Human Sensory Systems
Final Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Human Sensory Systems explores the anatomical structures, physiological processes, and neural pathways underlying the five primary senses: vision, hearing, taste, smell, and touch. This course examines how sensory information is received, transduced, and interpreted by the brain, as well as the perceptual experiences that result. Topics include sensory receptor mechanisms, signal transmission, sensory integration, the basis of perceptual disorders, and the adaptation of sensory systems to various environments. Through a combination of theoretical and practical approaches, students gain an in-depth understanding of how humans interact with and interpret the world around them through their senses.
Recommended Textbook
Sensation and Perception 10th Edition by E. Bruce Goldstein
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Perception
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Q1) Discuss the difference between sensation and perception.
Answer: Sensation is often identified as involving simple "elementary" processes that occur right at the beginning of a sensory system, as when light stimulates receptors in the eye. In contrast, perception is identified with complex processes that involve higher-order mechanisms such as interpretation and memory that involve activity in the brain. It is therefore often stated that sensation involves detecting elementary properties of a stimulus (Carlson, 2010), and that perception involves the higher brain functions involved in interpreting events and objects (Myers, 2004).
Q2) Which methods are used to measure the quantitative relationship between the stimulus and perception
A) description
B) the phenomenological methods
C) reflection
D) classical psychophysical methods
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: The Beginning of the Perceptual Process
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Q1) Synaptic vesicles contain chemicals called _____ that are released across the synapse to the next neuron.
A) electrolytes?
B) collagens
C) neurotransmitters
D) glial cells
Answer: C
Q2) The three major parts of a neuron are _____.
A) dendrites, cell body, and axon
B) axon, nerve fiber, and receptor
C) receptor, transmitter, and median
D) receptor, dendrites, and conductor
Answer: A
Q3) Vera has hyperopia, and tends to get headaches when she reads. This might be because _____.
A) Vera also has presbyopia and has the constant need to accommodate
B) Vera also has myopia and is unable to accommodate
C) Vera has just had LASIK surgery and her ciliary muscles are damaged
D) Vera is 5-years-old and lacks the visual acuity to read
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Neural Processing
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Q1) A receptor array in the Limulus is connected by the lateral plexus. Receptor "A" is located 5 receptors to the left of Receptor "B." What stimulation will result in the greatest firing rate recorded from "A"
A) stimulate A with 10 units of illumination
B) stimulate A with 10 units of illumination and stimulate B with 10 units
C) stimulate A with 10 units of illumination and stimulate B with 20 units
D) stimulate A with 5 units of illumination and stimulate B with 20 units
Answer: A
Q2) The results of experiments of selective adaptation to gratings with specific orientations can be related to the _____ of _____ cells.
A) lateral inhibition; simple cortical
B) lateral inhibition; end-stopped
C) tuning curves; amacrine
D) tuning curves; simple cortical
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: Cortical Organization
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Q1) Describe how an object such as a tree is represented in the striate cortex.
Q2) The results of the patient D.F., who had visual form agnosia, show that _____.
A) perception and action are independent of each other in the brain
B) the same brain areas are involved in visual orientation and oriented action
C) the inability to draw items is due to a lack of general knowledge
D) double dissociations do not occur in these patients
Q3) Tsao et al. (2006) found that _____ of neurons in the monkey IT cortex were face selective.
A) 12%
B) 97%
C) 70%
D) 43%
Q4) Activity in the PPA _____.
A) reveals a preference for indoor, but not outdoor, scenes
B) is higher for pictures of empty rooms than furnished rooms
C) reveals a preference for body parts over faces
D) is the same for pictures of furnished and empty rooms
Q5) Describe how MRIs and fMRIs are performed and explain why these methods are so important to psychological research.
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Chapter 5: Perceiving Objects and Scenes
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Q1) Suppose you were to review dozens of photographs of various natural and manmade scenes on social media. You would expect that _____.
A) horizontal and vertical orientations would be most common
B) diagonal orientations would be most common?
C) the major environmental regularities would be incompatible with Gestalt principals?
D) environmental irregularities would be more salient than environmental regularities?
Q2) The _____ effect is that humans perceive horizontals and verticals more easily than other orientations.
A) Turing
B) Oblique?
C) spreading?
D) visual persistence
Q3) The theory of unconscious inference _____.
A) replaced the Bayesian inference approach
B) is closely related to the "likelihood principle"?
C) describes the use of algorithms in perception?
D) is incompatible with Gestalt psychology.?
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Chapter 6: Visual Attention
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Q1) In the "100=Car Naturalistic Driving Study, the driver was inattentive in some way 3 seconds before _____ of crashes.
A) 75%
B) 80%
C) 85%
D) 90%
Q2) When presented with superimposed images of a house and a face, Mack is asked to focus on the house. This attentional "focus" results in _____.
A) increased activity in the FFA?
B) increased activity in the MT
C) increased activity in the PPA
D) similar activation changes in the FFA and PPA
Q3) According to feature integration theory, the color, orientation, and other features of objects are initially processed in the _____ stage of processing.
A) preattentive
B) postattentive
C) focused attention
D) tertiary
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Chapter 7: Taking Action
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Q1) The ecological approach emerged as a reaction _____.
A) to the structuralist approach
B) to the artificiality of laboratory approach to studying vision
C) to the over-reliance on brain imaging techniques
D) to pointillism
Q2) Lee et al.'s "Swinging Room" studies found that _____.
A) only adults are affected by flow information
B) only young children are affected by flow information
C) children will lean back when a forward-swaying flow pattern was created
D) adults were always able to keep their balance in the moving room
Q3) Describe evidence from monkey studies that suggests that mirror neurons do more than respond to patterns of motion.
Q4) In Lee and Aronson's experiment, although a few of the toddlers were unaffected by the sway, _____ fell down, even though the floor remained stationary throughout the entire experiment!
A) 22%
B) 33%
C) 44%
D) 55%
Q5) Discuss research that shows how vision is important in performing a somersault.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Perceiving Motion
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Q1) The _____ is demonstrated when you look through a circle you make with your fingers, and move a pencil either horizontally or diagonally behind your fingers.
A) kinetic depth effect
B) structure-from-motion phenomenon
C) correspondence problem
D) aperture problem
Q2) Describe Freyd's (1983) study of implied motion.
Q3) Presenting transcranial magnetic stimulation to the area of the STS in humans _____.
A) increased the person's ability to perceive biological motion
B) decreased the person's ability to perceive biological motion
C) did not affect the person's ability to perceive biological motion
D) resulted in gender difference in perceiving biological motion
Q4) What is the aperture problem
How does the visual system "solve" this problem?
Q5) Describe the major components and principle of the corollary discharge theory.
(b) Describe two behavioral demonstrations that support the corollary discharge theory and specify how the theory predicts the result.
Q6) Discuss three types of illusory motion and provide an example of each.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Perceiving Color
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Q1) Mark enters a supermarket that is lit by red lights. After fifteen minutes he enters the produce section and finds some red apples to purchase. Mark is able to see these apples as red because he has undergone _____.
A) chromatic adaptation
B) re-adaption
C) Isomerization
D) corticalization
Q2) Yellow and blue light is projected on a white screen. What color will the screen appear to be
A) white
B) gray
C) green
D) purple
Q3) By changing _____, we can create about a million (or more) discriminable colors.
A) saturation only
B) value only
C) hue and saturation, but not value
D) saturation, value, and hue
Q4) Evaluate Newton's claim that the light "rays are not colored."
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Chapter 10: Perceiving Depth and Size
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Q1) The depth cue that is responsible for perceiving depth in "3-D" movies is _____.
A) motion parallax
B) accommodation
C) binocular disparity?
D) relative height
Q2) Ambrozia is a four-month-old infant. Which depth cue is she most likely able to use
A) familiar size?
B) shadows
C) linear perspective
D) binocular disparity
Q3) When you put your 3-D glasses on at a movie, the lenses separate the two overlapping images so that each eye only receives one of the images. Today, the image separation is most often achieved by using _____ light.
A) disparate
B) alternative-source
C) displaced
D) polarized
Q4) Discuss motion-based depth perception cues.
Q5) Describe the differences in how depth is perceived in cats, insects, and bats.
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Chapter 11: Hearing I: Basic Processes and Pitch Perception
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Q1) The cochlear implant makes use of _____.
A) phase locking mechanisms in the sound processor
B) the tonotopic map of frequencies on the cochlea
C) artificial ossicles
D) resonance harmonics on the tectorial membrane
Q2) When listening to music, which method will help ensure you hear all of the frequencies represented in the piece
A) Hold volume constant throughout the piece.
B) Turn the volume down (e.g., 20 dB) so the music is quiet.
C) Turn the volume up (e.g., 80 dB) so the music is loud.
D) Play white noise in the background to allow better discrimination.
Q3) The relationship between loudness and frequency can be shown graphically using
A) equal loudness curves
B) timbre resonance curves
C) receiver operating characteristic curves
D) Fourier functions
Q4) Describe how the actions of the cochlea result in transduction.
Q5) Describe the methods, results, and implications of research on the infant's ability to recognize the mother's voice.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Hearing II: Location and Organization
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Q1) Infant studies reveal that the dominant stress patterns of their native language can influence perception grouping by _____.
A) 1 to 2 months of age
B) 5 to 6 months of age
C) 7 to 8 months of age
D) 10 to 12 months of age
Q2) Interaural level differences are a cue to auditory localization because the _____.
A) person's head creates an acoustic shadow that prevents high-frequency sounds from reaching the far ear
B) person's head creates an acoustic shadow that prevents low-frequency sounds from reaching the far ear
C) medium through which the sound travels can be air, liquid, or solid
D) acoustic shadow is more likely to occur in an enclosed space than outdoors
Q3) Describe the method, results, and implications of the Hofmann et al. research on the role of spectral cues for localization.
Q4) Describe how dominant stress patterns of your native language can affect perception of meter. When does this influence develop?
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Chapter 13: Speech Perception
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Q1) Brain scanning research has shown that the _____ is responsible for identifying sounds, and the _____ is responsible for locating sounds.
A) "where" (dorsal) stream; what" (ventral) stream
B) "what" (ventral) stream; "where" (dorsal) stream
C) corpus callosum; "where" (dorsal) stream
D) Pacinian area; what" (ventral) stream
Q2) Using fMRI, Belin et al., (2000) were able to reveal that, in humans, the superior temporal sulcus (STS) is _____.
A) activated more for human voices than for other sounds
B) activated for any sound that falls in the same frequency range as the human voice
C) responsible for coordinating conflicting visual and auditory information
D) responsible for phoneme segmentation
Q3) Discuss two sources of the variability problem. Provide examples for each.
Q4) Discuss Broca's and Wernicke's aphasia.
Q5) Discuss the motor theory of speech perception.
Q6) What is the McGurk effect
What evidence exists for the physiological basis for this effect?
Q7) Discuss what information is used by listeners to accomplish speech segmentation.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: The Cutaneous Senses
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Q1) The outer layer of the skin is composed of _____.
A) a lipid layer
B) Meissner corpuscles
C) Pacinian corpuscles
D) dead skin cells
Q2) The fibers from the medial lemniscal pathway and the spinothalamic pathway go to the _____.
A) lateral geniculate nucleus
B) medial geniculate nucleus
C) ventrolateral nucleus
D) hypothalamus
Q3) Ian Waterman was able to sense pain and temperature because his _____ pathway was intact, but could not feel touch and limb position because of damage to his _____ pathway.
A) lemniscal; spinothalamic?
B) spinothalamic; lemniscal
C) homuncular; lemniscal
D) spinothermal; spinothalamic
Q4) Name and discuss the differences between the four types of mechanoreceptors.
Q5) Describe the basic principles of the gate-control model of pain.
Page 16
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Chapter 15: The Chemical Senses
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Q1) The difference between "tasters" and "non-tasters" in the ability to taste PROP is due to _____.
A) a higher density of taste buds for "tasters" than "non-tasters"
B) a lower density of taste buds for "tasters" than "non-tasters"
C) specialized receptors present in "tasters" tongues that are absent from non-tasters"
D) both higher taste bud density and specialized receptors for "tasters"
Q2) Olfactory signals from the glomeruli project to _____.
A) the olfactory bulb
B) olfactory receptor neurons
C) the olfactory mucosa
D) higher cortical areas
Q3) Octanoic acid and octanol differ in molecular structure by one oxygen molecule. When smelling these substances, _____.
A) participants report that the two substances both smell "sweet"
B) participants report that the two substances both smell "musky"
C) the recognition profiles for the two substances are very different
D) octanoic acid, but not octanol, is classified as a "pheromone" for sexual attraction
Q4) Describe the capacity of human infants to experience taste and smell.
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