnapped and sold into slavery in the South
H)led the largest slave revolt in American history just north of New Orleans
I)author of Uncle Tom's Cabin
J)led a slave revolt in 1831 in Southampton County, Virginia
Q2) What made the Old Southwest different from other parts of the South? Why are those differences important to understanding the antebellum period?
Q3) The large-scale slaveholding planter class made up only a very small portion of the overall southern society.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) Detail the rise of the temperance movement in American society. What was the outcome of this movement's efforts?
Q2) Dorothea Lynde Dix directed her reform efforts at:
A) insane asylums
B) public education
C) women's rights
D) slavery
E) temperance
Q3) John Calhoun
A)set up Seneca Falls Convention
B)founder of the anti-slavery newspaper The Liberator
C)pro-slavery senator from South Carolina
D)founded Mormonism
E)founder of the Oneida Community
F)revivalist who initiated the "circuit rider" system
G)promoted statewide school systems
H)advocated for the reform of insane asylums
I)escaped slave who became a leading anti-slavery advocate
Q4) Trace the evolution of early American literature. Who were the major writers? Discuss their works.
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Q1) What effect did Mexico's winning its independence from Spain have on American settlement in the Southwest?
A) The establishment of the new Mexican state made settlement in its territories more difficult.
B) Patterns of American settlement of the former Spanish, now Mexican, territories remained unchanged.
C) American settlers were immediately and forcibly removed from all Mexican territories.
D) American settlement and expansion into the former Spanish territories increased after Mexico gained independence.
E) Americans began to flee the former Spanish territories once Mexico gained independence.
Q2) The decisive victory in the war came with Winfield Scott's capture of:
A) Monterrey
B) Veracruz
C) Cerro Gordo
D) Puebla
E) Mexico City
Q3) Discuss the causes and consequences of the Mexican-American war.
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Q1) The Wilmot Proviso:
A) would prohibit slavery in any lands acquired from Mexico
B) passed both houses of Congress
C) was opposed in Congress by Abraham Lincoln
D) would extend the Missouri Compromise line to the Pacific
E) was clearly unconstitutional
Q2) The states of the Deep South did not secede from the Union until Lincoln took office.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In the 1856 election, the Democrats supported all of the following EXCEPT:
A) the Kansas-Nebraska Act
B) vigorous enforcement of the fugitive slave law
C) religious liberty
D) the reinstitution of the Missouri Compromise
E) no congressional interference with slavery in the states or territories
Q4) In 1857, the majority of the population in Kansas was anti-slavery.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Detail the Wilmot Proviso. What impact did it have on the debate over slavery?
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Q1) At Appomattox Court House:
A) Jefferson Davis was captured
B) Joseph Johnston led his last attack against Sherman
C) the last battle of the war took place
D) Lee surrendered to Grant
E) the Confederates shifted to guerrilla warfare
Q2) One of the reasons that the First Battle of Bull Run was such a sobering experience for both North and South was that both sides
A) fled the battlefield before the battle was decided
B) mutinied against their leader
C) tried to surrender after the first exchange of fire
D) realized they were not willing to fight a long war
E) underestimated the other's strength and tenacity
Q3) Discuss the issue of conscription. How did the North and the South implement it?
Q4) Congress did all of the following during the war EXCEPT:
A) ban foreign immigration
B) approve a transcontinental railroad
C) raise tariff rates
D) pass a Homestead Act
E) establish state colleges teaching "agriculture and mechanic arts"
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Q1) President Johnson's plan to restore the Union closely resembled Lincoln's.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Why did service in the Union army or navy benefit many freedmen?
A) It offered training on how to kill former Confederates.
B) It instilled a respect for the former Confederacy.
C) It opened a secret supply of weapons for planned rebellions.
D) It provided training in leadership and alerted them to new opportunities in economic advancement and civic leadership.
E) It offered a quicker avenue to true racial equality.
Q3) In response to the Klan, President Grant:
A) did nothing
B) endorsed their activities
C) created a special federal police force
D) ordered the army to crush it
E) tried to protect black rights
Q4) Describe the reign of white terror during Reconstruction and how Congress reacted to the violence.
Q5) What were the major economic issues between 1868 and 1876?
Q6) Explain the Fourteenth Amendment and how it was received throughout the country.
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1860-1900
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Q1) Trace the development and completion of the first transcontinental railroad. Identify the factors that delayed its development, what obstacles had to be removed before it could proceed, and why its completion was significant to the United States.
Q2) For industrial workers in Gilded Age America:
A) real wages fell because of rising prices
B) a forty-hour work week was the standard
C) government regulations provided a safe work environment
D) working and living conditions remained precarious
E) forging a work permit for children was seen as taboo
Q3) Sears, Roebuck and Company was a pioneer in:
A) selling goods by mail
B) retail, opening a chain of grocery stores across the United States
C) manufacturing cheap, practical clothing
D) providing electric power for New York City
E) retail, opening a chain of tool stores across the United States
Q4) Andrew Carnegie invented the process that enabled a dramatic increase in steel production.
A)True
B)False

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18: The New South and the New West, 1865-1900
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Q1) Twenty-five percent of the cowboys who participated in the Texas cattle drives were African Americans.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Describe how the pervasive use of tenancy and sharecropping affected the environment.
Q3) What was the African American experience during the latter part of the nineteenth century? How did that experience vary depending on the region?
Q4) By 1883, there were half a million cattle in eastern Montana.
A)True
B)False
Q5) As railroads brought piles of lumber to the West:
A) the lumber industry experienced a shortage of lumber in the East
B) farmers protested this development
C) local lumber companies protested
D) farmers could upgrade their houses
E) Indians protested the arrival of this commodity
Q6) Describe the special problems that settlers on the frontier faced, focusing on the conditions that women faced as they settled West.
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Q1) Facing severe restrictions in their free time, married working women often:
A) spent their days totally alone
B) found fellowship with other women on the public streets while tending to other responsibilities
C) divorced their husbands and abandoned their children
D) ran for political office to change the laws that hurt them
E) settled for having pets
Q2) The American Protective Association:
A) was a group of pharmaceutical companies that began a sanitation campaign in New York City
B) was mainly an anti-Semitic organization operating in the Deep South
C) was a secret organization whose members pledged never to employ or vote for a Roman Catholic
D) campaigned for a stronger navy from its base in the Northeast
E) consisted almost entirely of immigrants from southern and eastern Europe who favored liberal immigration policies
Q3) Discuss the most serious public health challenges the urban population faced, how those challenges were addressed, and how effective the solutions were.
Q4) Describe how living in an urban environment impacted women's lives.
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Q1) As a result of Japan's show of strength in the Russo-Japanese War:
A) America was quick to send money and support troops to aid Russia
B) Congress voted to send financial and military aid to Korea to help prevent a Japanese invasion of the Korean peninsula
C) Congress lifted the limitations it had previously set on Japanese immigration
D) Americans began to doubt the security of the Philippines
E) Americans cut a deal with Korea to protect the Open Door
Q2) The United States purchased Alaska from Great Britain.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Who shouted, "Kill all the gringos"?
A) Porfirio Díaz
B) Pancho Villa
C) Victoriano Huerta
D) Valeriano Weyler
E) Francisco Madero
Q4) In an act of terrorism, Spaniards in Cuba blew up the battleship Maine.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What was the Open Door policy, and how did it come about?
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Q1) Which candidate was shot during the 1912 presidential campaign?
A) Eugene V. Debs
B) Theodore Roosevelt
C) William Howard Taft
D) Woodrow Wilson
E) Grover Cleveland
Q2) In what ways was the election of 1912 significant?
Q3) Of the four presidential candidates in 1912, the one most likely to advocate government ownership of big business was:
A) William Jennings Bryan
B) Woodrow Wilson
C) William Howard Taft
D) Theodore Roosevelt
E) Eugene V. Debs
Q4) Who were the muckrakers, and what impact did they have on American society?
Q5) Theodore Roosevelt took a strong activist approach to the presidency.
A)True
B)False
Q6) Describe the five major themes of progressive reform.
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Chapter 22: America and the Great War, 1914-1920
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Q1) For all of his accomplishments and abilities, Woodrow Wilson had:
A) no executive experience
B) no formal education
C) extensive experience and expertise in international relations before he was elected president
D) little experience in international relations before he was elected president
E) very little influence on the domestic economy
Q2) Which of the following statements best describes the diplomatic stance of Woodrow Wilson and William Jennings Bryan?
A) America must, above all else, protect American interests around the world.
B) America must not interfere in the affairs of other nations.
C) America has a religious duty to spread democracy and Christianity throughout the world.
D) America should prove its might wherever and whenever possible.
E) America must never put internationality above nationality.
Q3) Theodore Roosevelt's son Kermit, a pilot, was killed in the war.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Trace America's attempt at neutrality prior to its entry into World War I.
Q5) Discuss the various initial American reactions to the start of World War I.
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Q1) The success of mass production made mass consumption less important than ever.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of the following did W.E.B. Du Bois say in his opposition to Marcus Garvey?
A) "We have to rid ourselves of this viper."
B) "He will help only his friends and not the great mass of black people."
C) "He thinks that black people are only good enough to be plumbers."
D) "He believes himself to be the very second coming of Christ."
E) He is "the most dangerous enemy of the Negro race. . . . He is either a lunatic or a traitor."
Q3) During the 1920s, scientists' ideas about the nature of the universe inspired modernist artists to try new techniques.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Discuss the emerging mass culture from the crucible of the Great War to the Great Depression.
Q5) Describe the defensive temper of the 1920s. What factors contributed to it?
Q6) Discuss the meaning and significance of the Harlem Renaissance.
Q7) Describe the influence of modernism in literature.
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Q1) The immigration quota laws passed in the 1920s favored immigrants from northern and western Europe.
A)True
B)False
Q2) One major cause of the Depression was that workers' wages were too high.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The Scopes "monkey trial" sought to keep the theory of evolution in science classrooms in Tennessee.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In the 1928 presidential election, the Democrats nominated:
A) Franklin D. Roosevelt
B) Herbert Hoover
C) Rex Tugwell
D) Alfred Smith
E) Harry Truman
Q5) Calvin Coolidge was notorious for his love of whiskey, poker, and women.
A)True
B)False
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Q1) Like Huey Long, Charles Coughlin:
A) appealed to people who had lost the most during the Great Depression
B) emphasized tax breaks for big business
C) was involved in the creation of a fascist dictatorship
D) called for unadulterated free-market capitalism
E) was involved in closing down Wall Street brokerage firms
Q2) To earn the federal payments for reducing crops:
A) tenants and sharecroppers had to stick with lucrative staples such as cotton
B) farmers had to let fields go idle for three years in a row
C) many landowners kicked off black tenants in favor of whites
D) farmers often starved because they were not allowed to grow even small vegetable gardens
E) many landowners took their leased lands out of production
Q3) In 1932, how many people were unemployed in America?
A) 25 million
B) 35 million
C) 15 million
D) 40 million
E) 50 million
Q4) How did New Deal reforms attempt to raise farm prices and stabilize industry?
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Q1) Henry L. Stimson
A)American admiral in the Pacific
B)Republican appointed secretary of war in 1940
C)Democratic presidential candidate in 1940
D)elected vice president in 1944
E)directed the construction of atomic bombs
F)was in charge of all U.S. forces in east Asia
G)lost the presidential election in 1940
H)drew up the Atlantic Charter with an American president
I)senator who led the committee that coined term "merchants of death"
J)lost the presidential election in 1944
Q2) Detail the expanding Axis power in the 1930s. What did its expansion signal for the future of the world?
Q3) In 1935, Hitler, in flagrant violation of the Versailles Treaty, began rebuilding:
A) Germany's economy
B) Germany's infrastructure
C) Germany's spy service
D) Germany's new opera halls
E) Germany's armed forces
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Q1) In his Wheeling speech, Senator Joseph McCarthy claimed to have a list of Communists in:
A) the White House
B) the State Department
C) the FBI
D) Congress
E) the movie industry
Q2) Truman's response to the Soviet blockade of West Berlin in 1948 was to:
A) divide the rest of Germany into occupation zones
B) mass American troops on the Soviet border
C) get the United Nations to officially protest
D) launch a massive airlift of supplies into West Berlin
E) meet with Stalin to diplomatically resolve the crisis
Q3) Truman fired MacArthur:
A) for incompetence
B) because of party politics
C) for insubordination
D) for reasons that are still unknown
E) because he never liked him personally
Q4) Describe the social and economic effects of demobilization.
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Q1) Trace the rise of youth culture in the 1950s.
Q2) The African American writer who explored the theme of social alienation in Invisible Man was:
A) Arthur Miller
B) William Styron
C) Ralph Ellison
D) John Updike
E) James Jones
Q3) Ralph Ellison wrote Invisible Man.
A)True
B)False
Q4) All of the following countries were physically damaged during World War II EXCEPT:
A) Great Britain
B) France
C) Japan
D) the United States
E) Germany
Q5) Describe the major trends in American foreign policy in the 1950s.
Q6) How did the image of women reflect the corporate life of the 1950s?
Page 30
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Chapter 29: A New Frontier and a Great Society, 1960-1968
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Q1) The major purpose of the Soviet missiles placed in Cuba was to:
A) deter another American-supported invasion of Cuba
B) show hard-liners in the Soviet military that Khrushchev was sufficiently tough
C) launch an attack upon the United States
D) make Castro more dependent upon the Soviets
E) get Kennedy to let the Soviets have West Berlin
Q2) On June 6, 1968, Sirhan Sirhan shot and killed:
A) Martin Luther King
B) Malcolm X
C) George Wallace
D) Robert Kennedy
E) Eugene McCarthy
Q3) The 1968 Democratic National Convention in Chicago:
A) boosted the candidacy of Hubert Humphrey
B) showed the patience of Mayor Daley and the Chicago police
C) resulted in massive rioting in the streets
D) was dull and uninspiring
E) successfully appealed to the values of "middle America"
Q4) Describe the Warren Court's impact on American domestic life in the 1960s.
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Q1) Betty Friedan's The Feminine Mystique:
A) celebrated the cult of female domesticity
B) explained the unhappiness of so many middle-class women
C) told women how to better please their husbands
D) painted an ideal portrait of suburban living
E) argued that women should be paid high wages for housework
Q2) When North Vietnam invaded South Vietnam in 1975, U.S. troops were sent back into the region.
A)True
B)False
Q3) President Ford vetoed more bills than any previous president.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe the domestic policy of the Nixon administration.
Q5) Nixon's southern strategy involved winning southern support by:
A) capitalizing on their skepticism of federal social welfare programs
B) stepping up the military effort in Vietnam
C) expressing sympathy toward fundamentalist Christians
D) making southerners dominant in his cabinet
E) increasing federal support of the South's economy
Page 32
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Q1) Eduard Shevardnadze was Gorbachev's:
A) foreign minister
B) interior minister
C) director of the KGB
D) minister of territories
E) minister of health
Q2) What was America's role in world affairs during the Reagan and Bush years?
Q3) The collapse of stock prices that occurred on "Black Monday" (October 19, 1987):
A) caused a depression
B) continued for years
C) affected only the United States
D) caused Reagan to further reduce taxes
E) in percentage terms, was the worst in American history
Q4) Bush's goal as president seemed to be to:
A) pursue his own ambitious legislative agenda
B) wipe out the Democratic opposition
C) consolidate Reagan's policies and achievements
D) be a Kennedy-like inspirational leader
E) establish a dynasty of Bushes in the White House
Q5) Describe and illustrate the main features of Reaganomics.
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Chapter 32: Twenty-first-century America, 1993-present
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Q1) The fundamental source of instability in the Balkans in the 1990s was:
A) the poverty of the region
B) conflict over supplies of petroleum
C) the breakup of Yugoslavia in 1991
D) German and Italian ambitions in the area
E) conflict between Orthodox Christians and Catholics
Q2) The most evident sign of the economic crisis by October 2008 was:
A) plummeting stock prices
B) fuel shortages and long lines at gas stations
C) a drying up of illegal immigration
D) a large number of bankers being sent to prison
E) growing public support for socialism
Q3) The conservative mood of the mid-1990s especially manifested itself in a number of court rulings that limited:
A) capital punishment
B) government spending
C) church-state separation
D) affirmative action
E) sexual freedom
Q4) What factors might account for the Republican gains in the 1994 elections?
Page 34
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