Human Memory
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the mechanisms and processes underlying human memory, examining how information is encoded, stored, and retrieved in the brain. Students will investigate different types of memory, such as sensory, short-term, working, and long-term memory, and analyze the cognitive and neural bases that support them. The course also delves into topics such as memory development across the lifespan, factors that influence memory accuracy and errors, the effects of trauma and disease on memory, and contemporary research methods in memory studies. By integrating theory, empirical research, and practical applications, this course provides an in-depth understanding of how memory shapes behavior and experience.
Recommended Textbook
Learning and Memory 2nd Edition by Mark A. Gluck
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12 Chapters
1304 Verified Questions
1304 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/3663 Page 2
Chapter 1: The Psychology of Learning and Memory
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116 Verified Questions
116 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/72907
Sample Questions
Q1) Connectionist models propose that learning and memory involve:
A)the storage and manipulation of symbols and labeled links.
B)networks of uniform and unlabeled connections.
C)random sampling of possible elements associated with a stimulus.
D)a one-step process of going from ignorance to knowledge in a single trial.
Answer: B
Q2) After a pigeon learns to peck at a green light,the pigeon also pecks at a light that is a slightly different shade of green.This is an example of:
A)the learning curve.
B)the law of effect.
C)extinction.
D)generalization.
Answer: D
Q3) Why was Charles Darwin's view of natural selection controversial?
A)It suggested that there was not a major distinction between man and other species.
B)Darwin had no data to back up his claims.
C)Nobody believed that traits could be inherited.
D)All of the answers are correct.
Answer: A
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Neuroscience of Learning and Memory
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109 Verified Questions
109 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/72908
Sample Questions
Q1) Early learning and memory researchers focused on behavior,rather than brain function,because:
A)they did not think the brain was involved in learning and memory.
B)they were not interested in how the brain was involved in learning and memory.
C)technology wasn't yet available for studying the complexities of the brain.
D)none of them knew how to study physiology.
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following is true regarding positron emission tomography (PET)?
A)It is a direct measure of brain activity.
B)It is a very fast measure of brain activity.
C)It involves injecting a radioactive chemical into the person's bloodstream.
D)It involves measuring electrical activity from a person's scalp.
Answer: C
Q3) Long-term potentiation:
A)was first observed in the thalamus.
B)occurs when the postsynaptic neuron is stimulated with a high-frequency burst.
C)can last for hours or even longer.
D)involves a weakening in synaptic transmission following recent activity.
Answer: C
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Page 4
Chapter 3: Habituation, Sensitization, and Familiarization:
Learning About Repeated Events
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114 Verified Questions
114 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/72909
Sample Questions
Q1) Comparator theory provides the best account of:
A)short-term habituation effects.
B)short-term sensitization effects.
C)mere exposure effects.
D)perceptual learning resulting from discrimination training.
Answer: D
Q2) Neurons that respond to inputs from more than one sensory modality are known as:
A)multimodal.
B)Hebbian.
C)heterosynaptic.
D)homosynaptic.
Answer: A
Q3) Describe the neural mechanisms involved in habituation in aplysia.
Answer: Grading criteria: Include neural connections and changes in transmitters.
Q4) Describe an example of sensitization from your everyday life.
Answer: Grading criteria: Example must include exposure to a strong/noxious stimulus and increased response to subsequent (other)stimuli.
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Chapter 4: Classical Conditioning: Learning to Predict
Important Events
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118 Verified Questions
118 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/72910
Sample Questions
Q1) According to the idea of latent inhibition,pre-exposing a rat to a light by itself will make it:
A)easier for the rat to learn to associate the light with food.
B)easier for the rat to learn to associate the light with a tone.
C)harder for the rat to learn to associate the light with food.
D)harder for the rat to learn to associate a tone with food.
Q2) In the Rescorla-Wagner model,if the associative weight for CS<sub>1</sub> is 20 and the associative weight for CS<sub>2</sub> is 30,then the expectation of the US is: A)10.
B)600.
C)-10.
D)50.
Q3) The spontaneous recovery of a CR suggests that:
A)the body tends toward a state of equilibrium.
B)any stimulus can be a CS.
C)any stimulus can be a US.
D)the CR is not gone after extinction.
Q4) What is the role of the Purkinje cells in the cerebellar cortex? Discuss the evidence that suggests this.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Operant Conditioning: Learning the Outcome of Behaviors
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109 Verified Questions
109 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following demonstrates operant rather than classical conditioning?
A)A car salesperson receives a bonus for doing a good job at work.Afterwards,she continues to work hard at selling cars.
B)A toddler squeals and curls up in a ball when his mother moves her fingers as if she is going to tickle him.
C)A diner begins salivating as soon as he sees the waiter bringing dessert to the table.
D)Hearing the music of an ice cream truck causes children to get excited.
Q2) If a pigeon is being trained to peck at a disc for a food reward,which of the following delays between pecking and receiving the reward will lead to the fastest learning?
A)0 seconds
B)2 seconds
C)5 seconds
D)10 seconds
Q3) Give one example of negative reinforcement,and explain why it is negative reinforcement.Make clear what behavior is being reinforced in your example.
Q4) What is extinction mimicry? What are two explanations for it?
Q5) Explain how operant conditioning is different from classical conditioning.
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Chapter 6: Generalization and Discrimination Learning
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94 Verified Questions
94 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Suppose we lesion the hippocampus of a rabbit.We present a blue light and a yellow light together for several trials,and then present just the yellow light followed by a shock until the rabbit is startled by just the yellow light alone.How will the lesioned rabbit respond if we now present just the blue light?
A)It will startle to the blue light,but not as strongly as it does to the yellow light.
B)It will startle just as strongly to the blue light as it does to the yellow light.
C)It will startle even more strongly to the blue light than it does to the yellow light.
D)It will not startle to the blue light at all.
Q2) Describe an example of discrimination (as it relates to the study of learning)in your everyday life.
Q3) Suppose researchers train a rat to press a bar when a 1,000 Hz tone sounds and that you train the same rat to NOT press the bar when a 1,200 Hz tone sounds.Finally,they test for generalization using the following sounds: (a)900 Hz, (b)1,000 Hz, (c)1,100 Hz,and (d)1,200 Hz.Draw a graph showing the excitatory and inhibitory gradients and the summation curve showing the peak shift.
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8
Chapter 7: Episodic and Semantic Memory: Memory for
Facts and Events
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127 Verified Questions
127 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/72913
Sample Questions
Q1) Tulving proposed that:
A)episodic memory grows out of semantic memory.
B)semantic memory grows out of episodic memory.
C)episodic and semantic memories arise at the same time.
D)whether episodic or semantic memory comes first depends on the age at which the memory is acquired.
Q2) The basal forebrain appears to be involved in:
A)determining whether something is old or new.
B)directly storing new episodic memories.
C)remembering source information.
D)determining what the hippocampus stores.
Q3) Which of the following is an example of an episodic memory?
A)remembering the details of your first date
B)remembering how to tie your shoes
C)knowing that birds fly
D)knowing the name of your state capitol
Q4) Give an example of a semantic memory related to the experience of playing a sport.
Q5) Draw a graph showing the Ribot gradient.
Q6) Give an example of proactive interference occurring in everyday life.
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Chapter 8: Skill Memory: Learning by Doing
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96 Verified Questions
96 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is true regarding the power law of learning?
A)It cannot be overcome.
B)It is different for cognitive skills than for perceptual-motor skills.
C)It is different for different species.
D)It is the same for most skills.
Q2) After training on a mirror-reading task,activity in the right cerebellum _______ and activity in the left cerebellum ________.
A)increases;increases
B)decreases;decreases
C)increases;decreases
D)decreases;increases
Q3) Suppose a baby learns to eat using a spoon.According to the idea of transfer specificity,which of the following would she have the easiest time learning?
A)eating with a slightly larger spoon
B)eating with a fork
C)cutting her food with a knife
D)drinking from a cup
Q4) Draw a graph that demonstrates the power law of learning for the task of learning to tie your shoes.
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Chapter 9: Working Memory and Cognitive Control
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105 Verified Questions
105 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Brooks's task involving visualizing a block letter F,the participants who performed the worst were those who responded by:
A)saying "yes" or "no" out loud.
B)saying "yes" or "no" silently to themselves.
C)tapping their "yes" or "no" response with their fingers.
D)pointing to "yes" or "no" on a screen.
Q2) Suppose you are performing a 2-back task where the target is the number 9.What number would you have to report if you are presented with the sequence 2 8 5 4 7 9 1 6 3?
A)4
B)6
C)7
D)9
Q3) Which of the following is NOT considered to be a transient memory?
A)sensory memory
B)iconic memory
C)long-term memory
D)short-term memory
Q4) Explain what the word-length effect demonstrates regarding rehearsal in the phonological loop.
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Chapter 10: Emotional Influences on Learning and Memory
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107 Verified Questions
107 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/72916
Sample Questions
Q1) Physiological responses that correlate with the emotion of fear:
A)are present in humans but not in non-human animals.
B)prove the existence of emotions in non-human animals.
C)are consistent with the existence of emotions in non-human animals.
D)are very different in humans than in non-human animals.
Q2) Strong and vivid memories for highly emotional events are called:
A)congruent memories.
B)flashbulb memories.
C)phobias.
D)conditioned memories.
Q3) The basolateral nucleus of the amygdala is responsible for:
A)gathering sensory input from the thalamus.
B)driving expression of physiological responses to emotional stimuli.
C)driving behavioral responses to emotional stimuli.
D)modulating storage and retrieval of emotional memories.
Q4) The _______ sends sensory input to the amygdala.
A)adrenal gland
B)frontal lobes
C)thalamus
D)hippocampus
Page 12
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Chapter 11: Social Learning and Memory: Observing, Interacting,
and Reenacting
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90 Verified Questions
90 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/72917
Sample Questions
Q1) When chimpanzees were trained to copy a behavior whenever a researcher said "Do this!" the chimpanzees could:
A)only copy behaviors that they were already familiar with.
B)copy one or two new behaviors.
C)copy many new behaviors.
D)not copy any behaviors.
Q2) Describe how social transmission of food preferences has been demonstrated in rats.
Q3) Research suggests that viewing violence on TV:
A)can increase the likelihood that a child will behave aggressively immediately after viewing a violent TV show.
B)can lead to positive outcomes when people imitate nonviolent "heroes" in otherwise-violent TV shows.
C)is much more likely to lead to aggression than is reading about violence or seeing violence in a play.
D)can decrease a person's arousal level such that the person behaves less aggressively.
Q4) What types of imitation impairments are seen in children with autism?
Q5) Describe how one can study the existence of mirror neurons in humans.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Development and Aging: Learning and Memory
Across the Lifespan
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119 Verified Questions
119 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The process of neuronal birth is called:
A)apoptosis.
B)neurogenesis.
C)mutation.
D)synaptogenesis.
Q2) When Tryon (1940)bred "maze-bright" rats together,he found that:
A)there was no improvement in maze learning across generations.
B)the first generation made fewer errors,but subsequent generations showed no improvement in maze learning.
C)with each generation,the rats' offspring made more errors.
D)with each generation,the rats' offspring made fewer errors.
Q3) Alzheimer's drugs that inhibit cholinesterase:
A)work by enhancing the breakdown of unused acetylcholine in synapses between neurons.
B)stop the accumulation of amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles.
C)reverse the neuronal damage that has already occurred.
D)treat symptoms temporarily.
Q4) Describe the mechanisms by which amyloid plaques and neurofibrillary tangles cause problems for neurons in the brain.
Q5) Describe the neural changes seen in the brains of adolescents.
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