Infant and Toddler Development Review
Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the physical, cognitive, social, and emotional development of children from birth to age three. Students will examine major developmental theories and research relating to infancy and toddlerhood, including how genetics, environment, relationships, and culture influence early growth. Emphasis will be placed on milestones in motor skills, language acquisition, early learning, and attachment, as well as practical strategies for supporting optimal development in home and early childhood settings. Through observation, analysis, and application of theory, students will gain a comprehensive understanding of the unique characteristics and needs of infants and toddlers.
Recommended Textbook
Child Development 9th Edition by Laura E. Berk
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15 Chapters
1978 Verified Questions
1978 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: History, Theory, and Applied Directions
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142 Verified Questions
142 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Professor Cortez believes that development is largely due to nature. Professor Cortez would argue that
A) early intervention is of supreme importance for economically at-risk children.
B) environmental factors have a greater impact on development than genetic factors.
C) offering high-quality stimulation in infancy and toddlerhood is vital for favorable development.
D) providing experiences aimed at promoting change is of little value.
Answer: D
Q2) One important criticism of Piaget's theory is that
A) he overestimated the competencies of infants and young children.
B) his stagewise account pays insufficient attention to social and cultural influences.
C) he overemphasized discovery learning and direct contact with the environment.
D) children's performance on Piagetian tasks cannot be improved with training.
Answer: B
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3
Chapter 2: Research Strategies
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is a major limitation of microgenetic research?
A) Selective attrition often distorts developmental trends.
B) Practice effects can distort microgenetic findings.
C) Microgenetic studies often create ethical issues.
D) Cohort effects often limit the generalizability of findings.
Answer: B
Q2) Because __________ and __________ require that the participant lie as motionless as possible for an extended time, they are not suitable for infants and young children.
A) EEG; PET
B) ERPs; fMRI
C) NIRS; PET
D) PET; fMRI
Answer: D
Q3) Despite its convenience, cross-sectional research
A) does not provide evidence about individual development.
B) cannot provide information about age-related trends.
C) is limited by selective attrition.
D) is threatened by practice effects.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Biological Foundations, Prenatal Development, and Birth
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) It is difficult to assess the damage from illegal drug use during pregnancy because
A) the effects of the drugs wear off within days of delivery.
B) many users display other high-risk behaviors.
C) public interest in the area has diminished.
D) prenatally exposed babies rarely develop lasting problems.
Answer: B
Q2) __________ are below their expected weight considering the length of the pregnancy.
A) Preterm infants
B) Small-for-date infants
C) Infants born after induced labor
D) Infants born at 38 weeks
Answer: B
Q3) Blond hair can result only from having
A) two dominant alleles.
B) two recessive alleles.
C) a dominant dark hair allele and a recessive blond hair allele.
D) a dominant blond hair allele and a recessive dark hair allele.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Infancy: Early Learning, Motor Skills, and Perceptual Capacities
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129 Verified Questions
129 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When exposed to dynamic stimuli, infants
A) fixate on the image's edges.
B) fixate more on external features.
C) cannot thoroughly inspect the image until 4 months of age.
D) often become bored and listless.
Q2) At birth, babies
A) cannot hear high-pitched sounds.
B) display no taste preferences.
C) display certain odor preferences.
D) cannot detect nonspeech sounds.
Q3) Infant reactions to __________ include an increase in heart rate, blood pressure, palm sweating, and pupil dilation.
A) pain
B) hunger
C) cold
D) anxiety
Q4) Describe the five infant states of arousal.
Q5) Identify and describe useful techniques for soothing a crying baby.
Q6) Describe operant conditioning, reinforcers, and punishment.
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Chapter 5: Physical Growth
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following statements is supported by research on the influence of early experience in the organization of the cerebral cortex?
A) Deaf infants depend only on the left hemisphere for language processing, whereas hearing infants depend on both hemispheres.
B) Adolescents and adults show more diffuse fMRI activity than children while performing motor and cognitive skills.
C) Deaf adults who learned sign language as infants and children depend more than hearing adults on the right hemisphere for language processing.
D) Toddlers who are advanced in language development show greater right-hemisphere specialization than their more slowly developing agemates.
Q2) Research suggests that persistent childhood lead exposure contributes to A) diabetes in adulthood.
B) high rates of autism in industrialized nations.
C) antisocial behavior in adolescence.
D) tooth decay and poor fine-motor skills.
Q3) Describe the pros and cons of participation in organized youth sports during childhood.
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Chapter 6: Cognitive Development: Piagetian, Core
Knowledge, and Vygotskian Perspectives
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137 Verified Questions
137 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most important illogical feature of preoperational thought is A) irreversibility.
B) egocentrism.
C) magical thinking.
D) conservation.
Q2) Around the first birthday, the symbolic capacity called "displaced reference" emerges, which allows toddlers to A) use abstract thought to solve problems.
B) form initial mental representations that can be used to evaluate further information.
C) categorize objects on the basis of their physical attributes.
D) recognize that words can be used to cue mental images of things not physically present.
Q3) Elena can mentally represent her neighborhood and describe the space to others. Elena's mental representation of her neighborhood is known as A) a cognitive map.
B) propositional thought.
C) reasoning by analogy.
D) an organized route of travel.
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Chapter 7: Cognitive Development: an Information-Processing Perspective
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Effective self-regulatory skills
A) are weakly correlated with academic success.
B) sometimes interfere with children's task performance.
C) foster a sense of academic self-efficacy.
D) develop rapidly during the preschool years.
Q2) The information-processing approach focuses mainly on A) genetic contributions to intellectual development.
B) core domains of thought.
C) the encoding, recording, and decoding of information.
D) how schemes change with age.
Q3) Mario sees a familiar face at the mall, but he cannot recall the person's name. Mario is having problems with A) storage.
B) categorization.
C) encoding.
D) retrieval.
Q4) What are scripts, and how do they influence memory and understanding in everyday life?
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Q5) Describe how semantic knowledge and the use of memory strategies support one another.
Chapter 8: Intelligence
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research examining the correlational stability of IQ suggests that
A) the younger the child at the time of first testing, the better the prediction of later IQ.
B) test scores during infancy predict school-age IQ better than test scores during the preschool years.
C) the closer in time two testings are, the stronger the relationship between the scores.
D) after age 3, IQ scores are fairly stable throughout the school years.
Q2) Research on creativity demonstrates that
A) creativity involves alternating between divergent and convergent thinking.
B) extensive knowledge is not necessary to make a creative contribution to a field.
C) IQ and creativity are highly correlated.
D) creative people tend to have little patience and persistence in the face of obstacles.
Q3) Practical intelligence
A) has not been reliably assessed through research.
B) taps the same skills as g.
C) predicts on-the-job performance as well as IQ.
D) is unrelated to academic achievement.
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Chapter 9: Language Development
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132 Verified Questions
132 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following questions is most likely to appear first in a young child's speech?
A) "Where Mommy hiding?"
B) "Why is Sally sad?"
C) "Daddy go work?"
D) "What you are eating?"
Q2) Two-year-old Calvin said, "My cup falled," when his cup fell off the table. Calvin's error is known as an
A) underregularization.
B) underextension.
C) overregularization.
D) overextension.
Q3) The absence of a complete description of abstract grammatical structures
A) supports the existence of Chomsky's LAD.
B) casts doubt that one set of rules can account for the multiplicity of grammatical forms.
C) provides clear evidence that children are naturally skilled at linking grammatical rules with strings of words.
D) supports the behaviorist perspective of language development.
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Page 11
Chapter 10: Emotional Development
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136 Verified Questions
136 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) About 19 percent of North American mothers and 15 percent of fathers without psychological disturbance have a(n) __________ internal working model.
A) autonomous/secure
B) dismissive
C) preoccupied
D) unresolved
Q2) One criticism of parental reports of temperament is that
A) most parents do not understand the measures used in temperament research.
B) they are inconvenient for researchers to administer.
C) depressed mothers perceive their babies as less difficult than they really are.
D) information from parents is biased.
Q3) Self-conscious emotions
A) appear in the middle of the first year.
B) are universal in humans and other primates.
C) involve injury to or enhancement of our sense of self.
D) predict academic achievement during adolescence.
Q4) Discuss paternal depression. How common is it? How does it interfere with children's development?
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12
Chapter 11: Self and Social Understanding
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127 Verified Questions
127 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Not until age _____ are children certain that a video image of themselves replayed a few minutes after it was filmed is still "me."
A) 3
B) 4
C) 5
D) 6
Q2) Research on self-esteem indicates that.
A) children benefit from frequent compliments, regardless of whether they are based on actual attainment.
B) the self-esteem of U.S. youths dropped sharply from the 1970s to the 1990s.
C) children do not benefit from compliments that have no basis in real attainment.
D) overly tolerant, indulgent parenting is linked to low self-esteem.
Q3) During the first year, as infants act on the environment, they
A) are self-involved and cannot focus on objects.
B) cannot distinguish between self and others.
C) notice effects that help them sort out self, other people, and objects.
D) are unable to separate objects from the surrounding world.
Q4) Describe the development of self-concept from early childhood to adolescence.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Moral Development
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129 Verified Questions
129 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) For both boys and girls, persistently high physical or relational aggression
A) predicts later externalizing problems but not internalizing problems.
B) predicts involvement in aggressive sports like hockey and rugby.
C) is associated with peer admiration and respect.
D) predicts later internalizing and externalizing difficulties and social skills deficits.
Q2) U.S. 12- to 17-year-olds account for _____ percent of police arrests.
A) 8
B) 14
C) 21
D) 33
Q3) According to Freud, moral development is largely complete by age
A) 3 to 4.
B) 4 to 5.
C) 5 to 6.
D) 7 to 8.
Q4) When adults use punishment with children, what factors can increase its effectiveness?
Q5) Explain why positive discipline is effective and reduces the need for punishment.
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Chapter 13: Development of Sex Differences and Gender
Roles
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Although Kyra was considered a "tomboy" in early and middle childhood, by high school, she became interested in wearing makeup and feminine clothes. Kyra's situation is an example of gender
A) intensification.
B) consistency.
C) stability.
D) endurance.
Q2) Reflecting the gender stereotypes of his age group, 4-year-old Youssef is likely to say that
A) it is OK for boys to dress up in skirts or jewelry.
B) girls cannot be doctors or police officers.
C) girls can grow up to be anything they want to be.
D) it is OK if boys want to play with dolls.
Q3) Statements like "Boys can be firefighters" and "Most girls don't like playing football" are examples of
A) observational learning.
B) generic utterances.
C) expressive traits.
D) gender schemas.
Q4) Explain the observed differences in the emotional sensitivity of girls and boys.
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Chapter 14: The Family
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following teenagers is more likely to use cigarettes, alcohol, hard drugs, or marijuana to self-medicate for anxiety and depression?
A) Nicole, a middle-SES female who lives in a rural area
B) Natalie, a low-SES female who lives in an inner-city neighborhood
C) Nathan, a low-SES male who lives in an inner-city neighborhood
D) Nick, a high-SES male who lives in the suburbs
Q2) Following divorce,
A) father-headed households typically experience a sharp rise in income.
B) mother-headed households typically experience a sharp drop in income.
C) daily routines, such as meals, bedtimes, and household chores, become more predictable.
D) girls are at greater risk than boys for academic, emotional, and behavioral problems.
Q3) About 66,000 cases of child sexual abuse were confirmed in 2010. This number
A) greatly underestimates the extent of sexual abuse, since many victims remain silent.
B) overestimates the number of cases because of children's unreliable reporting.
C) represents about 30,000 cases perpetrated by women and about 36,000 by men.
D) consists mostly of abuse by a stranger.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Peers, Media, and Schooling
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If Lydia goes to a constructivist classroom, which of the following outcomes will most likely occur?
A) She will show a slight edge in achievement test scores over children in traditional classrooms.
B) She will show gains in critical thinking and moral maturity.
C) She will show gains in cognitive development and creativity.
D) She will display a decrease in behavioral problems during high school.
Q2) While playing at the park, Sam and Carlos run after one another, wrestle, and pretend to fight. The boys are engaged in
A) functional play.
B) a hostile interaction.
C) rough-and-tumble play.
D) repetitive motor action.
Q3) When asked about the meaning of friendship, teenagers stress which of the following three characteristics?
A) popularity, intimacy, and enjoyable interactions
B) similar interests, family values, and trust
C) intimacy, mutual understanding, and loyalty
D) similar moral values, a common peer group, and enjoyable interactions
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Page 17