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Interpersonal Relations Study Guide Questions - 964 Verified Questions

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Interpersonal Relations Study Guide Questions

Course Introduction

Interpersonal Relations explores the dynamics of human interactions, emphasizing the development of effective communication, empathy, conflict resolution, and relationship-building skills. The course examines psychological theories, cultural influences, and social behaviors that shape how individuals connect and collaborate in both personal and professional settings. Through interactive activities and reflective exercises, students learn to identify barriers to effective relationships and apply strategies to enhance understanding, trust, and cooperation with others.

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Exploring Social Psychology 6th Edition by David

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Chapter 1: Doing Social Psychology

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Q1) You have just participated in a research study that required you to choose which picture you preferred among several pairs.At the end of the study,the researcher explained that she was trying to identify correlations between age,gender,and racial groups when making preferences.The researcher's disclosing of the true purpose of the study is part of the ____ process.

A) debriefing

B) deception

C) informed consent

D) experimental honesty

Answer: A

Q2) What is an advantage of using correlational designs instead of experimental designs?

A) Results from experiments offer ambiguous interpretation of cause and effect.

B) Correlations allow psychologists to investigate variables in natural settings.

C) Experiments can only take place in laboratories.

D) Results from correlations can yield cause and effect relationships if evaluated in laboratory settings.

Answer: B

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Chapter 2: Did You Know It All Along

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Q1) When evaluating intelligence errors after the 9/11 tragedy,hindsight bias makes us more likely to:

A) be positively impressed by the overall decision-making process.

B) blame authorities for making what now seem like bad choices.

C) forgive authorities for making understandable mistakes in crises.

D) confirm our existing decision-making strategies.

Answer: B

Q2) When asked who you think will win the next presidential election,you reply that you do not know.However,after the election results are reported,you claim that it was obvious all along.This is an example of the

A) retrospective bias.

B) information bias.

C) prediction bias.

D) hindsight bias.

Answer: D

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Chapter 3: Self-Concept: Who Am I

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Q1) found that,for American students,happiness comes from feeling

A) close, friendly and respectful.

B) effective, superior and proud.

C) like part of a successful group.

D) included and wanted.

Answer: B

Q2) When it comes to predicting the intensity and duration of our future emotions,research indicates that most people

A) excel.

B) experience great difficulty.

C) perform moderately well.

D) either excel or fail, depending on the situation.

Answer: B

Q3) A person's completion of the phrase "I am _____" comprises his or her.

A) personality

B) self-schema

C) self-esteem

D) self-concept

Answer: D

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Chapter 4: Self-Serving Bias

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Q1) found that when describing their old pre-college selves,university students offered _______ negative _______ positive statements.

A) more; than B) less; than C) as many; as D) double as many; compared to

Q2) Which of the following is an example of unrealistic optimism?

A) If I study enough, I'll do well on this exam.

B) I'm sure I'll get a great job when I graduate.

C) The stock market is a very risky place.

D) If I quit smoking, I'll lower my risk of cancer.

Q3) Saying "I earned an A on my psychology test" versus "My instructor gave me a C on my psychology test" exemplifies how we associate ourselves with A) failure and distance ourselves from success. B) success and distance ourselves from failure.

C) rewards and distance ourselves from punishment. D) punishment and distance ourselves from rewards.

Q4) Discuss how the self-serving bias is both adaptive and maladaptive.

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Chapter 5: The Power of Positive Thinking

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Q1) After much contemplation,you decide to decline an invitation to a really great party,as you need to study for an exam.Doing well on this exam will help you meet your long-term goal of graduating with a strong grade point average,which will help you obtain a desirable job.You likely have a(n)_______ locus of control.

A) internal

B) external

C) high

D) low

Q2) Your best friend earned a grade of "F" on her latest physics exam,and believes it was because the professor wrote a very difficult exam.She therefore has a(n)_______ locus of control.

A) internal

B) external

C) high

D) low

Q3) Discuss the differences between internal and an external locus of control.

Q4) Compare and contrast the concepts of self-efficacy and locus of control.

Q5) Review the evidence that supports the "dark side of high self-esteem."

Q6) Compare and contrast the concepts of self-efficacy and self-esteem.

Page 7

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Chapter 6: The Fundamental Attribution Error

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Q1) Researchers randomly assigned participants to play the part of either a quiz game contestant or the host,while other participants merely observed the game.Results indicated that

A) both contestants and observers thought the hosts were more knowledgeable than the contestants.

B) both contestants and observers thought the contestants were more knowledgeable than the hosts.

C) observers thought the hosts were more knowledgeable, but contestants attributed the outcomes to the situation.

D) hosts thought themselves more knowledgeable, but contestants attributed the outcomes to the situation.

Q2) Describe an example of how the actor-observer difference could play a role in racist beliefs.

Q3) According to the text,observers tend to attribute a person's behavior to _______ the more that time passes.

A) the situation

B) his or her personal characteristics

C) both the situation and his or her personal characteristics

D) neither the situation nor his or her personal characteristics

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Chapter 7: The Powers and Perils of Intuition

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Q1) found that those students who scored lowest on tests of grammar and logic were _______ to overestimating their grammar and logic skills.

A) least prone

B) most prone

C) sometimes prone

D) never prone

Q2) Researchers had students write essays opposing student control over university curricula.When asked to recall how they had felt about the same issue a week earlier,most of the students

A) remembered having held a very different attitude.

B) could not remember how they had felt.

C) mistakenly "remembered" having felt the same as they do now.

D) admitted they had always supported student control of university curricula but pretended to oppose it in their essays.

Q3) The tendency to overestimate the accuracy of one's beliefs is called the A) perseverance bias.

B) fundamental attribution error.

C) correspondence bias.

D) overconfidence phenomenon.

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Chapter 8: Reasons for Unreason

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Q1) Thinking that our premonitions correlate with events represents A) a representative heuristic.

B) an availability heuristic.

C) an illusory correlation.

D) the overconfidence phenomenon.

Q2) The "Kulechov effect" (named after a Russian film director)is another illustration of A) the principle of belief perseverance.

B) confirmation bias.

C) false memories.

D) how our preconceptions determine our subsequent perceptions of emotion.

Q3) The idea that chance events are subject to our influence describes A) an illusory correlation.

B) the illusion of control.

C) a representative heuristic.

D) an availability heuristic.

Q4) Provide examples of the availability heuristic.

Q5) What is illusory thinking and what are its effects?

Q6) Describe how behavioral confirmation can take place in a classroom.

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Chapter 9: Behavior and Belief

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Q1) Compare and contrast cognitive dissonance and self-perception theories.

Q2) A set of norms that defines how people in a given social position ought to behave is what social psychologists call a(n)

A) attitude.

B) behavior.

C) role.

D) stereotype.

Q3) As noted in the textbook,at the beginning of the Iraq war only 38% of Americans said the war was justified even if Iraq did not have weapons of mass destruction.When no such weapons were found after the war,58% of Americans then supported the war.Myers explains this revision of people's memories of the government's rationale for going to war as an example of

A) self-presentation.

B) cognitive dissonance.

C) self-justification.

D) self-perception.

Q4) Describe how the dissonance theory could explain your post-choice thinking regarding the purchase of a new car over a used one.

Q5) Explain the attitudes-follow-behavior principle and give an example.

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Chapter 10: Clinical Intuition

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Q1) gave interviewers some hypotheses to test concerning individuals' traits,and found that people often tested for a trait by

A) asking those being tested for a general self-evaluation.

B) looking for information that would contradict it.

C) looking for information that would confirm it.

D) asking very specific questions to disprove it.

Q2) ,clinicians who dealt with pseudo-patients who had faked symptoms to get into mental hospitals demonstrated the error of

A) self-serving bias.

B) hindsight bias.

C) self-handicapping.

D) overjustification.

Q3) According to Myers,to avoid being fooled by the hindsight bias

A) you should guard against the tendency to ask questions that assume your preconceptions are correct.

B) you should beware of the tendency to see relationships you expect to see.

C) you should realize that it can lead you to feel overconfident.

D) you should beware of the tendency to see relationships that are supported by striking examples readily available in your memory.

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Chapter 11: Clinical Therapy: The Powers of Social Cognition

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Sample Questions

Q1) had depressed and nondepressed students observe whether pressing a button was linked with a light blinking and found that depressed students

A) were too self-focused to complete the task.

B) were quite accurate at assessing their control.

C) exaggerated the extent of their control of the light.

D) underestimated the extent of their control of the light.

Q2) Your roommate Joel is depressed.As a result,you will tend to become A) somewhat depressed yourself.

B) more accepting of people suffering from psychological disorders.

C) more optimistic about your own life.

D) more studious and committed to achieving academic success.

Q3) Maxwell,a college junior,suffers from chronic depression.After learning that he has performed poorly on his chemistry test,he is most likely to say,

A) "The test was not a fair assessment of what I actually know."

B) "My chemistry professor does not grade his tests fairly."

C) "I'm incompetent and probably always will be."

D) "I am sure most people did poorly on the test."

Q4) Do depressed moods cause negative thinking,or does negative thinking cause depression?

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Chapter 12: Human Nature and Cultural Diversity

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Q1) Which of the following is not a universal friendship norm?

A) make eye contact while talking

B) respect your friend's privacy

C) maintain a personal space of less than 4 feet

D) don't divulge things said in confidence

Q2) Rules for accepted and expected behaviors are called A) values.

B) norms.

C) attitudes.

D) both B and C

Q3) The implications of evolutionary psychology suggest that human success is defined by

A) acquiring wealth.

B) maintaining health.

C) exceeding average life expectancy.

D) having grandchildren.

Q4) Imagine yourself going to the head of a very long line for a popular movie and cutting in.What are the likely consequences of such a norm violation? How does this scenario illustrate the function(s)of social norms?

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Chapter 13: Gender, Genes, and Culture

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Q1) A set of behavioral expectations for males or females defines gender A) type.

B) role.

C) identity.

D) position.

Q2) You read about an unsolved murder in the newspaper.Given what you have learned in social psychology,you can reasonably predict a(n)_______ committed the murder.

A) man

B) woman

C) provoked individual

D) innocent bystander

Q3) The term gender role refers to

A) enduring behaviors, attitudes, and traditions transmitted from one generation to the next.

B) a set of behavior expectations for males or females.

C) a rule for accepted and expected behaviors.

D) the personality characteristics by which people define male and female.

Q4) In your opinion,what are the most important gender differences described in the textbook? Why?

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Chapter 14: How Nice People Get Corrupted

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Q1) When Milgram asked 100 psychiatrists,college students,and middle-class adults to predict the results of his experiment,the respondents said that they thought _______ would _______.

A) they themselves; never begin to administer the shocks

B) they themselves; disobey by about 135 volts

C) other people; disobey by about 210 volts

D) other people; would go all the way to 450 volts

Q2) During the 1970s,the military junta in power in Greece initially selected candidates for officers based on their submission to authority.The candidates were first asked to guard prisoners,then to observe torture,and then to eventually practice torture.This process demonstrates how _______ can breed _______.

A) obedience; conformity

B) conformity; obedience

C) compliance; acceptance

D) acceptance; compliance

Q3) Describe three of the variations done on Milgram's original obedience experiment.Be sure to discuss how the results varied as a function of these changes.

Q4) Discuss the ethics of Milgram's study.

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Chapter 15: Two Routes to Persuasion

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Q1) Researchers found that California high school students did not change their attitudes in response to a talk entitled "Why Teenagers Should Not Be Allowed to Drive" if they

A) had a moderate, rather than a high or low level of self-esteem.

B) were of lower intelligence.

C) were male.

D) had been forewarned that the talk was coming.

Q2) Fear-arousing messages work best when they

A) do not suggest a solution.

B) try to prevent a bad outcome, such as cancer.

C) try to promote a good outcome, such as fitness.

D) are framed in a positive manner.

Q3) Describe the ways in which a television sales person will seek to enhance his or her perceived credibility in your eyes.Keep in mind the two components of credibility when developing your answer.

Q4) Who is the most responsive to rational appeals?

A) well-educated and analytical people

B) well-educated and non-analytical people

C) less educated and analytical people

D) less educated and non-analytical people

Page 17

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Chapter 16: Indoctrination and Inoculation

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Q1) found that when students were invited to write essays advocating a strict dress code,which was against the students' own positions,the students were not willing to write the essays even if they were paid.After turning down the money,the students became

A) agitated.

B) less confident in their decision.

C) more confident in their decision.

D) annoyed at those students who were willing to write the essay.

Q2) As an example of how persuasion can be used to promote healthier living,the CDC has reported that smoking in the U.S.has ______ over the last 40 years.

A) stabilized

B) decreased by 23%

C) become more popular with teens

D) increased to 23%

Q3) Compared to propaganda,education is

A) more factually based.

B) more coercive.

C) less believable.

D) less interesting.

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Chapter 17: The Mere Presence of Others

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Q1) Explain the role of evaluation apprehension in social facilitation.

Q2) The increased number of office buildings with large open spaces rather than private offices is an example of how social facilitation research has A) helped confirm the theory.

B) guided new exploration of research topics.

C) suggested practical applications.

D) been misused by industries.

Q3) Increased arousal enhances performance

A) only on easy tasks.

B) only on complex tasks.

C) on dominant responses.

D) on all responses.

Q4) According to the social facilitation effect,social psychologists can accurately predict that athletes will perform _______ with a large audience.

A) much worse

B) best

C) slightly worse

D) better at unlearned tasks

Q5) How does crowding impact social facilitation?

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Chapter 18: Many Hands Make Diminished Responsibility

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Q1) When being observed increases evaluation concerns,_______ occurs; when being lost in a crowd decreases evaluation concerns,_______ occurs.

A) deindividuation; groupthink

B) groupthink; deindividuation

C) social loafing; social facilitation

D) social facilitation; social loafing

Q2) People are more likely to exhibit social loafing if

A) their efforts are not rewarded.

B) rewards are divided according to individual effort.

C) rewards are divided equally regardless of individual effort.

D) they are individually monitored.

Q3) found that when blindfolded participants thought they were pulling a tug of war with other participants,they _______ than when they thought they were pulling alone.

A) pulled more

B) pulled less

C) pulled the same amount

D) varied more in their pulling amount

Q4) When is social loafing least likely and most likely to occur?

Q5) Compare and contrast social loafing and social facilitation.

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Chapter

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Q1) According to the text,physical anonymity _______ results in antisocial behavior. A) always

B) sometimes

C) never

D) almost never

Q2) Which of the following circumstances contributes to people becoming deindividuated?

A) They are immersed in a large group.

B) They are physically anonymous.

C) They are involved in arousing, distracting activities.

D) All of these.

Q3) A loss of self-awareness and evaluation apprehension,which can occur in group situations,is called

A) groupthink.

B) social loafing.

C) group polarization.

D) deindividuation.

Q4) "Self-awareness is the opposite of deindividuation." Explain this statement.

Q5) Compare and contrast social loafing,social facilitation,and deindividuation.

Q6) In what situations is deinviduation most likely to occur?

21

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Chapter 20: How Do Groups Intensify Decisions

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Q1) "Mindguards" protect group leaders from

A) unfair criticism.

B) disagreeable facts.

C) susceptibility to illusions.

D) stereotyped views of the opponents.

Q2) Describe the ways to prevent groupthink.

Q3) Research on group polarization began with the erroneous conclusion that group discussion leads to

A) a risky shift.

B) groupthink.

C) pluralistic ignorance.

D) group moderation.

Q4) Individuals who believe that physician-assisted suicides should be legalized meet to discuss the issue.Research on group interaction suggests that after the discussion the individuals will be

A) more likely to question the wisdom of legalizing physician-assisted suicides.

B) even more convinced that physician-assisted suicides should be legalized.

C) sharply divided over whether physician-assisted suicides should be legalized.

D) opposed to the legalization of physician-assisted suicides.

Q5) view of how groupthink symptoms contributed to the Iraq war.

Page 22

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Chapter 21: Power to the Person

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Q1) Martha is excellent at organizing her employees,setting goals and focusing on achieving those goals for the company.Martha excels in

A) social leadership.

B) laissez faire leadership.

C) task leadership.

D) masculine leadership.

Q2) If we expect someone to be hostile,our actions toward that person may induce hostility.This is an example of how

A) the social situation affects different people differently.

B) people choose their social situations.

C) people create their social situations.

D) social situations have little effect.

Q3) Research on leadership indicates that

A) all great leaders share certain traits.

B) effective supervisors tend to score high on both task and social leadership.

C) the most effective leaders typically deviate significantly from a group's standards or norms.

D) great leaders share little in common.

Q4) Provide an example of how social control and personal control interact.

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Chapter 22: The Reach of Prejudice

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Q1) Mr.Watson's belief that Blacks are lazy is an example of _______.His refusal to rent an apartment to a Black family is an example of _______.

A) a stereotype; racism

B) discrimination; prejudice

C) a stereotype; discrimination

D) racism; prejudice

Q2) A review of research on gender attitudes suggests

A) that most people have gut-level negative emotions about women even though they describe them favorably.

B) a "women-are-wonderful" effect.

C) that most people express more admiration than affection for women.

D) that men and women are viewed as equally understanding and helpful.

Q3) Data from 27 countries shows that people everywhere perceive women as more _______ and men as more _______.

A) agreeable; outgoing

B) outgoing; agreeable

C) democratic; emotional

D) emotional; collectivistic

Q4) Provide an example of hostile sexism and an example of benevolent sexism.

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Chapter 23: The Roots of Prejudice

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Q1) Review the research on how distinctiveness can breed stereotypes.

Q2) Which of the following statements is TRUE?

A) Categorization can provide useful information about people with minimum effort.

B) It is easy to resist categorizing people into groups.

C) Categorization provides no cognitive foundation for prejudice.

D) Categorization always leads to discrimination.

Q3) The phrase "they are all alike,but we are diverse" reflects

A) an outgroup bias.

B) the outgroup homogeneity effect.

C) ethnocentrism.

D) a categorization bias.

Q4) A tendency to favor one's group is called A) ethnocentrism.

B) an ingroup bias.

C) an outgroup bias.

D) social dominance.

Q5) Explain how a belief in the just-world phenomena might affect social services for people in poverty.

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Chapter 24: The Nature and Nurture of Aggression

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Q1) Who among the following argued that there is an inborn aggressive drive?

A) Bandura

B) Berkowitz

C) Lorenz

D) Dollard

Q2) The pain-attack response has been observed in A) rats.

B) monkeys.

C) snakes.

D) many varied species.

Q3) Which of the following has NOT been linked with aggressive behavior according to your text?

A) dashed expectations

B) a personal insult

C) physical pain

D) an unexpected request

Q4) Review the research on aggression cues and violence.

Q5) Explain Berkowitz's revised frustration-aggression theory.

Q6) What is aggression? Based on your own experiences,give an example of instrumental aggression.

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Chapter 25: Do the Media Influence Social Behavior

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Q1) Given that television and other forms of media have been shown to cause increased aggression,what do you think could or should be done to control this cause of violence?

Be sure to mention evidence for or against the catharsis hypothesis.

Q2) "Watching violence on television gives people a harmless opportunity to vent their aggression." This statement is most clearly consistent with the _______ hypothesis.

A) sensitization

B) catharsis

C) frustration-aggression

D) social learning

Q3) Which fact is TRUE?

A) The presence of guns in the home does not affect levels of violence.

B) In the BoBo doll experiments by Bandura, watching the adult pound the doll on TV had the same effect as watching it live.

C) Violent video games do not have the same effect as violence on TV.

D) There is no relationship between the introduction of TV into a community and murder rates.

Q4) found to be associated with video games.

Q5) How does pornography encourage distorted perceptions of sexual reality?

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Chapter 26: Who Likes Whom

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Q1) The tendency for novel stimuli to be liked more after repeated exposure to them is referred to as

A) the mere exposure effect.

B) the novelty phenomenon.

C) display liking.

D) proactive stimulation.

Q2) Physically attractive people tend to be all of the following EXCEPT

A) more popular.

B) more humorous.

C) more outgoing.

D) more gender-typed.

Q3) gave university women ambiguous information about two other women.Asked how much they liked these people,the participants reported feeling more attracted to the person whom they

A) expected they would probably not meet.

B) expected they would eventually meet.

C) had read about first.

D) had read about second.

Q4) List and briefly explain the four factors that lead to initial attraction.

Q5) Summarize the research on physical attractiveness and attraction.

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Chapter 27: The Ups and Downs of Love

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Q1) In Rubin's research,"strong-love" couples differed from "weak-love" couples in that they talked more to each other.

A) gazed more into each other's eyes.

B) smiled less at each other.

C) displayed more jealousy.

Q2) The two-factor theory of emotion suggests that passionate love can be increased by

A) mere exposure.

B) the matching phenomenon.

C) secure attachment.

D) physical arousal.

Q3) Psychologist Robert Sternberg views love as a triangle whose three sides include all but which of the following?

A) attachment

B) passion

C) commitment

D) intimacy

Q4) Explain the research regarding the Internet and relationships.

Q5) Provide an example of the disclosure reciprocity effect.

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Chapter 28: Causes of Conflict

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Sample Questions

Q1) In research on social dilemmas,it has been found that group discussion

A) polarized competitive tendencies.

B) had no effect on the outcome.

C) led to greater cooperation and better outcomes for all participants.

D) led to escalated conflict and tension.

Q2) In playing the laboratory version of the Prisoner's Dilemma,you would personally obtain the best payoff on any given trial if you _______ and the other person

_______.

A) confess; does not confess

B) confess; confesses

C) do not confess; confesses

D) do not confess; does not confess

Q3) If an attorney creates a Prisoner-like Dilemma for two suspects,the attorney's goal is to

A) trick either one of them into revealing what really happened.

B) create an incentive for one of them to confess while the other maintains innocence. C) create an incentive for both of them to confess privately.

D) achieve the greatest punishment for both suspects.

Q4) Compare and contrast the Prisoner's Dilemma and the Tragedy of the Commons.

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Chapter 29: Blessed Are the Peacemakers

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Q1) Dovidio,Gaertner,et al.found that working cooperatively has especially favorable effects when

A) conditions lead people to define a new, inclusive group that eliminates former subgroups.

B) members of the same race are working together.

C) the group is made up of at least 3 different races.

D) the outcome impacts others outside the immediate group.

Q2) According to the text,the goal of a third-party mediator is to "enable conflicting parties to make concessions and still save face." What are the strategies that a mediator can use to achieve this goal?

Q3) For Blacks,the most noticeable consequence of desegregated schooling is A) very short-term improvements of interracial relations.

B) a reduced likelihood of attending primarily White colleges.

C) the increased likelihood of living and working in integrated settings.

D) a more favorable self-image.

Q4) Define and provide an example of each of the C's of peacemaking.

Q5) Describe a program that you might design to reduce prejudice between the Soris and the Talins,two fictitious and competitive groups.

Q6) Explain how couples can fight constructively.

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Chapter 30: When Do People Help

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Sample Questions

Q1) According to the text,the _______ provides the classic illustration of pure altruism.

A) parable of the Prodigal Son

B) parable of the Good Samaritan

C) Kitty Genovese case

D) Sylvia Likens case

Q2) When Sally missed class Joe loaned her his notes.According to _____,when Joe misses class Sally should share her notes.

A) the reciprocity norm

B) the altruistic norm

C) the social-responsibility norm

D) the bystander norm

Q3) Identify the steps in Darley and Latané's "decision tree" of helping.Based on this model,how could you increase your chances of getting someone to help you in an emergency?

Q4) Review the research on the role of the number of bystanders in helping.Be sure to include a discussion of noticing,interpreting and assuming responsibility.

Q5) Define altruism and provide an example of it.

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Chapter 31: Social Psychology and the Sustainable Future

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Sample Questions

Q1) Describe the pattern of changes that have occurred in personal income,happiness,and depression since 1957 in the United States.

Q2) Donna has been short of money and worried about her job security.Yesterday she was surprised to find she was being promoted and given a 10% raise.The adaptation-level phenomenon suggests that she will

A) soon be worried again about her finances.

B) have much better self-esteem from now on.

C) behave much less aggressively from now on.

D) be a much more ambitious, achievement-oriented worker now that she sees that her past behavior has paid off.

Q3) A 65-degree day seems warm in February but cold in July.This is best explained in terms of

A) relative deprivation.

B) the adaptation-level phenomenon.

C) displacement.

D) Parkinson's second law.

Q4) What does Myers say about whether or not rich people are happier?

Q5) Summarize the research showing how increased materialism has taken place during the last 30 years.

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