Integrative Physiology
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Integrative Physiology examines how the bodys various systems such as the nervous, endocrine, cardiovascular, respiratory, muscular, and renal systems interact to maintain homeostasis and respond to internal and external stimuli. The course explores the complex coordination that underpins health and adaptation, emphasizing molecular, cellular, tissue, and organ system functions. Special attention is given to how these systems integrate during exercise, stress, disease, and environmental changes, providing students with a holistic understanding of human physiological processes and their regulation.
Recommended Textbook
Principles of Animal Physiology 3rd Edition by Christopher D. Moyes
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Physiological Principles
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain why a certain mutation in a genome may not continue to be beneficial after an environmental stressor is removed.
Answer: Expression of certain genes always contains certain costs and benefits.In some cases,expression of a mutated gene may be very costly in some aspects.However,if this mutation allows for survival and reproduction,the benefit outweighs the cost.On the other hand if the environmental stressor is removed,the cost may exceed the benefit.Those individuals with the mutation now lose the advantage because they are "spending" resources on a useless protein rather than one of current benefit.
Q2) Which of the following statements is true about phenotype?
A)After an initial development period,phenotype of an organism is static.
B)Phenotype is affected by organization at the biochemical level only.
C)Altering phenotype allows an organism to change its physiological response.
D)Genotype may influence phenotype,but phenotype never affects genotype.
Answer: C
Q3) __________ of a population occurs when environmental stressors favor survival of certain genotypes,leading to their increased levels of reproduction.
Answer: Adaptation
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Chapter 2: Physiological Evolution of Animals
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Sample Questions
Q1) In terms of reproduction,which group of mammals is most similar to their reptilian ancestors?
A)monotremes
B)marsupials
C)placental mammals
D)flying mammals
Answer: A
Q2) Which of the following pairs is correctly matched?
A)Choanoflagellates and Cnidarians
B)Paramecium and ciliated herbivore
C)ancestors of fungi and plants with no cell walls
D)choanocytes and flagellated cells in sponges
Answer: D
Q3) One key advantage associated with bilateral symmetry in animals is
A)an increase in speed.
B)the presence of a coelom.
C)the evolution of limbs.
D)the evolution of cephalization.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Chemistry, biochemistry, and Cell Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why is ATP an important molecule?
A)It links major pathways that release energy with those that require energy.
B)It is an energy source that is found in high concentrations in cells.
C)It is an energy source that is always available in large quantities.
D)all of the above
Answer: A
Q2) __________ enters the TCA cycle and forms NADH and FADH ,which can then be used for ATP production.
A)Acetyl CoA
B)Glucose
C)Pyruvate
D)A fatty acid chain
Answer: A
Q3) Proteins may be degraded by proteosomes because
A)they have become damaged.
B)they are labeled with ubiquitin.
C)they are proteins which are rapidly degraded as part of the cell's control of protein levels.
D)all of the above
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Cell Signaling and Endocrine Regulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) A receptor that binds to a ligand at very low concentrations has a A)high dissociation constant.
B)low K .
C)high affinity for the ligand.
D)low affinity for the ligand.
Q2) Phospholipase C cuts membrane phospholipids into
A)PIP and DAG.
B)PIP and IP .
C)Ca² and DAG.
D)DAG and IP .
Q3) In a feedback loop,the portion that brings the variable back to its normal value is the A)effector.
B)set point.
C)integrating center.
D)sensor.
Q4) The term__________ refers to any molecule that binds specifically to a protein.
Q5) Chemical messengers used by the endocrine system are referred to as
Q6) __________ is a hormone that is frequently involved with reproductive processes that is also part of a positive feedback loop.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Neuron Structure and Function
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Sample Questions
Q1) You have isolated two neurons,joined by a synapse,in a Petri dish.You have stimulated the first neuron at the axon hillock and successfully generated an action potential.However,there is no response by the postsynaptic neuron.Describe possible malfunctions in synaptic transmission that would prevent the postsynaptic neuron from responding as it should.
Q2) Neurotransmitters are synthesized in the cell body,then transported in vesicles to the axon terminals using __________.
Q3) Myelination increases the speed of conduction by decreasing the time constant and increasing the length constant.It achieves this by
A)increasing membrane resistance and decreasing capacitance.
B)increasing both membrane resistance and capacitance.
C)decreasing membrane resistance and increasing capacitance.
D)decreasing both membrane resistance and capacitance.
Q4) Neurons use both graded and action potentials to carry electrical signals from one point to another.Describe the similarities and differences between these two types of signals that could be seen within an individual neuron.
Q5) The electrical signal produced by neurons,called an __________,is capable of traveling over long distances.
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Chapter 6: Cellular Movement and Muscles
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Sample Questions
Q1) Smooth muscle,like striated muscle,utilizes Ca² as a signal molecule that can allow contraction to occur.However,smooth muscle does not have troponin.Therefore,Ca² must interact with other proteins.Describe these relationships and then comment on how this alternate control system affects the rate and duration of smooth muscle contraction.
Q2) The Pacific yew tree produces the microtubule disrupter known as ___________.
Q3) Dyneins generate movement in cilia and flagella by
A)the dynein moving along its own microtubule,pulling the cell membrane with it.
B)the dynein on one side of the flagella moving along its neighbor's tubule.
C)all dyneins moving along their neighbors' tubules in a synchronized fashion.
D)the dynein pushing on the neighboring tubules,generating movement.
Q4) A single skeletal muscle cell is referred to as a A)cardiomyocyte.
B)sarcomyocyte.
C)myofibril.
D)myofiber.
Q5) __________ muscle cells can depolarize and contract on their own,as opposed to neurogenic muscle cells which require neuronal innervation.
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Chapter 7: Sensory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) In regards to hair cells involved in vertebrate hearing organs,we know that
A)stereocilia are connected to each other by small fibers.
B)mechanosensitive ion channels at the tips of stereocilia are all closed at rest.
C)the 9 + 2 arrangement of stereocilia allow for free bending to improve sound resolution.
D)their bending always causes an increase in firing in the primary afferent.
Q2) How does the mammalian eye focus an image? In your description,name the important physical structures in image formation,define the focal point,and explain what accommodation is and why it is important.
Q3) The hair cells of the mammalian cochlea are contained in the A)vestibular duct.
B)tympanic membrane.
C)round window.
D)organ of Corti.
Q4) In vertebrates,olfactory receptor cells are bipolar sensory neurons,but taste receptor cells are __________.
Q5) A tympanal organ functions as an insect __________.
Q6) The compound called __________ can stimulate warm-sensitive neurons.
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Chapter 8: Functional Organization of Nervous Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which structure is important for the formation of long-term memory in mammals?
A)hippocampus
B)hypothalamus
C)cortex
D)medulla oblongata
Q2) In its protective role,the blood-brain barrier becomes an obstacle in delivering therapeutic drugs to specific regions of the brain in the treatment of a variety of brain disorders.Describe what the blood-brain barrier is made of,and how different compounds are capable of crossing it.
Q3) __________ neurons relay information from integrating centers such as the brain to effector organs like muscles or glands.
Q4) The axons of afferent and efferent neurons are usually organized into structures called A)nuclei.
B)ganglia.
C)nerves.
D)tracts.
Q5) __________ is the evolutionary trend that describes the concentration of nervous tissue and sense organs at one end of the body.
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Chapter 9: Circulatory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) In mammals,the __________ is the main blood vessel leading from the heart to the lungs.
Q2) The primary pump in chambered hearts is called the __________.
Q3) Which of the following is FALSE? Mammalian hemocytes are involved in
A)nutrient transport.
B)phagocytosis.
C)immune defense.
D)hormone secretion.
Q4) What is NOT one of the functional distinctions between arteries and veins?
A)Veins always carry deoxygenated blood.
B)Veins usually have a thinner vessel wall.
C)Veins are easily stretched.
D)Veins often contain one-way valves.
Q5) Which of the following fluids is NOT circulated by the cardiovascular system?
A)plasma
B)blood
C)hemolymph
D)lymph
Q6) Define the term hypertension,describe the two classes of hypertension,and explain how hypertension can be treated.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Immune Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) T cells that cause other cells to respond are referred to as ________________.
Q2) Immunoglobulin diversity arose through gene ________________.
Q3) What activates memory cells?
A)an encounter with an antigen
B)an encounter with mast cells
C)cells that have undergone partial differentiation
D)stem cells
Q4) What evidence lends support to the hypothesis that in a species,males generally have lower immunotolerance than females?
A)Males die younger.
B)When males are treated with testosterone implants,a decrease in immunotolerance is observed.
C)When males are treated with cholesterol implants,an increase in immunotolerance is observed.
D)The slower the maturity rate,the lower the immunotolerance.
Q5) Insecticides and anti-malarial drugs have been used for decades to fight malaria with limited success.Currently,research is focusing on genetic modification and creation of __________________ mosquitos that cannot spread the parasite.
Q6) ______________ cells play an important role in allergic reactions.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Respiratory Systems
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hemoglobins get their color from A)heme.
B)iron.
C)protein.
D)copper.
Q2) Bronchoconstriction increases the work required to breathe because of
A)increased lung compliance.
B)decreased elastance.
C)increased airway resistance.
D)decreased intrapleural pressure.
Q3) When CO binds to hemoglobin,it forms __________.
Q4) In terms of the ideal gas law,if the temperature increases and the volume is not fixed,then
A)pressure increases.
B)concentration decreases.
C)volume decreases.
D)gas constant increases.
Q5) The relationship between blood pH and CO can be described by the __________ equation.
Page 13
Q6) Discuss three limitations to the strategy of cutaneous respiration.
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Chapter 12: Locomotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the organization of the muscles of the mantle of a squid and the mechanism of jet propulsion.
Q2) The vertical midpoint in the mass of an animal is called its __________.
Q3) Describe the organization of the locomotor white muscles of fish as well as the direction of the contractile forces.
Q4) An important step in the recovery process of skeletal muscle is the removal of __________ that accumulates from the result of anaerobic glycolysis.
Q5) Much of our understanding of the tetrapod muscle function is derived from studies of the
A)muscles comprising the walls of the squid mantle cavity.
B)diaphragm of the white laboratory rat.
C)external oblique muscles of Necturus and other non-jumping amphibians.
D)muscles comprising the hindlimb of frogs.
Q6) Which of the following statements is correct regarding the red and white locomotor muscles of fish?
A)White muscle exhibits maximal power output at lower tail-beat frequencies.
B)Fish tend to use red muscle for slow,often continuous swimming.
C)Red muscle tends to be more glycolytic.
D)Red muscle shows maximal power output at high tail-beat frequencies.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Ion and Water Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) There are a variety of ways that animals have adapted to cope with life in desert environments.Describe five adaptations,giving examples if appropriate,that animals might use to cope with high heat and low water availability.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a part of the nephron structure?
A)Bowman's capsule
B)proximal tubule
C)central tubule
D)distal tubule
Q3) Aldosterone regulates balance of
A)calcium and chloride.
B)magnesium and sodium.
C)sodium and potassium.
D)phosphates and calcium.
Q4) The functional unit of the kidney is the __________.
Q5) IMP is an important compound in the metabolism of __________.
Q6) When urine is expelled from the bladder through the urethra,this is called
Q7) ______________________ is the reproductive strategy of all Pacific salmon that breed only once and die shortly after.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Digestion and Energy Metabolism
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the events of the trypsinogen cascade.
Q2) Bile is produced by the __________ and stored in the __________.
Q3) Which one of the following enzymes is incorrectly paired with its substrate?
A)lipase : triglycerides
B)trypsin : proteins
C)amylase : polysaccharides
D)nuclease : oligosaccharides
Q4) __________ is a hormone secreted by the stomach that stimulates appetite.
A)Gastrin
B)Ghrelin
C)Leptin
D)Secretin
Q5) Which animal is incorrectly matched with the anatomical feature associated with feeding?
A) sponge : choanocytes
B) Hydra : tentacles
C) snail : radula
D) spider : proboscis
Q6) Protein digestion takes place in the __________ and the __________.
Q7) Describe the process of the enzymatic digestion of carbohydrates.
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Chapter 15: Thermal Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) In brown adipose tissue,thermogenin inserts into the inner mitochondrial membrane and serves to
A)uncouple oxidation from phosphorylation.
B)enhance the proton motive force.
C)eliminate two of the steps of electron transport.
D)more than one of the above
Q2) How have selective pressures altered the expression of the LDH-B gene among populations of killifish living along the eastern coast of North America?
Q3) At which of the following systems would environmental temperatures be the most variable?
A)hydrothermal vents
B)cave systems
C)bathypelagic systems of the world's oceans
D)alpine terrestrial systems
Q4) The raising of individual hairs in mammals to increase the insulation capacity of the fur is a process known as __________.
Q5) Name and briefly define the four routes by which heat is transferred between an animal and its environment.
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Chapter 16: Reproductive Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe the mechanism of sex determination in the two forms of automictic parthenogenesis.
Q2) Female insects possess an elaborate sperm-storage organ called the A)accessory gland.
B)Dufour's gland.
C)gametosome.
D)spermatheca.
Q3) What is the proposed relationship between fibrinogen and casein?
Q4) Which of the following would be considered a gonadotropin that occurs in vertebrates?
A)FSH
B)LH
C)CG
D)all of the above
Q5) The uterine is lined by a layer of epithelial tissue known as the A)endometrium.
B)endothelium.
C)mesothelium.
D)myometrium.
Q6) What role does prolactin play in reproductive behavior?
Page 18
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