Human Memory
Textbook Exam Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the fundamental concepts and processes underlying human memory, including the encoding, storage, and retrieval of information. Students will examine major theories and models of memory, such as sensory, short-term, and long-term memory systems, and investigate factors that influence memory accuracy and capacity. The course covers topics like forgetting, amnesia, autobiographical and eyewitness memory, as well as techniques to enhance memory performance. Contemporary research methods and their applications in understanding memory and its disorders will also be discussed, offering students critical insights into both everyday memory phenomena and clinical implications.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Psychology Connecting Mind Research and Everyday Experience 5th Edition by E. Bruce
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767 Verified Questions
767 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following methods, often associated with structuralism, was used in the psychology laboratory established by Wilhelm Wundt?
A) Analytic introspection
B) Measuring reaction times
C) Operant conditioning
D) Classical conditioning
Answer: A
Q2) In Donders's research on human decision making, he found that it took ____________ to decide which of two buttons to push in response to a stimulus.
A) less than one second
B) between one and two seconds
C) two to five seconds
D) more than five seconds
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience
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Sample Questions
Q1) Paul Broca's and Carl Wernicke's research provided early evidence for A) distributed processing.
B) localization of function.
C) prosopagnosia.
D) neural net theory.
Answer: B
Q2) Recording from single neurons in the brain has shown that neurons responding to specific types of stimuli are often clustered in specific areas. These results support the idea of
A) cortical association.
B) dissociation.
C) localization of function.
D) the information processing approach.
Answer: C
Q3) Action potentials occur in the
A) cell body.
B) synapse.
C) neurotransmitters.
D) axon.
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Perception
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to your textbook, perception goes beyond the simple receipt of sensory information. It is involved in many different cognitive skills. Which of the following is NOT one of those skills as noted by the chapter?
A) Solving problems
B) Experiencing neuromodulation
C) Communicating with other people
D) Answering questions
Answer: B
Q2) Maria took a drink from a container marked "milk." Surprised, she quickly spit out the liquid because it turned out that the container was filled with orange juice instead. Maria likes orange juice, so why did she have such a negative reaction to it? Her response was most affected by
A) reception of the stimulus.
B) bottom-up processing.
C) top-down processing.
D) focused attention.
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Attention
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lan has no idea what she just read in her text because she was thinking about how hungry she is and what she is going to have for dinner. This is a real-world example of
A) the late-selection model of attention.
B) an object-based attentional failure.
C) mind wandering.
D) the cocktail party phenomenon.
Q2) When we search a scene, initial fixations are most likely to occur on __________ areas.
A) high-load
B) low-load
C) high-saliency
D) low-saliency
Q3) In which concept is an individual's knowledge most important?
A) schema
B) precueing
C) salience
D) binding
Q4) Compare and contrast processing capacity and perceptual load. Give an example of a low-load and a high-load task that you experienced today.
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Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Peterson and Peterson studied how well participants can remember groups of three letters (like BRT, QSD) after various delays. They found that participants remembered an average of 80 percent of the groups after 3 seconds but only 10 percent after 18 seconds. They hypothesized that this decrease in performance was due to ___________, but later research showed that it was actually due to ___________.
A) interference; decay
B) priming; interference
C) decay; interference
D) decay; lack of rehearsal
Q2) Compared to the whole report technique, the partial report procedure involves
A) a smaller stimulus set.
B) a smaller response set.
C) a smaller stimulus set and a smaller response set.
D) a shorter rehearsal period.
Q3) Working memory differs from short-term memory in that A) short-term memory consists of a number of components.
B) short-term memory has a central executive function.
C) working memory is engaged in processing information.
D) working memory has unlimited capacity.
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Page 7
Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory: Structure
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Sample Questions
Q1) For years, propaganda has been deployed by political leaders and systems in a variety of contexts. From a cognitive psychology perspective, explain why such efforts are often effective.
Q2) In one or two sentences, write an autobiographical memory of something you recently experienced. Then identify the episodic and semantic components of that memory.
Q3) From a cognitive psychology perspective, memories from specific experiences in our life are defined as being ________.
A) reflective
B) subjective
C) personal
D) autobiographical
Q4) The primacy effect (from the serial position curve experiment) is associated with ___________ memory.
A) long-term
B) short-term
C) sensory
D) implicit
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Chapter 7: Long-Term Memory: Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation
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Q1) James Nairne would say that effective encoding of memory is based on which of the following?
A) Rehearsal
B) Survival
C) Specificity
D) Mood
Q2) Recent research on memory, based largely on fear conditioning in rats, indicates that
A) fear conditioning is the most effective kind of conditioning for forming durable memories.
B) memories are not susceptible to disruption once consolidation has occurred.
C) when a memory is reactivated, it becomes capable of being changed or altered, just as it was immediately after it was formed.
D) memory consolidation does not occur when animals are afraid of a stimulus.
Q3) The concept of encoding specificity is grounded in which of the following?
A) Task
B) Structure
C) Mood
D) Location
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Chapter 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors
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Sample Questions
Q1) Your friend has been sick for several days, so you go over to her home to make her some chicken soup. Searching for a spoon, you first reach in a top drawer beside the dishwasher. Then, you turn to the big cupboard beside the stove to search for a pan. In your search, you have relied on a kitchen
A) source memory.
B) script.
C) schema.
D) scan technique.
Q2) In the discussion of the case of Robert Cotton, the text states that Jennifer Thompson "remembered" Cotton as being the man who attacked her in 1984. Explain why the word remembered was in quotes, both in the context of the case and in a broader context of overall memory.
Q3) Your text's discussion of eyewitness testimony illustrates that this type of memory is frequently influenced by all of the following EXCEPT
A) failing to elaboratively rehearse these kinds of events due to fear.
B) inattention to relevant information due to the emotional nature of these events.
C) source-monitoring errors due to familiarity.
D) increased confidence due to post-event questioning.
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Chapter 9: Conceptual Knowledge
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Sample Questions
Q1) A task for determining how prototypical an object is would be
A) a fill in the blank task where participants generate paired members within a category.
B) a task where participants rate the extent to which each member represents the category title.
C) a task where participants rate the extent to which category members resemble one another.
D) a fill in the blank task where participants generate the category classification for a list of members.
Q2) Rosch and coworkers conducted an experiment in which participants were shown a category label, like a car or vehicle, and then, after a brief delay, saw a picture. The participants' task was to indicate as rapidly as possible whether the picture was a member of the category. Their results showed
A) the priming effect was most robust for superordinate level categories.
B) the priming effect was most robust for basic level categories.
C) no measurable priming effect.
D) the priming effect was the same for superordinate and basic level categories.
Q3) Explain what is meant by the statement: The concept "cat" is the answer to the question "What is a cat?"
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Chapter 10: Visual Imagery
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Sample Questions
Q1) The "imagery debate" is concerned with whether imagery A) actually exists.
B) can be used to inform nonvisual sensory systems.
C) is identical for all people.
D) is based on spatial or language mechanisms.
Q2) The technique in which things to be remembered are placed at different locations in a mental image of a spatial layout is known as A) the pegword technique.
B) the method of loci.
C) paired-associate learning.
D) a propositional representation.
Q3) Peggy is participating in a paired-associate learning experiment. During the study period, she is presented with pairs of words such as boat-hat and car-house. While taking the test, she would be presented with A) b___ - h___.
B) boat _______ - car ________.
C) house.
D) a blank piece of paper for free recall.
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Chapter 11: Language
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lilo can't wait for school to start. This year is the first time she gets to take a foreign language class, and she is taking Japanese. Dr. Nabuto is a professor interested in studying how people learn additional languages later in life, and he is including Lilo's class in his research. Dr. Nabuto is most likely studying
A) language comprehension.
B) language acquisition.
C) speech production.
D) speech parsing.
Q2) The concept of language can best be thought of as a ________.
A) process
B) dialogue
C) cognition
D) system
Q3) Consider the following sentences: "Captain Ahab wanted to kill the whale. He cursed at it." These two sentences taken together provide an example of a(n)
A) instrument inference.
B) garden path sequence.
C) global connection.
D) anaphoric inference.
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Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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Sample Questions
Q1) Considering the fortress and the radiation problems together, the fortress problem represents the _________________ problem.
A) source
B) target
C) exemplar
D) prototype
Q2) Finke's "creating an object" experiment had participants create a novel object by combining parts. Once they created an object, they were given the name of an object category and instructed to interpret their creation as a practical object or device within that category. Finke used the term preinventive forms to describe the A) object parts.
B) novel objects before a function was described.
C) practical objects within the category.
D) inventions rated high in both practicality and originality.
Q3) Which of the following is not true about divergent thinking?
A) It is open-ended.
B) It has a large number of potential solutions.
C) It is the cornerstone of creativity.
D) It has a single correct answer.
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Chapter 13: Judgment, Decisions, and Reasoning
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the "abstract" version of the Wason four-card problem is compared to a "concrete" version of the problem (in which beer, soda, and ages are substituted for the letters and numbers),
A) performance is better for the concrete task.
B) performance is better for the abstract task.
C) performance is the same for both tasks.
D) performing the abstract task improves performance of the concrete task.
Q2) The application of a(n) _________________ makes it easier to solve the "drinking beer" version of the Wason problem.
A) conjunction rule
B) permission schema
C) atmosphere effect
D) availability heuristic
Q3) Which of the following does NOT reflect the System 1 approach to thinking as proposed by Kahneman?
A) Passive
B) Deliberate
C) Rapid
D) Automatic
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