Information and Communication Technology Exam Review
Course Introduction
Information and Communication Technology (ICT) explores the integration and application of digital technologies to facilitate communication, data management, and problem-solving in various settings. This course covers the fundamental concepts of hardware, software, networks, and the internet, as well as their societal impacts and ethical considerations. Students will learn how ICT transforms business, education, and social interactions, and gain practical skills in using productivity tools, communication platforms, and basic programming. Through hands-on activities and case studies, the course emphasizes the role of ICT in driving innovation and supporting decision-making in today's interconnected world.
Recommended Textbook
Data and Computer Communications 10th Edition by William Stallings
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Chapter 1: Data Communications, data Networks,
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Q1) Developing switching systems with the capacity and rapid response to support the demand requirements with the increased use of fiber optic transmission is no longer a challenge.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Networks that generally cover a large geographical area,require the crossing of public right-of-ways,consist of a number of interconnected switching nodes, and rely on circuits provided by a common carrier are ________.
Answer: Wide Area Networks (WANs)
Q3) Compression refers to the ability of a number of devices to share a transmission facility.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q4) ________ involves moving voice into a data infrastructure,integrating all the voice and data networks inside a user organization into a single data network infrastructure,and then extending that into the wireless arena.
Answer: Convergence
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Chapter 2: Protocol Architecture, tcpip, and
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Q1) The primary function of a gateway is to relay data from one network to the other on its route from the source to the destination end system.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Traffic that can adjust to changes in delay and throughput across an internet and still meet the needs of its applications is ________ traffic.
Answer: elastic
Q3) The ________ layer contains the logic needed to support the various user applications.
A)internet
B)physical
C)transport
D)application
Answer: D
Q4) FTP provides a basic electronic mail transport facility.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: Data Transmission
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Q1) Twisted pair,coaxial cable and optical fiber are examples of ________ media. Answer: guided
Q2) The maximum rate at which data can be transmitted over a given communication path under given conditions is referred to as the ________.
Answer: channel capacity
Q3) The ________ is the maximum value or strength of the signal over time; typically this value is measured in volts.
A)period
B)phase
C)frequency
D)peak amplitude
Answer: D
Q4) A reduction in strength is ________.
A)delay distortion
B)attenuation
C)pulsing
D)interlacing
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Transmission Media
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Q1) Wireless transmission frequencies in the range of about 1 GHz to 40 GHz are referred to as ________ frequencies.Highly directional beams are possible at these frequencies.
Q2) Attenuation is significantly lower for optical fiber than for coaxial cable or twisted pair and is constant over a wide range.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The two different types of light source used in fiber optic systems are the ________.
A)single mode and the multimode
B)LID and the DEL
C)TIR and the GIM
D)light-emitting diode and the injection laser diode
Q4) Twisted pair is much less susceptible to interference and crosstalk than coaxial cable.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Coaxial cable is used to transmit both analog and digital signals.
A)True
B)False
6
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Chapter 5: Signal Encoding Techniques
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Q1) The process of converting analog data into digital data is known as ________.
Q2) Using two different voltage levels for the two binary digits is a difficult way to transmit digital signals.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The three basic encoding or modulation techniques for transforming digital data into analog signals are amplitude shift keying,phase shift keying,and ________.
Q4) Bandwidth efficiency measures the efficiency with which bandwidth can be used to transmit data.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The most familiar use of transmitting digital data using analog signals is the public telephone network.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The encoding scheme is the mapping from data bits to signal elements.
A)True
B)False
Q7) NRZI is an example of ________ encoding.
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Chapter 6: Error Detection and Correction
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Q1) The ratio of data bits to total bits is called the code rate .
A)True
B)False
Q2) The characteristics that distinguish various data link configurations are topology and whether the link is half duplex or full duplex.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The __________ d(v1 ,v2)between two n -bit binary sequences v1 and v2 is the number of bits in which v1 and v2 disagree.
A)check bits
B)FCS
C)ECC
D)Hamming distance
Q4) In ________ transmission systems,an error occurs when a bit is altered between transmission and reception.
A)analog
B)digital
C)idle
D)guided
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Chapter 7: Data Link Control Protocols
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Q1) With ________ flow control the transmission link is treated as a pipeline that may be filled with frames in transit.
A)linking
B)sliding-window
C)ARQ
D)stop-and-wait
Q2) The form of flow control where a source entity transmits a frame and must wait until it receives an acknowledgment back from the destination entity before sending the next frame is ________ flow control.
Q3) The transmission medium between systems is referred to as a ________ when a data link control protocol is used.
A)data link
B)flow link
C)transmission link
D)control link
Q4) A technique for assuring that a transmitting entity does not overwhelm a receiving entity with data is ________.
Q5) The most important data link control protocol is ________.
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Chapter 8: Multiplexing
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Q1) ________ multiplexing is commonly used for multiplexing digitized voice streams and data streams.
A)Time division
B)Frequency division
C)Statistical time division
D)Synchronous time division
Q2) In TDD,data are transmitted in both directions at the same time.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Flow control and error control can be provided on a per-channel basis by using a data link control protocol such as HDLC.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Synchronous time division multiplexing is possible when the achievable data rate of the medium exceeds the data rate of digital signals to be transmitted.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The two most common forms of multiplexing are frequency division multiplexing and ________.
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Chapter 9: Wan Technology and Protocols
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Q1) Circuit switching connections do not appear to attached devices as direct connections.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The ________ element represents the functions and hardware needed to connect digital devices such as data processing devices and digital telephones to the network.
A)media gateway
B)digital switch
C)control unit
D)network interface
Q3) Typically standards for packet-switching network interfaces do not define a virtual circuit service.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The term ________ refers to the logical connection between two stations through the network.
Q5) The function of the ________ is to provide a transparent signal path between any pair of attached devices.
Q6) ________ switching is used in public telephone networks.
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Chapter 10: Cellular Wireless Networks
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Q1) ________ are used to exchange information having to do with setting up and maintaining calls and with establishing a relationship between a mobile unit and the nearest base station.
A)Advanced Mobile Phone Services
B)Mobile initialization units
C)Traffic channels
D)Control channels
Q2) Third generation wireless communication supports ________.
A)voice but not multimedia data
B)multimedia but not voice
C)multimedia and voice
D)voice but not video
Q3) The ________ connects calls between mobile units,makes connections between a fixed subscriber to the public network and a mobile subscriber to the cellular network,assigns the voice channel to each call,performs handoffs,and monitors the call for billing information.
Q4) A major technical problem for cellular networks is fading.
A)True
B)False
Q5) First generation cellular networks made use of ________ multiplexing.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Local Area Network Overview
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Q1) The function of a ________ protocol is to control access to the transmission medium in order to provide for an orderly and efficient use of that capacity.
Q2) LDPC codes exhibit performance in terms of bit error probability that is very close to the ________ limit and can be efficiently implemented for high-speed use.
Q3) The central element of the star topology is a ________.
A)router
B)hub
C)subnetwork
D)switch
Q4) A ________ LAN includes a central node to which stations are attached. A)bus
B)star C)tree D)ring
Q5) A router is not required to link from one VLAN to another. A)True
B)False
Q6) The tree layout begins at a point known as the ________.
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Chapter 12: Ethernet
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Q1) The sequence 10101011 is the ________ and indicates the actual start of the frame and enables the receiver to locate the first bit of the rest of the frame.
A)start frame delimiter
B)frame check sequence
C)preamble
D)LLC data
Q2) A variety of signal encoding techniques are used in the various LAN standards to achieve efficiency and to make the high data rates practical.
A)True
B)False
Q3) By assigning the same ________ to end systems on many switches,one or more VLAN broadcast domains can be extended across a large network.
Q4) An ________ is a direct point-to-point or multipoint communications link, predominantly hardware based and designed for high speed over very short distances.It transfers data between a buffer at the source device and a buffer at the destination device,moving only the user contents from one device to another without regard to the format or meaning of the data.
Q5) For the lower data rates the ________ MAC protocol is used.
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Chapter 13: Wireless Lans
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Q1) The most prominent specification for wireless LANs was developed by the IEEE 802.3 working group.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The popularity of wireless LANs has not grown significantly because the problems of high prices,low data rates,occupational safety concerns,and licensing requirements have not been addressed.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The IEEE 802.11 services include managing associations,delivering data, and
Q4) IEEE 802.11 defines three services that provide a wireless LAN with secure access and privacy services: authentication,privacy,and ________.
A)deauthentication
B)protected access
C)AP association
D)private access
Q5) The three MAC frame types are control frames,data frames,and ________ frames.
Q6) Currently the most popular type of wireless LAN uses ________ techniques.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: The Internet Protocol
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Q1) A static table is more flexible than a dynamic table in responding to both error and congestion conditions.
A)True
B)False
Q2) An internet consists of multiple separate networks that are interconnected by ________.
Q3) Priority could be assigned on a message basis or on a connection basis.
A)True
B)False
Q4) IPv6 addresses are ________ bits in length.
Q5) IP attaches a header to upper layer data to form an IP ________.
A)layer
B)packet
C)subnet
D)datagram
Q6) IPv6 allows three types of addresses: unicast,anycast,and ________.
Q7) A ________ operates at layer 3 of the OSI architecture and routes packets between potentially different networks..
Q8) The most widely used protocol for internetworking is the ________.
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Chapter 15: Transport Protocols
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Q1) RTT Variance Estimation,also known as ________,is the technique specified in the TCP standard that enables a TCP entity to adapt to changes in round-trip time.
Q2) Connection establishment in TCP always uses a ________.
A)four-way handshake
B)three-way handshake
C)two-way handshake
D)handshake
Q3) One header must serve to perform all protocol mechanisms.This header has a minimum length of ________ octets.
A)20
B)16
C)8
D)10
Q4) TCP uses a ________ flow control technique.
A)sliding-window
B)upper-layer
C)sequential
D)credit-based
Q5) TCP uses only a single type of protocol data unit called a ________.
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Chapter 16: Advanced Data Communications Topics
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Q1) The ________ is a measure of how much additional bandwidth is required to carry data at the same data rate as without the code.
Q2) The ratio of redundant bits to data bits,(n - k)/k,is called the _______ of the code.
Q3) __________ codes are among the most powerful cyclic block codes and are widely used in wireless applications.
A)Parity check
B)BCH
C)LPDC
D)Repeat-accumulate
Q4) ________ codes make highly efficient use of redundancy and block lengths and symbol sizes can be easily adjusted to accommodate a wide range of message sizes.
Q5) LDPC codes cannot be efficiently implemented for high-speed use.
A)True
B)False
Q6) __________ has been defined as the process of combining an input signal m(t)and a carrier at frequency fc to produce a signal s(t)whose bandwidth is (usually)centered on fc.
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Chapter 17: Wireless Transmission Techniques
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Q1) FFT is a family of algorithms that form a special case of the __________ ,which refers to any algorithm that generates a quantized Fourier transform of a time-domain function.
A)DFT
B)IFT
C)IFFT
D)QPSK
Q2) In a multipath scenario where each receiving antenna would experience a different interference environment,there is a high probability that if one antenna is suffering a high level of fading, another antenna has sufficient signal level.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Subchannelization is not useful for battery-powered devices.
A)True
B)False
Q4) OFDM cannot overcome intersymbol interference in a multipath environment.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The ________ reverses the FFT operation.
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Chapter 19: Routing
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Q1) The selection of a route is generally based on some performance criterion.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The original routing algorithm,designed in 1969,was a distributed adaptive algorithm using estimated delay as the performance criterion and a version of the ________ algorithm.
Q3) In the case of ________ the central node typically makes use of information obtained from all nodes.
A)NIS-UT
B)flooding
C)distributed routing
D)centralized routing
Q4) In virtually all packet-switching networks some sort of adaptive routing technique is used.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Fairness is a requirement for a routing function.
A)True
B)False
Q6) A generalization of the minimum-hop criterion is ________ routing.
Page 20
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Chapter 20: Congestion Control
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Q1) Explicit congestion signaling approaches work forward but not backward.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Typically,_______ congestion control techniques operate over connection-oriented networks and control the flow of packets over individual connections.
Q3) In a rate based scheme any node along the path of the connection can reduce the data rate limit in a control message to the source.
A)True
B)False
Q4) _________ explicit congestion signaling approaches notify the user that congestion avoidance procedures should be initiated where applicable for traffic in the same direction as the received notification.
A)Datagram
B)Dynamic
C)Forward
D)All of the above
Q5) Explicit congestion signaling approaches can be divided into three general categories: Credit based,rate based,and ________ .
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Chapter 21: Internetwork Operation
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Q1) In multicasting only a single copy of the packet is ever transmitted.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A membership query message is sent by a multicast router.
A)True
B)False
Q3) A packet with a multicast address is transmitted on a LAN segment.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The OpenFlow specification defines three types of tables: flow table,group table,and _______ table.
Q5) ________ is a consortium of software providers,content delivery networks,and networking equipment vendors whose purpose is to promote software-defined networking.
Q6) A host or a router is a(n)_________ .
A)link
B)node
C)action
D)foreign agent
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Q7) PIM defines two modes of operation: dense-mode protocol and ______ protocol.
Chapter 22: Internetwork Quality of Service
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Q1) Traffic on a network or internet can be divided into two broad categories: elastic and inelastic.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A key element of the ________ is that a high percentage of transmitted packets will be successfully delivered.
A)routing service
B)best effort service
C)controlled load service
D)guaranteed service
Q3) To avoid unnecessary duplication of packets each router must route packets on the basis of both source and multicast destination.
A)True
B)False
Q4) RSVP takes a ________,or connectionless,approach in which the reservation state is cached information in the routers that is installed and periodically refreshed by end systems.
Q5) The act of sending a packet from a source to multiple destinations is referred to as ________.
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Chapter 23: Multiprotocol Label Switching
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Q1) The objective of ________ is to support link layer interfaces,such as ATM and Ethernet,for providing VPNs for an MPLS-enabled IP packet switched network.
A)l3vpn
B)PCE
C)l2vpn
D)pwe3
Q2) ________ define a flow of packets between two endpoints or,in the case of multicast,between a source endpoint and a multicast group of destination endpoints.
A)Pseudowires
B)Labels
C)Tunnels
D)Backbones
Q3) ________ focuses on the architecture and techniques for constraint-based path computation.
A)CCAMP
B)PCE
C)12vpn
D)Pwe3
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Chapter 24: Electronic Mail, dns, and Http
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Q1) DNS allows essentially unlimited levels and uses the comma as the level delimiter in printed names.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The ________ relays mail for one application-level hop.
A)MTA
B)MS
C)POP
D)MSA
Q3) Interoperability is required among the MTA components along the transfer path through the MHS.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Typically,the ________ function is housed in the user's computer and is referred to as a client e-mail program or a local network e-mail server.
A)MDA
B)MHS
C)MUA
D)MTA
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Chapter 25: Internet Multimedia Support
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Q1) _______ works by encoding voice information into a digital format,which can be carried across IP networks in discrete packets.
Q2) An intermediary entity that acts as both a server and a client for the purpose of making requests on behalf of other clients is the ____________ .
A)proxy server
B)registrar
C)redirect server
D)user agent
Q3) The __________ protocol is used only for the transmission of user data,typically in multicast fashion among all participants in a session.
Q4) SIP supports five facets of establishing and terminating multimedia communications: user location,user availability,session setup,session management,and
Q5) An application-level firewall may prevent the forwarding of RTP packets.
A)True
B)False
Q6) The term ___________ refers to the use of multiple forms of information,including text,still images,audio,and video.
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