Human Physiology
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Human Physiology explores the functions and mechanisms of the human body, providing an in-depth understanding of how organ systems operate individually and interdependently to maintain homeostasis. The course covers cellular physiology, the nervous, muscular, cardiovascular, respiratory, renal, digestive, endocrine, and reproductive systems, emphasizing regulatory processes and responses to internal and external stimuli. By integrating theoretical concepts with practical examples, students gain insights into normal physiological processes and the foundational basis for understanding disease states and clinical practices.
Recommended Textbook
Human Physiology From Cells to Systems 4th Canadian Edition by Lauralee Sherwood
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Chapter 1: The Foundation of Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) What are the two systems concerned with the control of body functioning by extrinsic controls
A)nervous and respiratory
B)nervous and endocrine
C)endocrine and respiratory
D)endocrine and lymphatic
Answer: B
Q2) The smallest unit capable of carrying out the processes associated with life is the ____________________.
Answer: cell
Q3) ____________________ are the blood vessels in which materials are mixed between the blood plasma and the interstitial fluid.
Answer: Capillaries
Q4) Factors that are homeostatically regulated are maintained at a constant, fixed level unless disease is present.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Cell Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Secretory vesicles are about 200 times larger than transport vesicles.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q2) Which of these statements describes glycolysis
A)It yields two molecules of ATP for each molecule of glucose processed.
B)It always requires oxygen.
C)It takes place in the mitochondrial matrix.
D)It takes place in the mitochondrial inner membrane cristae.
Answer: A
Q3) Refer to the text.If presynaptic neuron Y is stimulated, the postsynaptic cell membrane becomes slightly depolarized.What kind of synapse is involved between presynaptic neuron Y and the postsynaptic neuron
A)excitatory synapse
B)inhibitory synapse
C)either an excitatory or an inhibitory synapse
D)there is no synapse
Answer: A
Q4) ____________________ is the hindrance to electrical charge movement.
Answer: Resistance
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Chapter 3: The Central Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The motor cortex is activated by the ____________________ potential, a widespread pattern of neural discharge.
Answer: readiness
Q2) The majority of the 12 pairs of cranial nerves arise from the brain stem.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Which of these statements describes the cerebellum
A)It does not have any direct influence on efferent motor neurons.
B)It is part of the subcortical region of the brain.
C)It gives rise to resting tremors when diseased.
D)It is associated with declarative memories.
Answer: A
Q4) Which of the following describes the limbic system
A)It is a ring of structures surrounding the cerebellum.
B)It plays a key role in sensory perception.
C)It does not consist of frontal lobe.
D)It contains regions designated as reward and punishment centres.
Answer: D
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Chapter 4: The Peripheral Nervous System: Sensory,
Autonomic, Somatic
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Sample Questions
Q1) Light is a form of electromagnetic radiation composed of particle-like individual packets of energy called ____________________ that travel in wave-like fashion.
Q2) What is the sequence of retinal processing
A)rods and cones, ganglion cells, bipolar cells
B)rods and cones, bipolar cells, ganglion cells
C)ganglion cells, bipolar cells, rods and cones
D)ganglion cells, rods and cones, bipolar cells
Q3) Botulism is caused by a toxin from the bacterium of the group (genus)
A)Clostridium
B)Escherichia
C)Salmonella
D)Staphylococcus
Q4) little convergence in pathways
A)rods
B)cones
C)both rods and cones
Q5) Describe the events that occur at a skeletal neuromuscular junction.
Q6) Myopia is another name for ____________________.
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Chapter 5: Principles of Endocrinology: The Central
Endocrine Glands
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of these hormones is regulated by the anterior pituitary
A)parathyroid hormone
B)cortisol
C)aldosterone
D)insulin
Q2) Which one of these hormones is released from the hypothalamus
A)CRH
B)TSH
C)FS
D)LH
Q3) The anterior pituitary is involved in the regulation of reproduction.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Pancreas has ductless cells that secrete.
A)the endocrine system
B)the nervous system
C)both the endocrine and nervous systems
Q5) All amine hormones are hydrophilic.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: The Endocrine Glands
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Sample Questions
Q1) The blood glucose level is the primary controlling factor of insulin secretion.
A)True
B)False
Q2) conversion of glycogen into glucose
A)gluconeogenesis
B)glycogenesis
C)glycogenolysis
D)both gluconeogenesis and glycogenolysis
E)all of these answers
Q3) One of the primary functions of cortisol secretion at normal physiological levels is its anti-inflammatory action.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which of the following situations occurs in reactive hypoglycaemia
A)too much glucose transferred into the brain cells due to excess insulin
B)symptoms of depressed CNS activity
C)insulin deficiency
D)excess of glucagon
Q5) Vitamin D can be produced by the ____________________ upon exposure to sunlight.
Q6) Describe how blood calcium levels are regulated.
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Chapter 7: Muscle Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Match the muscle term with the correct characteristic by using the answer codes
____ myoglobin
____ glycogen
____ lactic acid
____ glucose
A)a storage form of glucose used in muscle cells requiring rapid energy release
B)a molecule that can quickly, but temporarily, make ATP
C)an oxygen-storing protein that makes muscle tissue appear red
D)a fuel molecule for cell respiration or fermentation
E)fermentation product when our cells become anaerobic
Q2) What is the functional unit of skeletal muscle
A)the largest contractile component of a muscle fibre
B)the area between two Z lines
C)sarcoplasmic reticulum
D)the area between two I bands
Q3) Which of these characteristics are shared by all three types of muscle tissues
A)contains myosin and actin
B)neurogenic
C)striated
D)considered to be under voluntary control
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Chapter 8: Cardiac Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The heart muscle receives its oxygen and nutrients directly from the blood within its chambers during ventricular diastole.
A)True
B)False
Q2) during isovolumetric ventricular relaxation
A)aortic pressure > ventricular pressure > atrial pressure
B)ventricular pressure > aortic pressure > atrial pressure
C)aortic pressure > atrial pressure > ventricular pressure
D)ventricular pressure > atrial pressure > aortic pressure
E)atrial pressure > ventricular pressure > aortic pressure
Q3) When does blood flow occur through the coronary circulation
A)mainly during systole
B)mainly during diastole
C)almost equally during systole and diastole
D)only during ventricular isovolumetric contraction
Q4) Which of the following happens during isovolumetric ventricular contraction
A)The ventricles fill rapidly.
B)No blood enters or leaves the ventricles.
C)The maximum volume of blood is ejected.
D)The maximum rate of ejection occurs.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Vascular Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) What force continues to drive blood through the vasculature during ventricular diastole
A)ventricular contraction
B)elastic recoil of the stretched arterial walls
C)production of arterial vasoconstriction by sympathetic stimulation
D)skeletal muscle contraction
Q2) There is normally a net loss of fluid from a capillary at its arteriolar end.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Arteries that have lowered compliance are not as elastic.
A)True
B)False
Q4) portion of the circulatory system through which the velocity of blood flow is the slowest
A)arteries
B)arterioles
C)capillaries
D)veins
E)lymphatics
Q5) Two features of arteries are ____________________ and
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Chapter 10: The Blood
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of these statements refers to lymphocytes
A)They are polymorphonuclear granulocytes found in lymph nodes.
B)They are the most abundant type of leukocyte.
C)They can be produced in lymphoid organs as well as in the bone marrow.
D)They phagocytize lymph nodes.
Q2) Which of the following is NOT a possible cause of anaemia
A)dietary deficiency of folic acid
B)deficiency of intrinsic factor
C)malaria
D)living at high altitude
Q3) Which of these elements forms the meshwork of a clot
A)aggregated red blood cells
B)fibrin
C)aggregated platelets
D)thrombin
Q4) Anaemia refers to a reduction in the oxygen-carrying capacity of the blood.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What are the different types and functions of plasma proteins
Q6) ____________________ prevents platelets from aggregating.
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Body Defences
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Sample Questions
Q1) Vasodilation of the blood vessels supplying a tissue increases the flow of blood to that area.
A)True
B)False
Q2) the immune system fails to recognize and tolerate particular self-antigens
A)serum sickness
B)immediate hypersensitivity
C)acquired immune deficiency syndrome
D)delayed hypersensitivity
E)immune-complex disease
F)autoimmune disease
G)severe combined immunodeficiency
Q3) Hives result from an allergy-induced histamine release.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Granulopoiesis includes the synthesis and release of neutrophils.
A)True
B)False
Q5) A carcinogenic factor causes ____________________.
Q6) The ____________________ is the layer of the skin without a direct blood supply.
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Chapter 12: The Respiratory System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The ____________________ serves as a common passageway for both the respiratory and digestive systems.
Q2) the effect of a fall in atmospheric PO on O exchange within the lungs
A)This change would increase the rate of gas transfer.
B)This change would decrease the rate of gas transfer.
C)This change would have no effect on the rate of gas transfer.
Q3) What is the last step that produces an inspiration
A)The atmospheric pressure becomes lower than the intrapleural pressure.
B)The diaphragm contracts.
C)The intercostal muscles contract.
D)The intra-alveolar pressure becomes lower than the atmospheric pressure.
Q4) The abdominal muscles are expiratory muscles.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Systemic arterial PCO is less than tissue PCO .
A)True
B)False
Q6) ____________________ shifts into the red blood cells to maintain electric neutrality when HCO - moves out of the cells down its concentration gradient.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: The Urinary System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following does NOT refer to the vertical osmotic gradient in the kidney
A)It is established and maintained by the countercurrent system.
B)It makes it possible to put out urine of variable concentration by varying the degree of water permeability of the distal portions of the nephron.
C)It is found in the renal cortex.
D)It is seen in juxtamedullary nephrons.
Q2) Acute renal failure may be reversible, whereas chronic renal failure is not reversible. A)True
B)False
Q3) Increased aldosterone secretion __________ Na reabsorption.
A)increases
B)decreases
C)has no effect on
Q4) Urine moves from the kidneys to the urinary bladder through the ureters passively by the force of gravity.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Fluid and Acidbase Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) If the pH of body fluids is 7.3, acidosis is said to exist even though a solution with a pH of 7.30 is chemically considered to be basic.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which of these situations happens when water is lost from the ECF but electrolytes are retained
A)Both ECF and ICF become more dilute.
B)Osmosis moves water from the ICF to the ECF.
C)The osmolarity of the ECF drops.
D)There is an increase in the volume of the ICF.
Q3) Control of salt balance in humans is accomplished primarily by control of salt intake via a well-developed salt hunger.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Hypertonicity in the ECF is sensed by osmoreceptors in the hypothalamus.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The force responsible for movement of H O a.between the ECF and the ICF is ____________________.
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Chapter 15: The Digestive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The epiglottis opens the glottis during the swallowing reflex.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The parotid glands are one of three pairs of ____________________ glands.
Q3) Describe the defecation reflex.
Q4) Which tissue layer provides for primary digestive motility
A)mucosa
B)submucosa
C)muscularis mucosae
D)muscularis externa
Q5) responsible for coordinating local activity within the digestive tract
A)autonomous smooth muscle function
B)extrinsic (autonomic) nerves
C)hormones
D)intrinsic nerve plexuses
Q6) What is the major stimulus for secretion of secretin
A)the sight and aroma of food
B)entry of a bolus into the oesophagus
C)distension of the stomach
D)entry of acid chyme into the small intestine
Page 17
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Chapter 16: Energy Balance and Temperature Regulation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Peripheral thermoreceptors monitor skin temperature.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Internal energy expenditure is the energy utilized by the skeletal muscles when external objects are moved.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The most important factor determining the extent of evaporation of sweat is the ____________________ of the air.
Q4) ____________________ work refers to the energy expended by contracting skeletal muscles to accomplish movement of objects or the body in the external environment.
Q5) Which of the following events does NOT characterize heat exhaustion
A)reduced plasma volumeb. rapidly rising body temperature
B)extensive sweatingd. fainting
Q6) Which of these factors does NOT impact the variance of "normal" body temperature
A)exercise
B)the menstrual cycle
C)glucose level in blood
D)extreme environmental temperature
Page 18
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Chapter 17: The Reproductive System
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Sample Questions
Q1) At puberty, the hypothalamus becomes more sensitive to feedback inhibition by testosterone.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The scrotal location of the testes provides the cooler environment essential for spermatogenesis.
A)True
B)False
Q3) When does implantation normally occur
A)during the menstrual phase
B)about three days after fertilization
C)during the secretory, or progestational, phase
D)about three days before fertilization
Q4) Which of these statements does NOT describe implantation
A)It is accomplished by enzymatic activity of the trophoblastic layer of the blastocyst.
B)The endometrium at the site of implantation is converted into the nutrient-rich decidua.
C)It occurs within 24 hours after fertilization.
D)It begins when trophoblastic cells are in contact with the endometrium.
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