Human Society Exam Review
Course Introduction
Human Society explores the ways in which individuals interact within groups, communities, and larger cultures, focusing on the development and functions of social institutions, norms, and values. The course examines key sociological concepts such as socialization, stratification, power dynamics, and the role of identity in shaping experiences. Through the analysis of diverse societies and contemporary issues including globalization, inequality, and social change students gain a deeper understanding of the complexities and interconnectedness of human social life.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Sociology 9th Edition by David B. Brinkerhoff
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15 Chapters
2023 Verified Questions
2023 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Study of Society
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135 Verified Questions
135 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which theoretical perspective is most likely to focus on how inequality,competition,tension,and antagonisms in the social structure are likely to create pressures for social change?
A) structural?functional theory
B) symbolic interaction theory
C) conflict theory
D) value-free sociology
Answer: C
Q2) What area the three primary assumptions of modern conflict theory?
Answer: Competition over scare resources defines all social relationships; inequality in power and reward are built into all social structures; and social change occurs as a result of conflict between competing interests rather than through adaptation.
Q3) The best method for gathering data in a study of consumer preferences needed for a national advertising campaign is:
A) participant observation.
B) the controlled experiment.
C) survey research.
D) analysis of social artifacts.
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Culture
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134 Verified Questions
134 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Janice is learning about the practice of polygamy.While she would not like to be in a polygamist relationship herself,she understands why the system works in some cultures.Janice's analysis is an example of:
A) ethnocentrism.
B) cultural diffusion.
C) normative adaptation.
D) cultural relativity.
Answer: D
Q2) What is the overall economic impact of globalization?
A) International financial relationships have reduced violence.
B) International financial enterprises raise the standard of living for all in the countries involved.
C) The effects of economic globalization have been exclusively negative.
D) Observers of globalization are not in agreement as to its overall economic impact.
Answer: D
Q3) How is culture a social product?
Answer: It is not the product of gene pools,but comes about through cultural evolution.Many aspects of culture are produced intentionally.
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4
Chapter 3: Socialization
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135 Verified Questions
135 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mr.Nguyen and his family have come to the U.S.as refugees from Vietnam.In addition to the culture being so dramatically different,Mr.Nguyen is not permitted to practice his medical profession in the U.S.Mr.Nguyen and his family must go through a process of _________ to adjust to the American way of life.
A) cultural orientation
B) exploitation
C) primary socialization
D) resocialization
Answer: D
Q2) Jill is attending her first school dance.She doesn't know the new steps,imagines that her date is disappointed in her,and feels that she is a complete failure.This is an example of:
A) the looking-glass self.
B) peer pressure.
C) impression management.
D) positive reinforcement.
Answer: A
Q3) What is the most important agent of socialization?
Answer: The family is the most important agent of socialization.
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Social Structure and Social Interaction
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135 Verified Questions
135 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Societies that are built around the mass production of goods and the use of various forms of energy are known as ????_____________ societies.
A) agricultural
B) horticultural
C) industrial
D) hunting-and-gathering
Q2) After framing an encounter and defining what is going on,the second question individuals must resolve is:
A) What is the purpose of this interaction?
B) Is this situation problematic or routine?
C) Which identities pertain to this particular situation?
D) Why am I doing this?
Q3) What is the difference between a gemeinschaft and a gesellschaft society?
Q4) Every society has its own separate and unique set of institutions.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe how people employ impression management using social networking like Facebook or Twitter.What are common ways people try to improve their impression in these online realms?
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Chapter 5: Groups, Networks, and Organizations
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135 Verified Questions
135 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a small group,members go along with the norms and expectations of the group because:
A) they are in agreement with them.
B) they are uncertain of their own knowledge or views.
C) they fear rejection or ridicule.
D) All of these are reasons that members of small groups conform to the group norms.
Q2) The most important factor associated with the number and composition of strong ties a person has is:
A) having children.
B) gender.
C) income.
D) education.
Q3) What are some of the factors that affect the kind of interaction we experience in small groups? What effects do these factors have on social interaction?
Q4) What are the benefits of social networks?
Q5) Most people's happiness is unaffected by how well anyone else is doing.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Deviance, Crime, and Social Control
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135 Verified Questions
135 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Unpopular norms can continue to exist because of:
A) internalization.
B) negative sanctions.
C) false enforcement.
D) formal social controls.
Q2) What is meant by the statement that deviance is relative?
Q3) According to ________,crime is more likely to occur in neighborhoods that suffer extreme structural disadvantage and as a result experience low collective efficacy.
A) differential association theory
B) collective efficacy theory
C) strain theory
D) symbolic interaction theory
Q4) Differential association theory was developed by:
A) Travis Hirschi.
B) Robert Merton.
C) Howard Becker.
D) Edwin Sutherland.
Q5) Briefly outline the four types of strain deviance identified by Merton and give an example of each.
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Chapter 7: Stratification
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135 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) People who are employed full-time and earn between about $22,000 to $44,000 annually are termed the __________ by sociologists.
A) near poor
B) lower-middle class
C) permanently poor
D) working class
Q2) World-systems theory argues that the world economic system is dominated by: A) capitalism.
B) socialism.
C) the proletariat.
D) the petit bourgeois.
Q3) Which of the following is NOT true about terrorism?
A) The poor are less likely to engage in terrorism than others.
B) The U.S. government generally routinely recognizes domestic terrorism.
C) Terrorism results from a perceived threat to a country's national or cultural pride.
D) One group's "terrorist" is another group's "freedom fighter."
Q4) How does social class differ from class?
Q5) Explain the underlying causes of the rise in Islamic terrorism.
Q6) What is meant by the concept of "culture of poverty"?
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Racial and Ethnic Inequality
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135 Verified Questions
135 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of these statements accurately describes racial segregation in the United States?
A) As segregation was made illegal, it slowly disappeared.
B) Lower-income members of minority groups are more likely to live in ethnically-segregated neighborhoods than are wealthier members of the same groups.
C) Economic differences are almost exclusively the reason for segregated neighborhoods in the United States.
D) Segregation of all racial minority groups has been increasing since the 1970s.
Q2) When situations in everyday life appear to be fair but in reality reproduce racial or ethnic inequality,this is termed:
A) laissez-faire racism.
B) institutionalized racism.
C) reverse discrimination.
D) a self-fulfilling prophecy.
Q3) What is the difference between race and ethnic group?
Q4) What is the self-fulfilling prophecy? How might the self-fulfilling prophecy affect racial and ethnic inequality in the U.S.?
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Chapter 9: Sex,Gender,and Sexuality
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135 Verified Questions
135 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Current thinking suggests that men's higher rate of suicide is linked to:
A) their greater amount of stress.
B) their greater likelihood of serious disease.
C) the fact that they have less social support.
D) their lack of emotional strength.
Q2) _______ are individuals whose sex or sexual identity is not definitively male or female.
A) Transgendered individuals
B) Homosexuals
C) Bisexuals
D) Heterosexuals
Q3) There is no credible evidence that abstinence programs reduce teenage sexual activity over the long run.
A)True
B)False
Q4) African American women have always been much more likely to work outside of the home than white women.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are gender roles?
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Chapter 10: Health and Health Care
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135 Verified Questions
135 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compared to women,men have higher rates of:
A) alcoholism and depression.
B) depression and personality disorders.
C) compulsive gambling and depression.
D) substance abuse and personality disorders.
Q2) Why has the drive to increase nurses' education and their status only partially succeeded?
A) Men have entered the profession.
B) Very few universities have elected to offer advanced degrees in nursing.
C) Associate-degree programs are the most popular among employers, and more services are provided out-patient, reducing the need for nurses.
D) Because of improvements in technology, people are not as likely to get sick.
Q3) All of the following are signs of change among physician services EXCEPT:
A) a growing proportion of physicians work in group practices.
B) the public has grown increasingly critical of physicians.
C) fees and treatments are increasingly regulated by insurance companies.
D) more physicians are becoming their own bosses and establishing their own working conditions.
Q4) Why might women get sicker but men die quicker?
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Chapter 11: Family
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135 Verified Questions
135 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A form of marriage in which there is only one wife and one husband is called:
A) polygamy.
B) monogamy.
C) polyandry.
D) polygyny.
Q2) Discuss the relationship between work and home,how this is different for men and women,and factors contributing to differences in satisfaction levels between home and work.
Q3) A form of marriage in which a person is permitted more than one spouse is called:
A) polygamy.
B) monogamy.
C) polyandry.
D) polygyny.
Q4) In families where the wife works,housework responsibility falls on:
A) the wife.
B) the husband.
C) both equally.
D) the children.
Q5) Define and give an example of a rite of passage.
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Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) People who are __________ religious tend to hold __________ conservative attitudes.
A) more; less
B) less; more
C) less; no
D) more; more
Q2) the lasting contribution of Weber's analysis of the Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism is the idea that:
A) religion is a totally independent institution.
B) Protestantism revolutionized social institutions.
C) Capitalism benefited Protestants more than others.
D) religion can be an important element in social change.
Q3) Cognitive development is the process of:
A) raising one's IQ.
B) developing mental skills such as critical thinking.
C) learning self-control and good behavior.
D) learning to recognize social facts.
Q4) What is the difference between the sacred and the profane?
Q5) Briefly describe Weber's thesis regarding the Protestant ethic and the spirit of capitalism.
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Chapter 13: Politics and the Economy
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135 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following would likely be considered part of the underground economy?
A) A thrift shop
B) A garage sale
C) A small Chinese restaurant
D) A house-cleaning service registered with the Better Business Bureau
Q2) The youngest voters are more likely to be affiliated with the __________ Party.
A) Libertarian
B) Green
C) Democratic
D) Republican
Q3) Wal-Mart's low prices benefit everyone within a community in the long run.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Economic institutions are defined as social structures concerned with:
A) jobs and surplus.
B) the organization of work and productivity.
C) the production and distribution of goods.
D) budgets and deficits.
Q5) What are the three types of authority identified by Weber?
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Chapter 14: Population and Urbanization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Approximately __________ people in the world are seriously undernourished.
A) 3 million
B) 1 billion
C) 1/2 billion
D) 25 million
Q2) When a population pyramid is shaped like a pyramid,this means that:
A) the country is at zero-population growth.
B) a country has undergone the demographic transition.
C) birth, death, and migration are all fairly equal.
D) the population is very young, and relatively few people live into old age.
Q3) The world's population is two and a half times larger than it was in 1950.This is because:
A) the fertility rate has been increasingly dramatically.
B) the birth rate and the fertility rate have both increased, making population growth double.
C) mortality as decreased rapidly while fertility has decreased only slowly.
D) None of these; migration is the only factor that has changed since 1950.
Q4) What are the three major trends in internal migration within the U.S.?
Q5) Discuss the relationship between women's status and roles in society and fertility rates.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: Social Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Countermovements are always religious or politically conservative.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What three conditions encourage the development of a countermovement?
Q3) According to conflict theory,who is most likely to benefit from new technology and social change?
A) everyone
B) the largest part of the population: the middle-class
C) those people with the most power in society
D) the federal government
Q4) The idea that once a technology is available,it becomes difficult to avoid using it is called:
A) a normal accident
B) the technological advantage.
C) the technological imperative.
D) public technology.
Q5) The people who are the most deprived are the most likely to organize social movements.
A)True
B)False
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