Human Society and Social Change
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the dynamic nature of human societies and the processes that drive social change. Students will examine key sociological theories and concepts that explain how cultures, institutions, and communities evolve over time. Topics include the impact of globalization, technological advancement, social movements, and policy decisions on societal transformation. By analyzing historical and contemporary case studies, students will gain insights into how individuals and groups shape and are shaped by the larger social forces around them. The course encourages critical thinking about issues such as inequality, social justice, and cultural diversity in a rapidly changing world.
Recommended Textbook
Sociology in Our Times 9th Edition by Diana Kendall
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20 Chapters
2958 Verified Questions
2958 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Sociological Perspective
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Sample Questions
Q1) A __________ is a large social grouping that shares the same geographical territory and is subject to the same political authority and dominant cultural expectations.
A) culture
B) society
C) nation
D) country
Answer: B
Q2) _________ is demonstrated by scorecards that allow lenders to score potential borrowers based on prior statistics of other people's performance in paying their bills.
A) Efficiency
B) Technical alienation
C) Calculability
D) Predictability
Answer: C
Q3) In regards to the early thinkers,discuss the major contributions of the following individuals to the field of sociology: Auguste Comte,Harriet Martineau,Herbert Spencer,and Emile Durkheim.
Answer: Not Answer
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Sociological Research Methods
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Sample Questions
Q1) In secondary analysis,researchers use existing materials and analyze data that were originally collected by others.Existing data sources include public records,official reports of organizations and government agencies,and surveys conducted by researchers in universities and private corporations.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) The researcher has developed the hypothesis that homicide rates increase as the rate of unemployment increase.The rate of unemployment would be considered the __________ variable and the homicide rate would be considered the __________ variable.
A) dependent; independent
B) dependent; control
C) independent; dependent
D) independent; control
Answer: C
Q3) Summarize the Hawthorne experiments and explain why this research is important.
Answer: Not Answer
Q4) Why is it important to have "ethics" in sociological research?
Answer: Not Answer
Page 4
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Chapter 3: Culture
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Sample Questions
Q1) Norms are also classified according to their relative social importance.__________ are informal norms or everyday customs that may be violated without serious consequences within a particular culture.
A) Mores
B) Folkways
C) Sanctions
D) Taboos
Answer: B
Q2) The growing popularity of fast food restaurants throughout many parts of the world is an example of:
A) cultural discovery
B) cultural lag
C) cultural diffusion
D) cultural diversity
Answer: C
Q3) Discuss how language may create and reinforce our perceptions about race and ethnicity by transmitting preconceived ideas about the superiority of one category of people over another.
Answer: Not Answer
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Socialization
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Sample Questions
Q1) The "me" is the __________ element of the self,which is composed of the internalized attitudes and demands of other members of society and the individual's awareness of those demands.
A) imaginary
B) subjective
C) objective
D) neutral
Q2) Compare and contrast gender socialization and racial/ethnic socialization.
Q3) Each time we experience a change in status (such as becoming a college student or getting married); we learn a new set of rules,roles,and relationships.Even before we achieve a new status,we often participate in what sociologists refer to as expectant socialization.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Describe what is meant by a peer group and how it exerts influence over individuals.
Q5) Outline the stages of the life course and briefly explain the importance of each stage.
Q6) Summarize Jean Piaget's views on cognitive development.
Q7) Discuss problems associated with social isolation and maltreatment.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Society,Social Structure,and Interaction
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Sample Questions
Q1) __________ theorists emphasize that social structure is essential because it creates order and predictability in a society.Social structure is also important for our human development.
A) Functionalist
B) Conflict
C) Symbolic interactionist
D) Premodern
Q2) In __________ societies,the basic social unit is the kinship group or family.People do not have private households or residences.Instead,they live in small groups of about twenty-five to forty people.
A) hunting and gathering
B) industrial
C) agrarian
D) horticultural and pastoral
Q3) Define hunting and gathering societies,horticultural societies,agrarian societies,industrial societies,and postindustrial societies.
Q4) Explain what is meant by the sociology of emotions and describe sociologist Arlie Hochschild's contribution to this area of study.
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Chapter 6: Groups and Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) Define ingroup,outgroup,and reference group,and provide examples to illustrate your definitions.
Q2) The Japanese system encourages worker loyalty and a high level of productivity.Managers are assigned to a permanent workplace and tend to become highly specialized,unlike their U.S.counterparts who are often moved through various parts of the organization.
A)True
B)False
Q3) In relation to obedience to authority,summarize Stanley Milgram's research.
Q4) Leadership in secondary groups (such as colleges,governmental agencies,and corporations) involves:
A) an informal hierarchy
B) a friendly orientation
C) a clearly defined chain of command
D) a strong personality
Q5) In relation to types of groups,describe sociologist Charles Horton Cooley's theory on primary and secondary groups.
Q6) Distinguish between groups,aggregates,and categories from a sociological perspective.
8
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Chapter 7: Deviance and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sociologists and criminologists define a gang as a group of people who band together for purposes generally considered to be deviant or criminal by the larger society.The Office of Juvenile Justice and Delinquency Prevention estimated that in 2002,there were over 24,500 gangs with about 772,500 members in the United States.
A)True
B)False
Q2) In the late 1980s,several top Pentagon officials were found guilty of receiving bribes for passing classified information on to major defense contractors that had garnered many lucrative contracts from the government.This is an example of:
A) political crime
B) corporate crime
C) occupational (white-collar) crime
D) autonomy crime
Q3) Which of the following is NOT an example of corporate crime?
A) antitrust violations
B) price fixing
C) drug trafficking
D) financial fraud
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9
Chapter 8: Class and Stratification in the United States
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Sample Questions
Q1) The separation of the races refers to:
A) apartheid
B) closed racial system
C) emancipation
D) horizontal declassification
Q2) Sociologist Max Weber placed categories of people who have a similar level of wealth and income in the same class.He identified a class of __________-wealthy individuals who live off their investments and do not have to work.
A) entrepreneurs
B) rentiers
C) independents
D) consumers
Q3) In 2009,more than __________ million people lived below the official government poverty level of $22,050 for a family of four.
A) 16.3
B) 43.6
C) 64.3
D) 84.3
Q4) Summarize global systems of stratification.
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Chapter 9: Global Stratification
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Sample Questions
Q1) Although some gains have been made in reducing the rate of malnourishment in some lower-income nations,about __________ people around the world are malnourished.
A) one billion
B) twenty million
C) one hundred million
D) two billion
Q2) __________ is ranked 91 based on its Gini coefficient and is the location of many protestors and rioters that are demanding economic equality and political change in the 2010s.
A) Cuba
B) Puerto Rico
C) Egypt
D) Panama
Q3) _________ poverty would be measured by comparing the actual income against the income earner's expectations and perceptions.
A) Absolute
B) Relative
C) Standard
D) Subjective
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Chapter 10: Race and Ethnicity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sociologist Joe Feagin identified __________ as organizationally prescribed or community prescribed action that intentionally has a differential and negative impact on members of subordinate groups.These actions are routinely carried out by a number of dominant group members based on the norms of the immediate organization or community.
A) small-group discrimination
B) isolate discrimination
C) indirect institutionalized discrimination
D) direct institutionalized discrimination
Q2) Internal colonialism occurs when members of a racial or ethnic group are conquered or colonized and forcibly placed under the economic and political control of the dominant group.Groups that have been subjected to internal colonialism remain in subordinate positions longer than groups that voluntarily migrated to the United States.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Discuss discrimination and distinguish between individual and institutional discrimination.
Q4) Apply the symbolic interactionist perspective on race and ethnic relations.
Q5) Discuss the various racial and ethnic groups in the United States.
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Chapter 11: Sex and Gender
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cross-dressers often "pass" for members of one sex because their appearance and mannerisms fall within the range of what is expected from members of the other sex.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Define sexism and explain how it is related to discrimination and patriarchy.
Q3) At the core of the differences between gender and sex is the chromosomal information transmitted at the moment a child is conceived.The mother contributes an X chromosome and if the father contributes an X,a __________ would be produced.
A) heterosexual embryo
B) hermaphrodite embryo
C) female embryo
D) male embryo
Q4) During adolescence,adults are often stronger and more effective agents of socialization than peers.Adults are thought to be especially important in boys' development of gender identity.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe the cultural dimension associated with gender categories.
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Chapter 12: Aging and Inequality Based on Age
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Sample Questions
Q1) The size of the older population in the United States will increase Dramatically in the early decades of the 21 century.By the year 2050, There will be an estimated __________ people age 65 and older,as Compared with 39.6 million in 2009.
A) 50 million
B) 60 million
C) 70 million
D) 88.5 million
Q2) Many of the wealthiest people of the Forbes list of the richest people in the United States are over 65 years of age.On the other hand,almost 10 percent of all people over 65 live in poverty.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which of the following is NOT an American trend in aging between 1980 and 2010?
A) The population over age 85 has remained relatively stable.
B) The median age has increased by six years.
C) The number of persons age 65 and over has increased significantly.
D) More people are living longer.
Q4) Discuss how age,gender and poverty are intertwined.
Q5) Apply the conflict perspective on aging.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: The Economy and Work in Global Perspective
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Sample Questions
Q1) In high-income nations today,many of the goods and services that we consume are information goods.Examples of information goods and services include:
A) the mass media
B) databases and surveys
C) computer software and the Internet
D) all of the above
Q2) Describe capitalism from the contemporary world economic system perspective.
Q3) The __________ made it illegal for a person to sit simultaneously on the boards of directors of two corporations that are in direct competition with each other.
A) Brown Anti-conglomerate Act of 1914
B) Smith Anti-conglomerate Act of 1914
C) Clayton Antitrust Act of 1914
D) Clinton Antitrust Act of 1914
Q4) Summarize secondary sector production and the typical characteristics of industrial economies.
Q5) In relation to the social organization of work,compare occupations and professions.
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Chapter 14: Politics and Government in Global Perspective
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Sample Questions
Q1) Most Tea Party supporters are all of the following EXCEPT:
A) white, married, and male
B) registered Republicans
C) liberals
D) over forty-five years of age
Q2) War is a form of ___________ by people who are seeking to promote their cause or resist social policies or practices that they consider oppressive.
A) collective violence
B) undeclared war
C) terrorism
D) declared war
Q3) __________ is the social institution through which power is acquired and exercised by some people and groups.
A) Government
B) Economics
C) Politics
D) The military
Q4) Describe the military-industrial complex and explain why it is called an iron triangle.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Families and Intimate Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) In horticultural and agricultural societies,__________ are extremely important; having a large number of family members participate in food production may be essential for survival.
A) nuclear families
B) blended families
C) conventional families
D) extended families
Q2) As sociologist Jessie Bernard pointed out,women and men experience marriage differently.The husband may see his marriage very positively; the wife may feel less positive about her marriage,and vice versa.This is an example of:
A) low self-esteem on the part of both people involved
B) family influence on the reality of both parties involved
C) two realities that frequently do not coincide
D) a belief by both in stereotypic gender roles
Q3) Summarize symbolic interactionist perspectives on families.
Q4) Describe the family structure and its characteristics.
Q5) Describe transitions and problems in families.
Q6) Outline the major problems faced in dual-earner marriages,and note why the double shift most often is a problem for women.
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Education
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Sample Questions
Q1) During the Middle Ages,the first colleges and universities were developed under the auspices of:
A) the government
B) the military
C) the Catholic church
D) the political organizations
Q2) __________ societies existed before the invention of reading and writing.These societies have no written language and are characterized by very basic technology and a simple division of labor.The earliest forms of education are survival-oriented.
A) Preindustrial
B) Industrial
C) Postindustrial
D) Preliterate
Q3) Storytelling and ritualistic ceremonies that convey cultural messages and provide behavioral norms are an example of:
A) formal education
B) latent education
C) informal education
D) manifest education
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Page 18
Chapter 17: Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research has found that __________ have the largest families.
A) Catholics
B) Methodists
C) Baptists
D) Muslims and Mormons
Q2) Religion in the United States is very diverse.Pluralism and religious freedom are among the cultural values most widely espoused,and no state church or single denomination predominates.Protestants constitute the largest religious body in the United States,followed by Roman Catholics.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Summarize trends in religion in the United States in relation to social inequality and race/class in central city/suburban churches.
Q4) The Qur'an,also known as the Pentateuch,is the sacred book of contemporary Judaism.The Jewish people believe that they have a unique relationship with God.Judaism has three key components: God (the deity),Qur'an (God's teachings),and Israel (the community or holy nation).
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Health, Health Care, and Disability
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following was NOT a reason eventually leading to the reduction of the number of medical schools at the end of the eighteenth century?
A) Medical school graduates were frustrated.
B) There were too many doctors in the profession.
C) There were too many "poor student" graduates.
D) The federal government began to provide too many funds for medical schools and students.
Q2) A __________ is a document stating the person's wishes regarding the medical circumstances under which his or her life should be terminated.
A) living will
B) medical contract
C) personal pact
D) living covenant
Q3) List and discuss three major social implications of advanced medical technology.
Q4) Most marijuana smokers are between the ages of:
A) 12 and 16
B) 17 and 20
C) 18 and 25
D) 26 and 30
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Chapter 19: Population and Urbanization
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Sample Questions
Q1) Summarize urban problems in the United States.
Q2) __________ cities increasingly rely on an economic structure that is based on scientific knowledge rather than industrial production and,as a result,a class of professionals and technicians grows in size and influence.
A) Preindustrial
B) Industrial
C) Postindustrial
D) Service
Q3) Emigration is the movement of people out of a geographic area to take up residency elsewhere,whereas immigration is the movement of people into a geographic area to take up residency.
A)True
B)False
Q4) International migration has occurred throughout U.S.history and has significantly changed the distribution of the population over time.For example,in the late 19 century and early 20 century,thousands of people moved from rural to urban areas.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 20: Collective Behavior,Social Movements,and Social Change
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sociologist Herbert Blumer developed a typology in which crowds are divided into four categories.Which of the following is NOT one of these categories?
A) casual
B) expressive
C) acting
D) nontraditional
Q2) __________ crowds are collectivities so intensely focused on a specific purpose or object that they may erupt into violent or destructive behavior.
A) Protest
B) Expressive
C) Acting
D) Conventional
Q3) Rumors thrive when tensions are low and when an abundance of authentic information is available on an issue of great concern.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Define and summarize the conditions of the value-added theory.
Q5) Describe the conditions for collective behavior.
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