Humanities
Midterm Exam
Course Introduction
The Humanities course offers an interdisciplinary exploration of human culture, thought, and expression across diverse societies and historical eras. Students will engage with literature, philosophy, history, art, music, and religion to deepen their understanding of the human experience and the complexities of cultural identity. Through critical analysis and discussion, this course cultivates skills in interpretation, communication, and ethical reflection, encouraging students to draw connections between past traditions and contemporary issues.
Recommended Textbook
Western Civilization 8th Edition by Jackson J. Spielvogel
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30 Chapters
3669 Verified Questions
3669 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: the Ancient Near East: the First Civilizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Originally the Osiris cult was reserved for
A) the wealthy who could afford preservation of the body.
B) priests who knew religious secrets.
C) the poor who lived by the Nile.
D) the pharaohs alone.
E) all free men but no slaves nor serfs.
Answer: A
Q2) Evidence indicates that the Sumerians were not the first peoples in ancient Mesopotamia inasmuch as a number of Sumerian agricultural and craft terms are not Sumerian in origin.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) The economy of ancient Egypt relied most heavily on
A) foreign trade.
B) artisans and craftsmen.
C) slavery.
D) agriculture.
E) copper mining.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: the Ancient Near East: Peoples and Empires
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Q1) Which of the following statements about the Persian army is true?
A) By the time of Darius, the army had disintegrated.
B) By the times of Darius, the army had seized control of the empire.
C) By the time of Darius, the army had become professionalized.
D) The army was less important than the navy.
E) The army was made up entirely of foreign mercenaries.
Answer: C
Q2) The Persian Empire reached its largest territorial boundaries under A) Cyrus.
B) Darius.
C) Xerxes.
D) Cambyses.
E) Darius III.
Answer: B
Q3) Nebuchadnezzar rebuilt the city of Nineveh, making it the Persian capital, and there he erected the Ishtar Gate, which opened on to the Triumphal Way.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 3: the Civilization of the Greeks
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Sample Questions
Q1) Spartan helots
A) farmed the land as sharecroppers.
B) had war declared on them every year.
C) had achieved the right to hold land themselves by the sixth century B.C.
D) were conscripted to fight in the city's phalanx.
E) a and b
Answer: E
Q2) The Delian League was organized in 478-477 B.C. to
A) prevent democracy from spreading to the Aegean islands.
B) keep Sparta isolated in the Peloponnesus.
C) arrange for proper rituals to Apollo on Delos.
D) drive the Persians from the Aegean Sea and Ionia.
E) resist the take over of Greece by Macedonia.
Answer: B
Q3) The first of the great writers of tragedy whose plays survived was Aeschylus.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Aristotle
Answer: Not answer
Page 5
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Chapter 4: the Hellenistic World
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Q1) The Greek general who took Egypt after Alexander's death and converted it into the first Hellenistic kingdom was
A) Ptolemy.
B) Brassius.
C) Seleucis.
D) Antigonis.
E) Bucephalus.
Q2) Stoicism
A) was formed by Epicurus.
B) later became very popular with the Celts and Germans.
C) maintained that people could gain inner peace by seeking virtue and living according to nature.
D) believed in a material afterlife.
E) argued that one should free oneself from public activities and responsibilities.
Q3) the library in Alexandria
Q4) Macedonia
Q5) Euclid
Q6) Hanukkah
Q7) Cleopatra VII
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Chapter 5: the Roman Republic
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Q1) The people to the north of Rome who apparently ruled Rome for a century and heavily influenced Roman urban culture were the
A) Ligurians.
B) Gauls.
C) Samnites.
D) Etruscans.
E) Dorians
Q2) Plautus and Terence
Q3) By the latter Republic, Roman slaves
A) often worked on the Roman latifundia.
B) always received humane treatment from their owners.
C) never received humane treatment from their owners.
D) were used as soldiers in the army.
E) a and b
Q4) patricians and plebeians
Q5) the Battle of Pharsalus
Q6) Second Triumvirate
Q7) Tiber River
Q8) Cincinnatus
Q9) Jupiter Optimus Maximus
Page 7
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Chapter 6: the Roman Empire
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Q1) Tacitus
Q2) princeps
Q3) Explain the factors involved in the spread of Christianity in the Roman Empire. It has been said that Christian experience as outlaws and hunted fugitives was crucial to the successful development of the Christian church. Why is this true?
Q4) praetorian guard
Q5) The emperor who said, "Live in harmony, make the soldiers rich, and don't give a damn for anything else" was
A) Augustus.
B) Nero.
C) Trajan.
D) Maximilian.
E) Septimius Severus.
Q6) It has been said of the Romans that two of their major contributions to Western civilization were in the areas of law and engineering. What exactly did the Romans achieve in each area?
Q7) "Bread and Circuses"
Q8) Colosseum and the baths of Caracalla
Q9) Ulpian
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Chapter 7: late Antiquity and the Emergence of the Medieval World
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Q1) Frankish marriage customs
A) prohibited sexual union until a year after marriage.
B) placed women on an equal footing with their husbands.
C) did not allow divorce.
D) placed strong sanctions (sometimes death) on adulterous women.
E) required that husbands have numerous wives.
Q2) Athanasius
Q3) The Corpus Iuris Civilis (Body of Civil Law) compiled under Justinian
A) was not immediately adopted by the Byzantine Empire.
B) was the last Byzantine contribution to the west to be written in Latin.
C) marked a turning away from Roman law.
D) served to undermine economic prosperity in the empire.
E) was the first literary work to be written entirely in Greek.
Q4) trivium and quadrivium
Q5) Vandals
Q6) Saint Boniface
Q7) Constantine declared toleration for Christians but did not make Christianity the official Roman religion.
A)True
B)False Page 10
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Chapter
8: european Civilization in the Early Middle Ages, 750-1000
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Sample Questions
Q1) dux
Q2) Louis the Pious
Q3) In 911, the French king granted the lands around mouth of the River Seine to a band of Vikings or Norsemen, and eventually that region became known as Normandy.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Pepin
Q5) Harun al-Rashid
Q6) Carolingian society was marked by all of the following except
A) the use of bleeding to cure illness.
B) a total disinterest in bodily cleanliness.
C) different patterns of consumption of foodstuffs among rich and poor.
D) the vices of gluttony and drunkenness.
E) considerable violence.
Q7) How should the Vikings be remembered, and why?
Q8) Macedonian emperors
Q9) subinfeudation
Q10) Why does the author use the title, the "zenith of Byzantine civilization," to describe Page 12
the Byzantine civilization of the ninth and tenth centuries?
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Chapter 9: the Recovery and Growth of European Society in the High Middle Ages
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Q1) Marriages among the aristocracy of the High Middle Ages were A) more frequently motivated by the love brides and grooms felt for one another. B) still included violent blood rituals of betrothal dating back to pagan times. C) usually occurred when both bride and groom were in their teens. D) were expected to establish political alliances between families and increase their wealth.
E) required to be always performed by archbishops and popes.
Q2) What were some of the reasons for the revival of trade and the growth of cities in the Middle Ages?
Q3) What burdens did medieval female aristocrats have to confront and what freedoms did they enjoy?
Q4) The Song of Roland
Q5) By the thirteenth century, the increased agricultural production reduced the price of food in spite of increased urban demand.
A)True
B)False
Q6) the liberal arts
Q7) horse collar
Q8) a castle keep Page 14
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Chapter 10: the Rise of Kingdoms and the Growth of Church
Power
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Q1) The Fourth Crusade was diverted from Jerusalem and ended up sacking
A) Alexandria.
B) Constantinople.
C) Rome.
D) Venice.
E) Paris.
Q2) Discuss how the church administration of the seven sacraments shaped the lives of ordinary Europeans from cradle to grave.
Q3) When the rule of the Capetians began at the end of the tenth century
A) France was the most powerful country in Europe.
B) the French king only controlled an area known as the Ile-de-France.
C) the French had just defeated the English in the Hundred Year's War.
D) Bordeaux was the French capital.
E) French Capet princes were the Kings of Jerusalem.
Q4) The crusades have been called "successful failures." In your opinion, why is this statement true?
Q5) Florence and Milan
Q6) Peter the Hermit
Q7) Saladin and the Third Crusade
Q8) Teutonic Knights Page 16
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Chapter 11: the Later Middle Ages: Crisis and Disintegration in the
Fourteenth Century
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Q1) The persecutions against Jews during the Black Death A) were instigated at the calling of the Catholic church.
B) led to the execution of nearly all of the Jews in eastern Europe. C) was the result of the decline in popular religious movements and manifestations. D) had little to do with financial motives.
E) reached their worst excesses in German cities.
Q2) All medical books, even after the impact of the Black Death, continued to be written in Latin and all were highly theoretical rather than being practical.
A)True
B)False
Q3) pneumonic plague
Q4) What were the greatest consequences of the Black Death, beyond the obvious death tolls?
Q5) Orleans
Q6) How did the adversities of the fourteenth century affect urban life and medical practices at the time?
Q7) Marsiglio of Padua
Q8) Italian communes
Page 18
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Chapter 12: recovery and Rebirth: the Age of the Renaissance
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Q1) The development of printing in the fifteenth century
A) pertained predominantly to secular works, as theological works were still done by hand.
B) saw the invention of movable type by Nicholas Fabian.
C) ensured that literacy and new knowledge would spread rapidly in European society.
D) made communication and collaborative work between scholars more difficult due to competition.
E) had little impact until the eighteenth century.
Q2) High Renaissance
Q3) Leonardo Bruni's The New Cicero
Q4) All of the following monarchs were successful in continuing the centralization of their "new monarchies" except
A) Maximilian I of the Holy Roman Empire.
B) Henry VII of England.
C) Ferdinand of Aragon in Spain.
D) Louis XI the Spider of France.
E) Isabella of Castile.
Q5) Brunelleschi's dome
Q6) Johannes Gutenberg
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Chapter 13: reformation and Religious Warfare in the
Sixteenth Century
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Q1) The Peasants' War of 1524-1525
A) was led by a radical ex-follower of Luther, Philip Melanchthon.
B) furthered the spread of Lutheranism throughout all of Europe.
C) as praised by Luther as it destroyed the great Catholic princes of Germany.
D) was strongly opposed by Luther who saw it as a social revolution from below against God's divine order.
E) had no connection with any of Luther's ideas and beliefs.
Q2) predestination
Q3) priesthood of all believers
Q4) Anabaptists, Munster
Q5) Francis Xavier
Q6) the sacraments
Q7) Which of the following was not a central belief of Lutheranism?
A) Justification is by faith alone.
B) Only two of the Catholic sacraments were accurate and worth keeping.
C) God's word is found in scripture alone.
D) The pope is a false representative of Christ on earth.
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E) The sale of indulgences is a proper revenue source for a church.
Q8) Edward VI and "Bloody Mary"
Q9) Oratory of Divine Love
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Q1) Christopher Columbus
Q2) Dutch East India Company
Q3) portolani
Q4) The religious crusading motive for exploration was strongest in
A) Spain and Portugal.
B) Florence and Venice.
C) the Byzantine Empire.
D) England and Scotland.
E) France and the Low Countries.
Q5) The Travels of John Mandeville
Q6) Which of the following was not a result of European expansion and exploration?
A) the influx of tremendous amounts of precious metals into Europe
B) the introduction of new foods into Europe
C) the establishing of the Catholic faith in many areas of the New World
D) the introduction of smallpox into Europe
E) the possible introduction of maize into Africa.
Q7) slave trade and the Middle Passage
Q8) joint-stock trading companies
Q9) Ptolemy's Geography
Page 22
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"Black Hole of Calcutta"
Chapter 15: state Building and the Search for Order in the
Seventeenth Century
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Q1) Peace of Utrecht
Q2) After 1648, the Holy Roman Empire
A) became one of the most powerful and centralized monarchies in Europe under the domination of Spanish grandees.
B) was not really and empire at all but rather a loose association of 300 German states.
C) became divided into three great warring states: Prussia, Poland, and Silesia.
D) continued to acknowledge the temporal power of the pope.
E) was ruled by the Bourbons.
Q3) William Shakespeare
Q4) John Locke was responsible for
A) synthesizing previous doctrines on international law.
B) the idea of society as being in a constant state of war.
C) advocating political democracy for the entire populace.
D) emphasizing the social contract between the people and government.
E) disestablishing the Church of England.
Q5) Peace of Westphalia
Q6) Louis XIV's wars
Q7) the house of Orange
Q8) Glorious Revolution
Page 24
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Q1) In his search for a new rational mathematical system, Descartes began with doubt, doubting everything including his own existence.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What did Paracelsus, Vesalius, and Harvey contribute to a scientific view of medicine? Be specific and give examples.
Q3) Science became an integral part of Western culture in the eighteenth century because
A) people perceived it to be rationally superior to other belief systems.
B) its mechanistic nature was popular with the lower classes.
C) the victory of radical political groups, such as the Levellers, following the Puritan Revolution encouraged freedom of expression.
D) it offered a new means to make profits and maintain social order.
E) it allowed an alternative religious belief system to that of Christianity.
Q4) Paracelsus
Q5) Blaise Pascal
Q6) Does Newton deserve to be considered the most significant figure from the Scientific Revolution, why or why not?
Page 26
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Chapter 17: the Eighteenth Century: an Age of Enlightenment
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Q1) the salon and the coffeehouse
Q2) Francois Quesnay
Q3) Who said that individuals "will forced to be free"?
A) Baron Paul d'Holbach
B) Jean-Jacques Rousseau
C) Denis Diderot
D) Francois Quesnay
E) Voltaire
Q4) "science of man"
Q5) John Locke's tabula rasa
Q6) The leader of the Physiocrats and their advocacy of natural economic laws was
A) Denis Diderot.
B) Adam Smith.
C) Francois Quesnay.
D) Cesare Beccaria.
E) David Hume.
Q7) Denis Diderot's Encyclopedia
Q9) Montesquieu's The Spirit of the Laws Page 27
Q8) Jean-Jacques Rousseau's The Social Contract and the general will
Q10) Joseph II's Toleration Patent
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Chapter 18: the Eighteenth Century: European States, International Wars, and Social Change
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Q1) Frederick William I
Q2) William Pitt the Elder
Q3) potatoes and maize
Q4) European warfare in the eighteenth century was characterized by
A) the continued reliance on mercenary armies on the mainland.
B) ideological fervor leading to bloody battles.
C) limited objectives and elaborate maneuvers.
D) massive direct confrontations and pitched battles.
E) extensive trench warfare and many military casualties.
Q5) Grand Tour
Q6) "reason of state"
Q7) The young Habsburg empress whose country was attacked in the War of Austrian Succession was
A) Eleanor.
B) Elizabeth.
C) Marie Antoinette
D) Maria Theresa
E) Zita.
Q8) agricultural enclosures Page 29
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Chapter 19: a Revolution in Politics: the Era of the French Revolution and Napoleon
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Q1) Elba and Saint Helena
Q2) Bill of Rights
Q3) Not among the factors in the defeat of Napoleon was
A) the failure of the Continental System.
B) the defeat of the French navy at the Battle of Trafalgar.
C) mass reactions to his brutal suppression of local customs in the conquered countries.
D) the spread of nationalism in the conquered countries.
E) that most independent European states were united against him by 1814.
Q4) Thermidorean Reaction
Q5) Which of the following is not true of the French revolutionary republican calendar?
A) Each month consisted of three ten-day weeks.
B) Most Christian holidays were kept.
C) No efforts were made to enforce it.
D) It was meant to signal a new beginning for the nation.
E) It was part of the government's dechristianization program.
Q6) the Concordat
Q7) Temple of Reason
Q8) Napoleon Bonaparte
Page 31
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Chapter 20: the Industrial Revolution and Its Impact on European Society
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Q1) Ireland and the potato
Q2) Assume that you are a small landowner who lost his land due to economic changes in the British countryside. In a brief essay, explain your changed position and lifestyle as you and your family move to Manchester to gain employment in one of the new factories.
Q3) Compared to Britain, American industrialization was a capital-intensive endeavor because
A) Britain had more unskilled laborers.
B) there was a skilled labor surplus in the U.S.
C) there was a skilled labor surplus in Britain.
D) there was a larger pool of unskilled laborers in the U.S.
E) there was a labor surplus in the U.S.
Q4) The first Continental nations to completely establish a comprehensive railroad system were
A) France and Italy.
B) Belgium and Germany.
C) Prussia and Poland.
D) Russia and Austria.
E) the Scandinavian countries.
Q5) factory discipline
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Chapter 21: reaction, Revolution, and Romanticism,
1815-1850
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Q1) Jacksonian Democracy
Q2) Reform Act of 1832
Q3) The Reform Bill of 1832 in Britain primarily benefited the A) landed aristocracy.
B) peasants.
C) working class.
D) clergy.
E) upper middle-class.
Q4) Corn Laws and the Peterloo Massacre
Q5) The most successful nationalistic European revolution in 1830 was in A) Poland.
B) Germany.
C) Italy.
D) the United Provinces.
E) Belgium.
Q6) Charles Fourier's phalansteries
Q7) David Ricardo's "iron law of wages"
Page 33
Q8) What were the chief ideas associated with the ideology of conservatism in the first half of the nineteenth century? How were these ideas put into practice between 1815 and 1830? How has conservative ideology changed over the last century?
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Chapter 22: an Age of Nationalism and Realism, 1850-1871
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Q1) Dardanelles and Sevastopol
Q2) When Tsar Alexander II emancipated Russia's serfs, he also forced landowners to pay them reparations for generations of exploited labor.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In addition to examining everyday life, the literary realists of the mid-nineteenth century were also interested in
A) completely avoiding romantic imagery, as shown in the works of Charles Dickens.
B) employing emotional and poetic language to cause social reform.
C) avoiding sentimental language by using careful observation and description.
D) showing the positive values of middle-class life.
E) using "stream of consciousness" techniques.
Q4) Vera Zasulich
A) tried to prevent the assassination of Tsar Alexander II.
B) assassinated Tsar Alexander II.
C) was the mistress of Tsar Alexander II.
D) shot and wounded the governor-general of Saint Petersburg.
E) killed the governor-general of Saint Petersburg.
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Chapter 23: mass Society in an "Age of Progress," 1871-1894
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Q1) the Commune
Q2) Between 1871 and 1894, two major domestic political issues involved the achievement of liberal practices and the growth of political democracy. To what extent were these realized in Great Britain, France, Spain, and Italy?
Q3) white-collar jobs
Q4) Marxist "revisionism"
Q5) France's Third Republic
Q6) Michael Bakunin and anarchism
Q7) the assembly line
Q8) Which of the following statements best applies to Austria-Hungary before World War I?
A) Both Austria and Hungary had working parliamentary systems.
B) The Magyars dominated politics in Austria under Emperor William II.
C) The nationality problem remained unresolved.
D) Prime minister Count Edward von Taafe was ousted in 1893 by the Slavic minorities for his failure to make concessions to them.
E) By 1900 it had become a federal state, with seven different constitutional regions enjoying domestic self-rule.
Q9) Reform Act of 1884
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Q1) The Meiji Restoration in Japan
A) successfully accomplished the expulsion of all foreigners from the country.
B) created a political system democratic in form but rigidly authoritarian in practice.
C) concentrated on the reestablishment of feudal principles of decentralized government and native Japanese values.
D) sent many Japanese abroad to be educated in the ways of the west and adopted many western reforms in political and military organization.
E) b and d
Q2) The basis of the Bismarckian System was
A) the acquisition of a huge overseas empire.
B) the isolation of France through a series of military alliances.
C) an enhanced civil service.
D) the creation of a German war college.
E) the incorporation of Austria-Hungary into the German Empire.
Q3) Sigmund Freud and psychoanalysis
Q4) trasformismo
Q5) Suez Canal
Q6) Triple Alliance
Page 37
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Chapter 25: the Beginning of the Twentieth-century Crisis:
War and Revolution
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Q1) Which of the following statements best applies to Nicholas II's tsarist regime?
A) Rasputin, an alleged holy man, ran a very efficient government.
B) Alexandra, Nicholas' wife, kept him isolated from the reality of domestic disturbances.
C) It was patriotically supported by ordinary Russians throughout the war.
D) Many reforms were made to keep the peasants content.
E) Nicholas II was a brilliant and charismatic leader who was betrayed by his military advisors.
Q2) After World War I, the United States Senate voted to
A) forgive the war loans to England and France.
B) renounce the Versailles Treaty that Wilson had negotiated.
C) join and actively participate in the League of Nations.
D) occupy northern Mexico in retaliation for the Zimmerman Telegram.
E) form a military alliance with England, France, and Russia.
Q3) How did the Russian Revolution alter the dynamics of European statecraft and policy during the waning months of the war and into the time of the Paris Peace Conference?
Q4) Article 231
Q5) Alexandra Kollontai and the Zhenotdel
Q6) the Lusitania
Page 38
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Chapter 26: the Futile Search for Stability: Europe Between
the Wars, 1919-1939
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Q1) In Europe, functionalism in architecture was best exemplified by Walter Gropius' Bauhaus School.
A)True
B)False
Q2) the Enabling Act
Q3) Franklin Roosevelt's New Deal policies in the United States
A) were successful by 1932.
B) virtually eliminated unemployment.
C) brought about government ownership of most industries.
D) brought about a partial economic recovery, but full employment did not return until World War II's rearmament.
E) were all declared unconstitutional by the Supreme Court.
Q4) Kellogg-Briand pact
Q5) All of the following concepts were central to the psychological theories of Carl Jung except
A) the collective unconscious.
B) the process of individuation.
C) the uncertainty principle.
D) universal archetypes.
E) the importance of universal myths.
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Chapter 27: the Deepening of the European Crisis: World War
Ii
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Q1) How do you account for the early successes of the Germans from 1939 to 1941? To what degree did Blitzkrieg play a role in these successes?
Q2) An important issue at the Tehran, Yalta, and Potsdam conferences was
A) to implement a plan to break up Germany into several smaller states.
B) the spheres of influence after the war was over.
C) whether or not to use the atomic bomb on Germany.
D) the timing of when to launch the second front.
E) to arrange for the trial of Adolph Hitler, who would be charged with "crimes against humanity."
Q3) Following the Second World War, Germany was
A) divided into two zones of occupation: east and west.
B) separated into twenty small security districts policed by the United Nations.
C) divided into four zones of occupation under U.S., British, French, and Russian administration.
D) dismembered and replaced by three new smaller states determined by the ethnicity of their inhabitants.
E) ruled and controlled by a single Allied government entity.
Q4) panzer divisions
Q5) Luftwaffe
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Chapter 28: cold War and a New Western World, 1945-1965
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Q1) African National Congress
Q2) World War II not only devastated the countries, cities, peoples, and cultures of Europe, but also destroyed
A) American commitment to globalism in foreign policy.
B) European supremacy in world affairs.
C) any commitment of old and new nations around the globe to supranational bodies of diplomacy and conflict resolution.
D) the capacity of western European nations to forge lasting economic and cultural ties in the post-war world.
E) the trans-Atlantic partnership.
Q3) the birth-control pill
Q4) What were the major developments in domestic politics in Western Europe and how were they expressed in France, West Germany, and Great Britain? What efforts toward unity were made by Western European states? How did the policies of the United States affect those efforts?
Q5) West Germany's "economic miracle"
Q6) Marshall Plan
Q7) Warsaw Pact
Q8) the "consumer society"
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Chapter 29: protest and Stagnation: the Western World, 1965-1985
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Q1) Italy's Eurocommunism
Q2) Between 1965 and 1985, did new technologies and new scientific discoveries do more to benefit or to harm the planet and its inhabitants?
Q3) Postmodernism in art could include all of the following except
A) an eclectic mingling of historic tradition and Modernist innovation.
B) an architecture of complexity and contradiction.
C) blurring the distinction between the arts, including film, performance, and popular culture.
D) "happenings."
E) Photorealism.
Q4) The West German chancellor whose policy of Ostpolitik improved relations with East Germany was
A) Willy Brandt.
B) Konrad Adenauer.
C) Helmut Kohl.
D) Helmut Schmidt.
E) Walter Ulbricht.
Q5) Timothy Leary and LSD
Q6) Betty Friedan's Feminine Mystique
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Chapter 30: after the Fall: the Western World in a Global Age (Since
1985)
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Q1) fall of the Berlin Wall
Q2) The Yugoslavian president ousted from power in 2000 and who was subsequently put on trial for war crimes against humanity was
A) Vojislav Kostunica.
B) Nicolae Ceausescu.
C) Wladyslaw Gomulka.
D) Todor Zhivkov.
E) Slobodan Milosevic.
Q3) Challenges facing the European Union in the early twenty-first century include A) the lack of a common currency.
B) the lack of any military force.
C) many Europeans remain committed to a national identify and do not see themselves as "Europeans."
D) lack of economic assistance to Europe's farming community.
E) the failure to create a truly single internal market.
Q4) Microsoft and Bill Gates
Q5) Iraq war
Q6) Lech Walesa and Solidarity
Q7) Pope John Paul II
Q8) Mikhail Gorbachev Page 43
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