Human Society and Behavior
Test Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the foundational principles of human society and behavior, examining how individuals interact within groups and the broader social structures that shape human experiences. Through an interdisciplinary approach, students will investigate key concepts from sociology, psychology, anthropology, and related fields, including socialization, culture, norms, roles, and group dynamics. The course also delves into the influence of social institutions, identity, and diversity on behavior, while discussing current issues and challenges faced by societies around the world. By analyzing real-world examples and engaging in critical discussions, students will gain a deeper understanding of the complex factors that drive human behavior within societal contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Sociology 6th Edition by Richard P. Appelbaum
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Chapter 1: Sociology: Theory and Method
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ argued that class struggles were what led to historical progress and development.
A) Karl Marx
B) Auguste Comte
C) Émile Durkheim
D) Max Weber
Answer: A
Q2) According to the textbook, ________ was the first to turn a sociological eye on previously ignored issues, such as marriage, children, domestic and religious life, and race relations.
A) Émile Durkheim.
B) W. E. B. Du Bois.
C) Harriet Martineau.
D) Lucy Parsons.
Answer: C
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Chapter 2: Culture and Society
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does instinct differ from culture, and why is the distinction important to sociologists? Please answer in three to five sentences.
Answer: Instinct is genetic and is a fixed pattern that all normal members of a given species exhibit. Culture, however, is learned and typically differs widely between human communities. The distinction is important to sociologists for two main reasons: (1) studying what might be instinct gives sociologists-particularly those interested in sociobiology-an idea of what might be human nature; (2) sociologists use it to construct debates referred to as nature vs. nurture in attempts at mapping the social from the biological.
Q2) ________ is one of the best examples for demonstrating both the unity and the diversity of human culture, because there are no cultures without it.
A) Language
B) Medicalization
C) Agriculture
D) Monogamy
Answer: A
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4
Chapter 3: Socialization, the Life Course, and Aging
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sal, a ten-year-old from Houston, lives with his two parents and four brothers. In addition to the family, one of the most important socializing agents for kids like Sal is/are their:
A) extended family.
B) teachers.
C) peer groups.
D) babysitters.
Answer: C
Q2) At Sally's birthday party, her mother reminded her to say "thank you" every time she opened a present from a friend. Sally's mom was engaging in the process of:
A) ageism.
B) socialization.
C) life course development.
D) resocialization.
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Social Interaction and Everyday Life in the Age of the Internet
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Sample Questions
Q1) The social positions that a person occupies determine that person's:
A) social roles.
B) ideas.
C) gender identity.
D) racial identity.
Q2) You may be a sibling, a spouse, a student, an employee, and a parent. These are called:
A) social mobilities.
B) stereotypes.
C) occupations.
D) social positions.
Q3) People engage in ________ to reconcile their role in one part of life with their role in another part of their social world.
A) space-time separation
B) audience segregation
C) social engineering
D) role swapping
Q4) Define interactional vandalism and give an example. Why does interactional vandalism create problems in everyday interaction and conversation?
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Groups, Networks, and Organizations
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Sample Questions
Q1) People in modern societies depend on organizations to:
A) tell them how to act and behave.
B) make then feel connected to others.
C) take care of nearly all aspects of social life.
D) educate and employ them, but little else.
Q2) According to the textbook, the use of information and communications technology in corporations has reduced the rigid hierarchical structure of corporations, but at the same time it has created:
A) a two-strata employment system of technology experts and less autonomous clerical workers.
B) telecommuters who are totally disconnected from the corporate culture.
C) a three-strata employment system of powerful managers, autonomous technology experts, and less autonomous clerical workers.
D) unhappiness and incompetence among employees who are telecommuters.
Q3) The rich and varied group life of societies reflects:
A) how dependent we are on transactional leaders.
B) our need to congregate and belong.
C) how we tend to live in social isolation.
D) our natural tendency to always include everyone.
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Chapter 6: Conformity, Deviance, and Crime
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Sample Questions
Q1) In three to five sentences, explain how Robert Merton understood crime. How would Merton's strain theory explain the crimes committed in the inner city?
Q2) What is the biological view of deviance? What are some of the weaknesses of this approach? Please explain in three to four sentences.
Q3) Which researcher found that boys in the lower working class who are frustrated with their positions in life often join delinquent subcultures that reject middle-class values and replace them with norms that celebrate defiance?
A) Albert Cohen
B) Robert Merton
C) Émile Durkheim
D) Kingsley Davis
Q4) According to Robert Merton, at a time when society as a whole is becoming more affluent, why do crime rates continue to rise?
A) a sense of relative deprivation among those at the bottom
B) inadequate socialization of the poor
C) the rise of deviant subcultures
D) the ability of communities to afford more police officers
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Chapter 7: Stratification, Class, and Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) How does the government determine the poverty line?
A) It calculates a strict, no-frills budget based on cost estimates for different family sizes.
B) It multiplies the cost of an average household's rent by three.
C) It calculates the average cost of living in each of four regions of the United States and divides that number by the average cost of rent in those places.
D) Because the cost of living varies across the country, it calculates the cost of living in each region and determines a poverty line for each U.S. region.
Q2) Eddie is a factory worker who makes about $32,000 a year. Eddie's husband, Dustin, works part time as a dental assistant and makes about $15,000. Their combined income is just enough to pay their mortgage and make ends meet. Eddie and Dustin are considered:
A) lower middle class.
B) upper middle class.
C) old middle class.
D) working class.
Q3) In two or three sentences, compare and contrast caste and class as systems of stratification.
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Chapter 8: Global Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Why might dependency theorists criticize modernization theory?
A) They would point out that the only way for traditional societies to develop is to shed their traditional ways.
B) They would argue that modernization theory ignores the fact that markets, if freed from state intervention, will develop any society.
C) They would point out that traditional societies are typically low income because of a history of colonialism and oppression.
D) They would suggest that in recent history, historically exploited nations have actually become the new exploiters through global welfare schemes.
Q2) According to the textbook, the middle-income countries are primarily located in: A) North America.
B) continental Europe.
C) east and southeast Asia.
D) sub-Saharan Africa.
Q3) In a short paragraph, compare and contrast the strengths and weaknesses of the four competing sociological theories that explain global inequality.
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Chapter 9: Gender Inequality
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to your textbook, between 1979 and 2014, the ratio of women's to men's earnings among full-time, year-round workers was:
A) 52 percent.
B) 62 percent.
C) 72 percent.
D) 83 percent.
Q2) Which of the following is an example of "doing gender"?
A) going through puberty
B) choosing to wear a dress
C) getting a spray tan
D) taking medication for a headache
Q3) In the United States, men generally have more status, power, and prestige than women. This is an example of:
A) gender conformity.
B) matriarchy.
C) masculinity.
D) gender inequality.
Q4) In two to four sentences, explain what criticisms black feminists make about the feminist movement.
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Chapter 10: Ethnicity and Race
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a couple of sentences, please describe three factors the textbook authors mention in explaining the historical rise of racism. In your answer, discuss Joseph Arthur de Gobineau's classification of races.
Q2) Which is now the largest minority group in the United States?
A) African Americans
B) Hispanic Americans
C) Asian Americans
D) Native Americans
Q3) What fraction of all families headed by African American or Latina women lives in poverty?
A) 1/10
B) 1/4
C) 1/2
D) 3/4
Q4) Before the 1970s, which group would Robert Blauner most likely classify as willing immigrants?
A) Irish Americans
B) Native Americans
C) African Americans
D) Puerto Rican Americans
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Chapter 11: Families and Intimate Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a short paragraph, explain the feminist critique of the "conventional" family.
Q2) Which of the following statements concerning divorce is true?
A) About one-half of children born in 1980 became members of a one-parent family at some stage in their lives.
B) Most men and women who are divorced never remarry.
C) Most children are traumatized by divorce even decades after their parents separate.
D) The economic well-being of women increases after divorce due to liberal alimony laws.
Q3) Which type of society would Talcott Parsons consider the conventional family most suitable for?
A) hunting and gathering
B) agrarian
C) postmodern
D) industrial
Q4) In a short paragraph, please discuss the differences in family patterns between white and black families.
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Chapter 12: Education and Religion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Bachiko belongs to a small transient religious group that rejects the values of her sprawling city. Sociologists would likely refer to this as a:
A) church.
B) sect.
C) denomination.
D) cult.
Q2) Chang thinks that students in school largely learn to become obedient and diligent workers despite any formal lessons they might be taught. Sociologists call this:
A) the three Rs.
B) the school of hard knocks.
C) critical-thinking lessons.
D) the hidden curriculum.
Q3) ________ is one of the oldest human institutions.
A) School
B) The nation-state
C) Large-scale private property
D) Religion
Q4) What is religious nationalism? Please explain your answer in a short paragraph.
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Chapter 13: Politics and Economic Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the textbook, how are power and authority different? Explain your answer in two to three sentences.
Q2) John Davison Rockefeller was an American industrialist who founded the Standard Oil Company in 1870. He later founded and bought several other companies and became the world's richest man. He also founded and donated large amounts of money to philanthropic organizations. Rockefeller's career is an excellent example of what the textbook refers to as:
A) welfare capitalism.
B) managerial capitalism.
C) family capitalism.
D) institutional capitalism.
Q3) Premodern, as opposed to modern, systems of production were based above all on: A) agriculture.
B) heavy industry.
C) technology.
D) communication technologies.
Q4) In a short paragraph, explain why unions in the United States have suffered from a decline in membership since the 1980s.
Q5) What are the main features of capitalism? Answer in two to four sentences.
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Chapter 14: The Sociology of the Body: Health, Illness, and Sexuality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Chris is a woman who regularly dresses as a man. According to the textbook, Chris is:
A) a bisexual.
B) a transvestite man.
C) a transvestite woman.
D) a transsexual man.
Q2) According to the textbook, which assumption would probably follow from Talcott Parsons's notion of the sick role?
A) A sick person should not be personally blamed for being ill.
B) A sick person should be isolated from society.
C) A sick person should always tend to his or her work responsibilities while sick.
D) A sick person should avoid modern medicine.
Q3) In a short paragraph, provide at least two explanations for the gender gap in health.
Q4) The direction of one's sexual or romantic attraction is referred to as:
A) sexual orientation.
B) sexual preference.
C) sexual identity.
D) sexual status.
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Chapter 15: Urbanization, Population, and the Environment
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a short paragraph, describe the process of suburbanization as it has occurred in the United States, and explain the role of the U.S. government in shaping the process and the outcomes of suburbanization.
Q2) Although more racial and ethnic minorities are moving to the suburbs, the suburbs remain largely white. Only ________ of the suburban population was nonwhite in 2010.
A) 35 percent
B) 50 percent
C) 10 percent
D) 5 percent
Q3) Urban growth in less-developed countries is high because of higher birth rates as well as:
A) high crime in rural areas.
B) high rates of internal migration.
C) high rates of migration from other countries.
D) idealization of American life.
Q4) Demographic transition and Malthusianism are two theories of population change. In a short paragraph, describe which you think best explains the issues of population growth today and why.
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Chapter 16: Globalization in a Changing World
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the transformationalist perspective on globalization, the political structures of countries are adapting to challenges from:
A) new forms of economic and social organization.
B) a declining world economy.
C) resistant citizens.
D) terrorist organizations.
Q2) American society has a strong set of noneconomic institutions, and most people socialize and interact in spaces that are structured by family, community associations, and schools. Therefore, according to sociologists, American society has a strong:
A) antimarket belief system.
B) civil society.
C) institutional control structure.
D) protest culture.
Q3) What role do social movements play in social change? Using the Arab Spring as an example, explain how globalization has affected social movements.
Q4) According to postmodernists, there is "no such thing as history." What do they mean by this statement? Do you agree or disagree with their view of globalization?
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