Course Introduction
Human Neurobiology
Final Exam Questions
Human Neurobiology explores the structure and function of the human nervous system, focusing on the molecular, cellular, and systemic levels. The course examines the organization of neurons and glial cells, mechanisms of signal transmission, sensory and motor systems, and major brain structures responsible for cognition, emotion, and behavior. Students will gain insight into neurodevelopment, neural plasticity, and neurological disorders while learning foundational laboratory techniques used in neurobiology research. This course lays the groundwork for understanding how biological processes in the nervous system underpin human behavior, learning, memory, and disease.
Recommended Textbook
Foundations of Behavioral Neuroscience 9th Edition by Neil R. Carlson
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16 Chapters
1924 Verified Questions
1924 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Origins of Behavioral Neuroscience
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109 Verified Questions
109 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Aristotle argued that
A) the brain is the seat of thought, but not emotion.
B) the brain serves to cool the passions of the heart.
C) the brain is the seat of emotion, but not thought.
D) the brain routes sensory information to the heart.
E) injury to the brain alters emotion and thought.
Answer: B
Q2) Helmholtz was the first to accurately measure the speed of conduction in nerves.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Scientific explanations consist of generalizations and reductions.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) An important function of the corpus callosum is to permit sharing of information between the two hemispheres of the brain.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Structure and Functions of Cells of the Nervous System
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126 Verified Questions
126 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Sensory stimuli that vary in intensity are coded by variations in the ________ of a neuron.
A) firing rate
B) resting membrane potential
C) speed of conduction of action potentials
D) total amplitude of the action potential
E) repolarization rate
Answer: A
Q2) The term ________ means "little bladder."
A) vesicle
B) neurite
C) cisternae
D) mitochondria
E) storage pool
Answer: A
Q3) What would be the effect of opening potassium channels in the axon membrane?
Answer: Potassium ions would leave the cell,making the interior even more negative.This in turn would limit the excitability of the nerve cell.
Q4) What is the general function of autoreceptors?
Answer: To modulate the internal biochemical activity of the presynaptic cell.
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Chapter 3: Structure of the Nervous System
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Damage to portions of the limbic cortex would be expected to alter
A) emotion.
B) job motivation.
C) long-term memory.
D) mating.
E) fighting.
Answer: A
Q2) The term cortex means "bark."
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q3) Which of the neural structures below can be seen in a midsagittal view of the human brain?
A) red nucleus
B) corpus callosum
C) lateral thalamic nuclei
D) hippocampus
E) central nucleus of the amygdala
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Psychopharmacology
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Sample Questions
Q1) ________ is the synthesis precursor for dopamine.
A) Tyrosine
B) Tryptophan
C) Norepinephrine
D) Tyramine
E) Trypsin
Q2) Treatment with a drug that inhibits MAO may slow down the progression of Parkinson's disease because
A) MAO may metabolize environmental chemicals into toxins that damage dopamine neurons.
B) MAO reduces the availability of dopamine in brain neurons.
C) MAO metabolizes serotonin, which in turn inhibits dopamine activity.
D) Parkinson's results from consumption of MPTP.
E) B and C are correct.
Q3) Which of the pairs below are synonymous?
A) epinephrine and adrenalin
B) nicotine and muscarine
C) noradrenalin and muscarine
D) serotonin and dopamine
E) glycine and GABA
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Chapter 5: Methods and Strategies of Research
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Infusion of ________ into brain tissue overstimulates _______,thereby ablating cell bodies.
A) PCP; NMDA receptors
B) kainic acid; glutamate receptors
C) 6-hydroxydopamine; NMDA receptors
D) PCP; D2 receptors
E) THC; CB2 receptors
Q2) The primary disadvantage of the PET scan technique relates to A) the operating cost of the scanner.
B) the long half-life of the radioactive 2-DG molecule.
C) the inherent danger posed by the technique.
D) an inability of the technique to assess changes in metabolic activity.
E) the fact that the technique can measure neuron volume, but not activity.
Q3) Explain how retrograde labeling is used to trace the afferent connections for a brain region.
Q4) An increased number of neurons that stain for Fos would be taken to mean that the brain region containing these cells has undergone neuron activation.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 6: Vision
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121 Verified Questions
121 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The physical stimulus for human vision is
A) infrared radiation with a wavelength between 760 and 790 nanometers.
B) all wavelengths of light.
C) ultraviolet radiation with a wavelength of 180-350 nanometers.
D) electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 380 and 760 nanometers.
E) electromagnetic radiation with a wavelength between 100 and 400 meters.
Q2) A selective advantage conferred by color vision is the
A) ability to detect a dark spot moving on a white background.
B) capacity to sense depth in the visual scene.
C) ability to detect very faint lights in the distance.
D) capacity to detect texture gradients in the visual scene.
E) ability to distinguish ripe from unripe fruit.
Q3) The analysis of complex visual perception as one moves through an environment is referred to as
A) optic flow.
B) motion parallax.
C) motion from form.
D) controlled flow.
E) form from motion.
Q4) Define and explain what is meant by agnosia.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Audition, the Body Senses, and the Chemical
Senses
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Recent studies indicate that humans may possess as many as ________ different olfactory receptor genes.
A) 15
B) 215
C) 339
D) 1940
E) 10,112
Q2) In referring to the skin,the term "glabrous" means
A) thick.
B) thin.
C) hairless.
D) smooth.
E) rough.
Q3) The receptive organ for the vestibular sense is the organ of Corti.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Sound waves are detected by movements of the basilar membrane that in turn bend the cilia of inner hair cells.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 8: Sleep and Biological Rhythms
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125 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Prolonged sleep deprivation results in
A) impaired mental concentration.
B) difficulty in physical exercise..
C) some perceptual illusions.
D) tactile hallucinations.
E) improved mental concentration.
Q2) Signs of cortical arousal in the EEG are reduced by
A) dopamine agonists.
B) GABA agonists.
C) serotonergic drugs.
D) acetylcholine antagonists.
E) adenosine.
Q3) Explain how melatonin may act to ameliorate jet lag.
Q4) Damage to the ______ suppresses penile erections during REM sleep.
A) central nucleus of the amygdala
B) nucleus accumbens
C) lateral preoptic area.
D) hippocampus
E) lateral hypothalamus
Q5) Contrast the effects of acetylcholine and serotonin on cortical arousal.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Reproductive Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true as to the biological basis of homosexuality?
A) There are size differences in several brain regions that correlate with sexual orientation.
B) The concordance rate for sexual orientation is low in male and in female identical twins.
C) Maternal stress during pregnancy decreases androgen production in male rats, causing decreased male and increased female sexual behaviors.
D) Testosterone has diminished activational effects in homosexual men compared to heterosexual men.
E) There is no solid data linking brain structure differences with sexual orientation.
Q2) Which of the following events takes place at the onset of puberty to start sexual maturation?
A) LH and FSH are released from the gonads.
B) Estradiol and testosterone are released by the gonads.
C) The pituitary secretes gonadotropin-releasing hormones.
D) The ovaries and testes release gonadotropic hormones.
E) Sexual maturation is not a hormonally dependent process.
Q3) Defend the proposition that "Nature's impulse is to create a female."
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11
Chapter 10: Emotion
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Sample Questions
Q1) Moral judgments that involve deciding to harm another person _______ activity within the _______.
A) decrease; ventromedial prefrontal cortex
B) increase; motor cortex
C) increase; ventromedial prefrontal cortex
D) decrease; hippocampus
E) increase; ventromedial hypothalamus
Q2) The text author asserts that ________ have key consequences for survival and reproduction.
A) emotional behaviors
B) moods
C) internal, stirred-up states
D) emotional feelings
E) depressed mood states
Q3) Damage to the human amygdala
A) produces intense feelings of fear.
B) impairs the acquisition of a CER.
C) leads to behavioral freeing.
D) impairs the ability to read a map.
E) results in profound depression.
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Chapter 11: Ingestive Behavior
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Sample Questions
Q1) Fluoxetine is useful for the treatment of bulimia,but not anorexia nervosa.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Cannabinoid agonists stimulate eating.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Which pair of peptides contained within the lateral hypothalamus is thought to increase eating?
A) insulin and CCK
B) serotonin and CCK
C) NPY and orexin
D) orexin and melanin-concentrating hormone
E) CCK and ghrelin
Q4) A drug that would treat obesity might be expected to
A) promote the activity of uncoupling protein in skeletal muscle.
B) suppress metabolic rate.
C) impair the activity of uncoupling protein in skeletal muscle.
D) promote the development of a "thrifty" phenotype.
E) block the transport of leptin into the brain.
Q5) Describe the stimuli and receptors that induce volumetric thirst.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) The notion that learning a conditioned emotional response to a tone involves long-term potentiation is supported by studies in which
A) cells of the amygdala do not show evidence of long-term potentiation.
B) electrical stimulation of neurons that project to the amygdala produces less overall neural firing in the amygdala.
C) a drug that blocks the NMDA receptor blocks CER learning.
D) activation of NMDA receptors impairs CER learning.
E) few NMDA receptors are found in the amygdala.
Q2) Damage to the caudate nucleus/putamen impairs the learning of an instrumental task.
A)True
B)False
Q3) CA1 pyramidal neurons form the primary output of the hippocampus. A)True
B)False
Q4) Two forms of perceptual learning are classical conditioning and instrumental conditioning.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 13: Human Communication
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108 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The inability to recognize the face of another person is termed
A) categorical aphasia.
B) prosopagnosia.
C) anomia.
D) somatopagnosia.
E) autotopagnosia.
Q2) Damage to the right hemisphere would likely interfere with which function?
A) moving the right hand
B) understanding speech
C) producing speech
D) reading complex written instructions
E) reading a map
Q3) The key function of human verbal behavior is to
A) have behavioral effects on others.
B) allow us to protect our property from others.
C) allow us to hide our emotions..
D) convey information about our environment..
E) locate objects in space.
Q4) Compare the difficulties in writing that appear in persons with phonological dysgraphia versus orthographic dysgraphia.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Neurological Disorders
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113 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) An example of an early symptom of Alzheimer's disease is
A) difficulty in remembering appointments.
B) an inability to rise from bed in the morning.
C) mood swings.
D) trembling of the hands and feet.
E) muscle stiffness.
Q2) ________ is a rare motor disorder is caused by a defective gene on chromosome 4.
A) Phenylketonuria
B) Huntington's disease
C) Tay-Sachs disease
D) Rabies
E) Alzheimer's disease
Q3) Explain what causes neuronal death when the blood supply to a region of the brain is interrupted.
Q4) Phenylketonuria is caused by
A) an inherited lack of an enzyme.
B) neurofibrillary tangles.
C) toxic chemicals released by a virus.
D) accumulation of waste products in the brain.
E) prenatal exposure to rubella.
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Chapter 15: Schizophrenia, Affective Disorders, and Anxiety Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) The risk of developing schizophrenia increases if one has physical anomalies AND has a relative who is schizophrenic.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Compare and contrast the actions of amphetamine-like stimulant drugs and of antipsychotic drugs on brain dopamine.
Q3) In coining the term schizophrenia,Bleuler emphasized
A) the inability to make important decisions.
B) delusional thinking.
C) a separation of thoughts and feelings.
D) extreme sadness in the presence of mania.
E) multiple personalities.
Q4) The mesolimbic pathway projects from the ________ to the ________.
A) ventral tegmental area; frontal cortex
B) globus pallidus; ventral tegmental area
C) midbrain; cingulate cortex
D) ventral tegmental area; nucleus accumbens and amygdala
E) substantia nigra; caudate
Q6) Describe the changes in sleep noted in depressed persons. Page 17
Q5) Explain the rationale used for sleep deprivation as a treatment for depression.
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Page 18
Chapter 16: Autistic, Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity, Stress, and Substance Abuse Disorders
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119 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Craving is associated with level of activation of the ______ in response to
A) amygdala; pain
B) medial prefrontal cortex; cocaine
C) ventral tegmental area; stress
D) ventral tegmental area; water intake
E) anterior cingulate; pain
Q2) Explain how drugs of abuse may act via the same substrate engaged by natural rewards.
Q3) Which of the following best illustrates the process of positive reinforcement?
A) A child is sent to her room after screaming while at the dinner table.
B) A hungry rat presses a lever to obtain a food pellet.
C) A rat presses a lever that results in delivery of shock through the floor of the chamber.
D) A woman injects heroin into her veins to obtain a "rush."
E) A man ingests an aspirin to rid himself of a strong headache.
Q4) Describe the symptoms that comprise autism and assess the potential for treatment.
Q5) Describe the relationship between stress and infectious disease
Q6) Explain why nicotine is now considered to be an addictive drug.
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