Human Nutrition
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Course Introduction
Human Nutrition explores the scientific principles underlying the nutritional needs of humans throughout the lifespan. This course examines the digestion, absorption, and metabolism of nutrients, including carbohydrates, proteins, fats, vitamins, and minerals, as well as the physiological functions and health implications of each. Major topics include dietary guidelines, nutritional assessment, the role of nutrition in disease prevention, and the impact of cultural, social, and economic factors on eating habits. Students will gain a foundational understanding of how nutrition influences growth, development, and overall health, equipping them to make informed dietary choices and critically evaluate nutritional information.
Recommended Textbook
Advanced Nutrition and Human Metaboli 7th Edition Sareen S. Gropper
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14 Chapters
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Chapter 1: The Cell: A Microcosm of Life
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Sample Questions
Q1) The primary mechanism by which gene expression is modified by bioactive factors in food appears to be ____.
A)mutations causing cancer
B)interactions with transcription factors
C)production of SNPs
D)downregulation of translation
Answer: B
Q2) Cyclic AMP activates which enzymes?
A)protein kinases
B)restriction endonucleases
C)allosteric enzymes
D)adenyl (adenylyl) cyclases
Answer: A
Q3) Phosphorylation of a molecule is generally accomplished by transferring the terminal phosphate group from which substance?
A)GTP
B)pyruvic acid
C)G6PD
D)ATP
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: The Digestive System: Mechanism for Nourishing the Body
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Sample Questions
Q1) Pepcid,a drug that is classified as an H receptor blocker,acts by ____.
A)inhibiting the secretion of hydrogen ions by the parietal cells
B)inhibiting the release of acetylcholine by the vagus nerve
C)inhibiting the binding of gastrin to the parietal cells
D)inhibiting the binding of histamine to the parietal cells
Answer: D
Q2) A deficiency in secretion of cholecystokinin might lead to which problem?
A)a reduction in gastric acid production
B)difficulty digesting fats
C)difficulty digesting proteins
D)a buildup of intestinal gas
Answer: B
Q3) Which substance is enterohepatically circulated?
A)pancreatic enzymes
B)bile
C)glucose
D)CCK
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Carbohydrates
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cellulose is a polymer of glucose where the monomers are connected by -linkages. Humans cannot digest this substance because ____.
A)they only produce -amylase
B)they produce insufficient quantities of -amylase
C)cellulose is resistant to the human form of -amylase
D)the -linkages are too strong to be hydrolyzed
Answer: A
Q2) In what part of the cell does glycolysis occur?
A)mitochondrion
B)cytosol
C)nucleus
D)endoplasmic reticulum
Answer: B
Q3) Conversion of phosphorylase b to the active phosphorylase a is carried out by
A)ADP
B)AMP
C)ATP
D)cAMP
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Fiber
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Sample Questions
Q1) Discuss the benefits of fermentable fibers in terms of their prebiotic function.
Q2) Which group of high-fiber foods contains the greatest quantities of hemicellulose?
A)legumes
B)whole-grain cereals and bran
C)fruits
D)vegetables
Q3) The technical name for gums is ____.
A)hemicellulose
B)pectin
C)hydrocolloids
D) -glucans
Q4) Functional fiber is currently defined as ____.
A)carbohydrates and lignin that are nondigestible by human enzymes and are intact and intrinsic in plants
B)carbohydrates that are nondigestible by human enzymes; have been isolated, extracted or manufactured; and have been shown to have beneficial physiological effects in humans
C)all dietary fiber
D)the same as crude fiber
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Chapter 5: Lipids
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Sample Questions
Q1) HMG-CoA reductase
A)creates a double bond in a fatty acid
B)removes triacylglycerol from plasma
C)mobilizes stored triacylglycerols from adipocytes
D)rate-limiting enzyme in cholesterol synthesis
E)creates prostaglandins
Q2) Adipocytes' primary function is to store fat as triacylglycerol; thus,they do not require glycolysis and the TCA cycle for energy needs.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What is the carrier for medium-chain fatty acids in portal circulation?
A)triacylglycerides
B)cholesterol
C)chylomicrons
D)albumin
Q4) Briefly describe the mechanism by which increased uncoupling protein opposes storage of energy as fat.
Q5) Explain the regulation of the allosteric enzyme acetyl-CoA carboxylase by citrate and palmitoyl-CoA.
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Chapter 6: Protein
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Sample Questions
Q1) Carbamoyl aspartate can only be used for ____ synthesis.
A)pyrimidine
B)purine
C)urea
D)creatine
Q2) A particular amino acid is very important for several metabolic pathways in enterocytes and so it is often added to nutritional mixtures used for hospitalized patients.The important amino acid is ____.
A)tryptophan
B)glutamine
C)glycine
D)asparagine
Q3) Dietary proteins must be completely hydrolyzed to free amino acids,because only free amino acids are absorbed by the enterocyte.
A)True
B)False
Q4) In both sexes,serum testosterone levels rise during adolescence.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 7: Integration and Regulation of Metabolism and the Impact of Exercise
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which substances become the main fuel for high-intensity exercise lasting more than one hour?
A)plasma fatty acids
B)glucose and fructose
C)glycogen and glucose
D)ketone bodies
Q2) How long does it take for the postabsorptive state to evolve into the fasting state?
A)12-18 hours
B)18-48 hours
C)24-36 hours
D)36-72 hours
Q3) An increase in glycolysis is accompanied by an increase in ____.
A)pyruvate dehydrogenase
B)isocitrate dehydrogenase
C)pyruvate kinase
D)fructose-1,6-bisphosphatase
Q4) Explain how endurance training increases an athlete's ability to perform more aerobically.
Q5) Describe the various functions of insulin in the fed state.
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Chapter 8: Energy Expenditure, Body Composition, and Healthy Weight
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which body component comprises more diverse tissues?
A)lean body mass
B)fat mass
C)fat-free mass
D)skinfold thickness
Q2) A twofold increase in risk for CVD,myocardial infarction,stroke and CVD-related mortality is associated with ____.
A)hyperthyroidism
B)diabetes
C)metabolic syndrome
D)obesity
Q3) Mifflin-St.Jeor Equations
A)66.5 + (13.7 weight in kg)+ (5.0 height in cm)- (6.8 age in years)
B)weight in kilograms divided by the square of height in meters
C)48.1 kg + 2.7 kg/in > 5 ft
D)(99.9 × W)+ (6.25 × H)- (4.92 × A)+ 5
E)created by the life insurance industry
Q4) Explain why a high protein diet that includes a low carbohydrate intake and an average fat intake would lead to weight loss as long as the caloric intake did not exceed energy expenditure.
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Chapter 9: Water-Soluble Vitamins
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Sample Questions
Q1) Water-soluble vitamins are not stored,but readily excreted-the one exception is that we can store folate in the liver.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is the significance of vitamin C to carnitine and fat metabolism?
Q3) Burning foot syndrome may be caused by a deficiency of ____.
A)pantothenic acid
B)ascorbic acid
C)folate
D)biotin
Q4) How do we know that folate fortification has improved the biochemical folate status of Americans?
A)More folate is being consumed.
B)More Americans are meeting recommendations for folate intakes.
C)There is a decline in NTDs.
D)RBC folate levels have increased.
Q5) Describe the process by which vitamin B<sub>12</sub> is digested and absorbed.
Q6) Initial research on vitamin B was aimed at correcting dermatitis in rats.
A)True
B)False
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Fat-Soluble Vitamins
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Sample Questions
Q1) A good source of vitamin D is milk,because it is fortified with 1,25-(OH) -vitamin D .
A)True
B)False
Q2) Risk of vitamin K deficiency is greatest in ____.
A)newborns
B)children
C)adolescents
D)older people
Q3) Immediately following a balanced meal that contained vitamin E (such as fortified milk),where would you most likely find most of the vitamin E in the body?
A)in the portal blood as -tocopherol
B)inside cells as free -tocopherol
C)stored in adipose tissue
D)in chylomicrons in the lymphatic vessels and general circulation
Q4) Which bacteria produce vitamin K and in what form? Because this production is not sufficient to meet the body's needs,name five foods that provide large amounts of vitamin K and in which form.
Q5) Describe how vitamin A affects bone growth.
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Chapter 11: Major Minerals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which cells are considered the bone-building cells?
A)osteonectins
B)osteopontins
C)osteoclasts
D)osteoblasts
Q2) Malnourished individuals being refed who exhibit the "refeeding syndrome" may have low serum concentrations of ____.
A)calcium
B)sodium
C)phosphorus
D)chloride
Q3) A factor that enhances calcium absorption is ____.
A)fat intake
B)carbohydrate intake
C)protein intake
D)fruit juice intake
Q4) A chronic phosphorous deficiency in children will cause the development of osteomalacia.
A)True
B)False
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Water and Electrolytes
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the kidneys,80% of plasma that does not enter the glomerulus flows through the afferent arterioles.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Electrolytes in the fluid compartments are distributed in such a way that within the compartment,electrical neutrality is always maintained.
A)True
B)False
Q3) The concentration of proteins is much higher in the plasma than in the interstitial fluid because proteins are too large to pass through the capillary endothelium.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which enzyme facilitates formation of carbonic acid?
A)renin
B)angiotensinogen
C)angiotensin
D)carbonic anhydrase
Q5) How does potassium help to maintain acid-base balance?
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Chapter 13: Essential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain the influences of zinc on carbohydrate metabolism,BMR,and taste.
Q2) Iron content of the average American diet is estimated to be about ____.
A)1-4 mg iron per 1,000 kcal
B)5-7 mg iron per 1,000 kcal
C)8-15 mg/day
D)18 g /day
Q3) People living in regions that contain high soil molybdenum levels may develop
A)gout
B)heart disease
C)reduced urea production
D)cretinism
Q4) zinc
A)superoxide dismutase and brain and CNS function
B)myeloperoxidase and amino acid metabolism
C)carbonic anhydrase and sexual maturation
D)dopamine monooxygenase and synthesis of neurotransmitters
E)glutathione peroxidase and protection from oxidant damage
Q5) List five dietary factors that influence iron absorption and indicate what each factor does.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Nonessential Trace and Ultratrace Minerals
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Sample Questions
Q1) Before it is absorbed,fluoride in foods,often bound to proteins,must be hydrolyzed by
A)pepsin
B)amylase
C)lipase
D)ATPase
Q2) Nickel decreases the absorption of which mineral?
A)sodium
B)chloride
C)iodine
D)iron
Q3) It has been suggested that which element modulates osteoblast and/or osteoclast activity in bones?
A)boron
B)arsenic
C)fluoride
D)nickel
Q4) Detail why children excrete less fluoride in their urine that do adults? How is fluoride absorbed?
Q5) Discuss the paradox between the benefits versus the toxic effects of arsenic.
Page 16
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