Human Physiology
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Human Physiology explores the functioning of the human body at the molecular, cellular, tissue, organ, and systemic levels. The course covers fundamental physiological processes such as neural and hormonal communication, muscle contraction, cardiovascular dynamics, respiratory mechanisms, renal regulation, digestion, and sensory perception. Through lectures, laboratory experiments, and problem-solving exercises, students gain an in-depth understanding of how the body's organ systems work together to maintain homeostasis and adapt to internal and external changes. This foundational knowledge prepares students for advanced studies in the health sciences and biomedical fields.
Recommended Textbook
Vanders Human Physiology 15th Edition by Eric P. Widmaier Dr
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Chapter 1: Homeostasis: A Framework for Human Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the general purpose of positive feedback mechanisms?
A)To maintain a constant internal environment
B)To anticipate changes in the environment
C)To return a variable toward the set point
D)To bring about a rapid change in the body
E)To detect changes in the external environment
Answer: D
Q2) After spending several days at a high altitude,where oxygen pressure is low,a person will begin to produce more red blood cells,which enhances the ability of blood to carry oxygen to the tissues.What term best describes this type of response?
A)Developmental acclimatization
B)Positive feedback
C)Physiological acclimatization
D)Feedforward regulation
E)Evolution
Answer: C
Q3) ________ is the general term for a chemical released by the endings of neurons onto other neurons,muscle cells,or gland cells.
Answer: Neurotransmitter
3
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Chapter 2: Chemical Composition of the Body and Its
Relation to Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which best describes a hydrolysis reaction?
A)Molecules are broken down into smaller ones by breaking covalent bonds within water molecules and transferring hydrogen atoms and hydroxyl groups to the smaller ones.
B)Electrically charged molecules separate into ions when they dissolve in water,and then hydrogen ions and hydroxyl groups covalently attach themselves to the oppositely charged ions.
C)Large molecules are assembled from smaller ones by breaking water into hydrogen and hydroxyl ions.
D)Dissolving a large molecule in water reduces it to its individual atoms.
E)The breaking of hydrogen bonds between any two molecules.
Answer: A
Q2) Simple macromolecules with fewer numbers of bonds yield more energy to fuel cell processes than large macromolecules.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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4
Chapter 3: Cellular Structure, Proteins, and Metabolic Pathways
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your colleague has discovered a new species and you are viewing one of the cells under the electron microscope.You see a large,oval-shaped structure in the center of the cell,surrounded by a membrane.After this observation,you hypothesize that the cells of this species are prokaryotic cells.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q2) Free ribosomes differ from membrane-bound ribosomes in that free ribosomes specialize in synthesizing proteins for export (secretion)from the cell.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
Q3) Chromosomes are composed mainly of DNA.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Movement of Solutes and Water Across Cell
Membranes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which would be true if substance X was moving into a cell by primary active transport?
A)A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell increase to 5 millimolar.
B)A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell increase to 1 millimolar.
C)A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the concentration of X inside the cell decrease to 0.5 millimolar.
D)A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the size of the cell shrink.
E)A cell is placed into a 1 millimolar solution of substance X and over time you witness the size of the cell swell.
Q2) Because of the active transport of Na and K ,the intracellular concentration of Na is lower than the extracellular concentration,whereas the reverse is true for K .
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 5: Cell Signalling in Physiology
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Q1) Which is NOT typically a step in the cAMP second-messenger system?
A)A first messenger binds to a transmembrane receptor.
B)There is dissociation of G-protein subunits.
C)An activated G-protein subunit phosphorylates cAMP-dependent protein kinase.
D)Adenylyl cyclase converts ATP into cAMP.
E)Active cAMP-dependent protein kinase phosphorylates cell proteins.
Q2) Which of the following might be phosphorylated in a signaling pathway?
A)G-protein coupled receptor
B)cAMP
C)Enzymes
D)Ca²
E)Tyrosine residues
Q3) Which of the following is known to be a second messenger?
A)Diacylglycerol
B)Phospholipase C
C)ATP
D)Adenylyl cyclase
E)Epinephrine
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Chapter 6: Neuronal Signaling and the Structure of the Nervous System
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Sample Questions
Q1) The sympathetic division of the autonomic nervous system is arranged so that it acts largely as a unit,whereas the components of the parasympathetic division generally act as discrete, independent components.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Acetylcholine is the main neurotransmitter released by
A)preganglionic sympathetic neurons and cells of the adrenal medulla.
B)cells of the adrenal medulla and postganglionic parasympathetic neurons.
C)motor neurons and postganglionic sympathetic neurons.
D)preganglionic sympathetic neurons and postganglionic sympathetic neurons.
E)preganglionic sympathetic neurons and motor neurons.
Q3) Which of the following is/are functions of the human nervous system?
A)Receiving,storing,and processing information regarding the internal and external environments
B)Bringing about changes in physiology and/or behavior to promote homeostasis
C)Filtering the blood
D)Coordination of movement
E)Secreting plasma proteins
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Chapter 7: Sensory Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hair cells in semicircular canals are
A)mechanoreceptors.
B)chemoreceptors.
C)nociceptors.
D)photoreceptors.
E)audioreceptors.
Q2) The greater the magnitude of the receptor potential generated by a stimulus,the greater the amplitude of the action potentials the receptor potential induces.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What category of receptors do Pacinian corpuscles belong to?
A)Mechanoreceptors
B)Chemoreceptors
C)Nociceptors
D)Photoreceptors
Q4) Sensory information is invested with emotional significance in association areas in the frontal lobes and limbic system.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Consciousness, the Brain, and Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) You are a veterinarian and a dog is brought in that has experienced a BB gun shot to the brain.The brain scan reveals damage to the amygdala.You need to explain this injury to the owners.Which of the following is true?
A)The amygdala is required for the expression of affection.
B)In a normal animal,the amygdala is involved in expression of fear and rage.Without it,the dog may be docile at all times.
C)The amygdala is required for memory formation.The dog will be forever forgetful.
D)The amygdala is required for regulation of appetite.Without it,the dog may overeat.
E)The amygdala is required to express affection,without it,the dog may be less affectionate.
Q2) It is believed that the rhythmic patterns of the EEG most likely originate from this structure in the brain.
A)Hypothalamus
B)Cerebral cortex
C)Basal ganglia
D)Cerebellum
E)Hippocampus
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Page 10
Chapter 9: Muscle
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a muscle cell expressed muscarinic ACh channels,which are only permeable to Na instead of nicotinic ACh channels,which are permeable to both Na and K ,which portion of a muscle cell would be inhibited?
A)Neurotransmitter release from the motor neuron
B)Muscle cell depolarization
C)Cross-bridge cycling
D)Relaxation
E)None of the answer choices are correct
Q2) The latent period of an isotonic twitch is shorter than the latent period of an isometric twitch.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The term "twitch" refers to the mechanical response of a muscle fiber during one cross-bridge cycle.
A)True
B)False
Q4) With athletic conditioning,type 2 muscle fibers can gain myoglobin.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Control Body Movement
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the definition of "muscle tone"?
A)The resistance of muscle to continuous passive stretch
B)The sound made by a muscle at rest
C)The maximum contraction strength that a muscle is capable of
D)The tension in a muscle that is only due to the passive resistance of elastic structures
E)The average length of the muscle fibers in a given motor unit
Q2) Ouch! You accidentally touched a hot pan on the stove and pull your hand away quickly.Physiologically speaking,what just occurred?
A)An afferent neuron sent a signal in a monosynaptic reflex arc.
B)A nociceptor initiated muscle spindle fibers.
C)A nociceptor stimulated the local Golgi tendon organ.
D)A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the ipsilateral flexor muscle and inhibited contraction of the ipsilateral extensor muscle.
E)A nociceptor stimulated contraction of the contralateral flexor muscle and inhibits contraction of the contralateral extensor muscle.
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12
Chapter 11: The Endocrine System
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dietary protein is necessary to achieve normal growth in infants and children.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The actions of thyroid hormones in stimulating body growth are permissive to the actions of growth hormone.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Some women (including Angelina Jolie)with mutations in tumor suppressor genes,opt for oophorectomy (removal of their ovaries)to decrease their risk of some types of cancer.Unless they take supplements,they probably will have lower circulating levels of both androgens and estrogen.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which is NOT an endocrine function performed by the liver?
A)Secreting insulin-like growth factor 1
B)Clearing hormones from plasma
C)Secreting angiotensinogen
D)Producing plasma proteins that bind hormones
E)Secreting insulin
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Chapter 12: Cardiovascular Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Normally,the hydrostatic pressure difference between capillary fluid and interstitial fluid favors movement of fluid ________ a tissue capillary.The protein osmotic pressure difference between capillary fluid and interstitial fluid normally favors movement of fluid ________ a tissue capillary.
A)into;into
B)into;out of
C)out of;out of D)out of;into
Q2) Which is the most likely effect of physical endurance training on a person's cardiac performance?
A)A decrease in cardiac output
B)An increase in maximal stroke volume
C)An increase in maximal heart rate
D)An increase in resting heart rate
E)An increase in cardiac output when the person is at rest
Q3) Valves are important for promoting one-way flow of blood through the heart and some large veins.
A)True
B)False
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Respiratory Physiology
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Sample Questions
Q1) The neurons responsible for the cyclic nature of respiratory muscle function are located in the brainstem.
A)True
B)False
Q2) A clinical sign of obstructive lung disease would be a reduced FEV1/FVC ratio,where "FVC" is "forced" VC.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Of the CO returning from the tissues in venous blood,more is dissolved in plasma as CO than is bound to hemoglobin.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The control of respiration by centers in the brainstem can be over-ridden by higher brain centers when speaking,breath-holding,undergoing emotional reactions,and experiencing pain.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: The Kidneys and Regulation of Water and Inorganic Ions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Because fluid loss as sweat is isoosmotic,the baroreceptor reflexes are more important than osmoreceptor activity in restoring extracellular fluid volume after sweating.
A)True
B)False
Q2) How would the kidneys respond to hypoventilation?
A)Increasing secretion of H and increasing production of new HCO
B)Increasing secretion of H and decreasing reabsorption of HCO
C)Decreasing secretion of H and increasing production of new HCO
D)Decreasing secretion of H and decreasing reabsorption of HCO
E)Increasing excretion of CO
Q3) Water absorption from the proximal tubule is mainly driven by the active reabsorption of Na .
A)True
B)False
Q4) If damage to the glomerular capillaries resulted in significantly enlarged capillary pores in the endothelial lining,GFR would decrease.
A)True
B)False
Page 16
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Chapter 15: The Digestion and Absorption of Food
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following plays a central role in stimulating the secretion of the hormone gastrin?
A)The hormone secretin
B)The hormone cholecystokinin (CCK)
C)Distention of the stomach
D)An increase in [H ] in the lumen of the stomach
E)Histamine
Q2) Which is TRUE regarding the three phases of the control of HCl secretion?
A)In the intestinal phase,an increase in osmolarity of the contents of the duodenum decreases HCl secretion.
B)In the gastric phase,distension of the stomach decreases HCl secretion.
C)In the cephalic phase,increased nutrient concentration in the duodenum stimulates HCl secretion.
D)In the intestinal phase,increased peptide concentration in the stomach inhibits HCl secretion.
E)In the gastric phase,decreased H concentration in the stomach inhibits HCl secretion.
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Chapter 16: Regulation of Organic Metabolism and Energy Balance
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Sample Questions
Q1) The primary integrator of body temperature control reflexes is the A)medullary cardiovascular center.
B)cerebral cortex.
C)thyroid gland.
D)hypothalamus.
E)adrenal medulla.
Q2) The chemoreceptors for the reflexes that stimulate sympathetic activity and epinephrine secretion in response to hypoglycemia are located in the carotid and aortic bodies.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Talia is a busy store clerk on Black Friday.She ate breakfast at 7 am but was not able to take a lunch break because the store was too busy.Its now 3 pm and she's beginning to feel a bit odd.Which of the following does NOT describe Talia's physiological state?
A)Hyperglycemia is occurring.
B)Gluconeogenesis is occurring.
C)Glucose-sparing reactions are occurring.
D)Insulin secretion is lower than in the absorptive state.
E)Glucagon secretion is higher than in the absorptive state.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Reproduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) While passing down the oviduct,the zygote undergoes several rounds of cell division.
A)True
B)False
Q2) With respect to hormonal control and secretion,theca cells in the ovary are analogous to Leydig cells in the testis.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The major constituents of human breast milk are water,protein,fat,and glucose.
A)True
B)False
Q4) The follicular phase of the ovarian cycle coincides with which phase or phases of the uterine cycle?
A)Both the menstrual phase and the secretory phase
B)The secretory phase
C)Both the follicular phase and the secretory phase
D)Both the proliferative phase and the secretory phase
E)Both the menstrual phase and the proliferative phase
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Chapter 18: The Immune System
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Sample Questions
Q1) HIV preferentially attacks cytotoxic T cells.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Colony-stimulating factors are produced by ________ and target cells in the ________,which results in ________.
A)macrophages;bone marrow;proliferation of neutrophils and monocytes
B)B cells;thymus;conversion of B cells to T cells
C)NK cells;blood vessel walls;vasodilation
D)monocytes;blood vessel walls;vasoconstriction
E)basophils;bone marrow;release of histamine
Q3) Which of the following statements regarding the lymphoid organs is NOT true?
A)The primary lymphoid organs are the bone marrow and thymus.
B)The thymus secretes protein hormones,collectively called thymopoietins.
C)Large numbers of macrophages and lymphocytes are found in the lymph nodes and spleen.
D)The tonsils contain lymphocytes,macrophages,and dendritic cells that respond to microbes in food.
E)Once a lymphocyte reaches a secondary lymphoid organ,it remains there for its lifetime.
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