Course Introduction
Human Memory Exam
Materials
This course explores the scientific study of human memory, examining how information is encoded, stored, and retrieved in the brain. Students will learn about different types of memory systems, such as short-term, long-term, semantic, and episodic memory, as well as the processes underlying memory formation and forgetting. The course also addresses factors that influence memory performance such as attention, emotion, and aging and considers disorders of memory, including amnesia and dementia. Through a mix of theoretical frameworks, classic studies, and contemporary research, students will gain a comprehensive understanding of the mechanisms and applications of human memory in everyday life.
Recommended Textbook
Cognitive Psychology Connecting Mind Research and Everyday Experience 5th Edition by E. Bruce
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13 Chapters
767 Verified Questions
767 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Cognitive Psychology
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62 Verified Questions
62 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which memory is used for physical actions?
A) Long-term memory
B) Procedural memory
C) Episodic memory
D) Semantic memory
Answer: B
Q2) Wundt's approach, which dominated psychology in the late 1800s and early 1900s, was known as
A) structuralism.
B) analytic introspection.
C) sensations.
D) cognitive psychology.
Answer: A
Q3) Why can we consider Tolman one of the early cognitive psychologists?
A) Because he used behavior to infer mental processes
B) Because of his focus on measuring behavior
C) Because he focused on the stimulus-response connections in the rat's mind during his maze experiment
D) Because of his interest in operant conditioning
Answer: A
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Chapter 2: Cognitive Neuroscience
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57 Verified Questions
57 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Taking clay and sand to create bricks, which are then used to build modular wall panels, which are then assembled to construct tall buildings, is similar to which of the following neural concepts?
A) Specificity coding
B) Localization of function
C) Hierarchical processing
D) Distributed representation
Answer: C
Q2) Ramon is looking at photos of athletes in a sports magazine. He is focusing on their body parts, particularly their chest and legs. Which part of Ramon's brain is activated by this viewing?
A) Fusiform face area (FFA)
B) Parahippocampal place area (PPA)
C) Extrastriate body area (EBA)
D) Functional magnetic area (FMA)
Answer: C
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4
Chapter 3: Perception
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55 Verified Questions
55 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the text's use of the Olympic Rings example, which Gestalt law contributes to the correct perception of five interlocking circles rather than nine separate segments?
A) Simplicity
B) Contiguity
C) Figure-ground
D) Common fate
Answer: A
Q2) Members of a security team are stationed on rooftops surrounding a large city plaza before a scheduled rally. Suddenly, three team members in different locations radio in to the command center, each stating that they have spotted a suspicious box on the ground with a pipe coming from the top. What enables the security team members to report seeing the same object despite being stationed on different rooftops?
A) Semantic regularity
B) Viewpoint invariance
C) Bottom-up processing
D) Principle of similarity
Answer: B
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Chapter 4: Attention
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58 Verified Questions
58 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The difficulty we have in recognizing even an obvious alteration in a scene is called __________ blindness.
A) covert
B) exogenous
C) endogenous
D) change
Q2) Placing tomatoes, onions, jalapenos, garlic, cilantro, and lime juice into a blender and turning it on to produce salsa is similar to which of the following?
A) the detector of Broadbent's filter model
B) the focused attention stage of feature integration theory
C) the dictionary unit of Treisman's attenuation model
D) the synchronization stage of the executive attention network
Q3) Each time you briefly pause on one face, you are making a(n) ______________.
A) fixation
B) saccadic eye movement
C) overt attention
D) stimulus salience
Q4) Explain the difference between inattentional blindness and change blindness. Give an example of each to support your thinking.
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Chapter 5: Short-Term and Working Memory
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57 Verified Questions
57 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Rehearsal is important for transferring information from
A) sensory memory to long-term memory.
B) sensory memory to short-term memory.
C) long-term memory to sensory memory.
D) short-term memory to long-term memory.
Q2) The research by Ericsson and colleagues (1980) examined the ability of a college student to achieve amazing feats of memory by having him remember strings of random digits that were recited to him. They found that this student used his experience with running times to help him retain these strings of numbers. The significance of this finding was that
A) experts show larger primacy and recency effects than beginners.
B) knowledge in an area of expertise increases a person's digit span.
C) expertise with some material reduces susceptibility to proactive interference with that material.
D) chunking requires knowledge of familiar patterns or concepts.
Q3) Information remains in sensory memory for
A) seconds or a fraction of a second.
B) 15-30 seconds.
C) one to three minutes.
D) as long as it is rehearsed.
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Chapter 6: Long-Term Memory: Structure
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56 Verified Questions
56 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The primacy effect is attributed to
A) recall of information stored in long-term memory.
B) a type of rehearsal that improves memory for all items in a list.
C) recall of information still active in short-term memory.
D) forgetting of early items in a list as they are replaced by later items.
Q2) Describe the concept of semanticization of remote memories. Give examples across time to support your thinking.
Q3) As people get older, their memories of past experiences tend to have an emphasis on ________.
A) facts
B) feelings
C) episodes
D) procedures
Q4) The following statement represents what kind of memory? "The Beatles stopped making music together as a group in the early 1970s."
A) Episodic
B) Semantic
C) Procedural
D) Implicit
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Chapter 7: Long-Term Memory: Encoding, Retrieval, and Consolidation
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57 Verified Questions
57 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Treatment of PTSD has benefitted from recent research on A) levels of processing.
B) depth of processing.
C) transfer-appropriate processing.
D) reconsolidation.
Q2) According to your text, imagery enhances memory because A) research shows people like pictures better than words, so there is an enhanced emotional response.
B) the brain processes images more easily than the meanings of words.
C) imagery can be used to create connections between items to be remembered.
D) pictures fit better with our basic instincts because children learn pictures before reading words.
Q3) Explain the concepts of encoding specificity, state-dependent learning, and transfer-appropriate processing. Give an example of each to support your thinking.
Q4) Explain the logic behind the statement that "the pen is mightier than the keyboard." Be sure to include concepts related to long-term memory in your response.
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Chapter 8: Everyday Memory and Memory Errors
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60 Verified Questions
60 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ellen is 52 years old. Which of the following experiences has most likely faded from her memory?
A) Winning the first grade spelling bee
B) Going to her high school prom
C) Moving into her first apartment
D) Getting her driver's license
Q2) Schrauf and Rubin's "two groups of immigrants" study found that the reminiscence bump coincided with periods of rapid change, occurring at a normal age for people emigrating early in life but shifting to 15 years later for those who emigrated later. These results support the
A) cognitive hypothesis.
B) self-image hypothesis.
C) narrative rehearsal hypothesis.
D) autobiographical hypothesis.
Q3) Explain why it is better that we cannot remember every single thing that we experience.
Q4) Define source monitoring errors and describe some research that illustrates them. Then explain why these errors reinforce the characterization of memory as being "constructive."
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Chapter 9: Conceptual Knowledge
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Sample Questions
Q1) Explain how personal knowledge impacts the basic level of categorization under Rosch's approach. Give examples comparing two individuals' knowledge of a concept to support your thinking.
Q2) It may be difficult for young Matthew, who is only 4 years of age, to understand the difference between the iPad that his mother uses, the Kindle that his brother uses, and the Galaxy tablet that his sister uses. After all, all of them are tablets, have touch screens, are electronic technology, and run "apps" that include games and educational programs. These similarities remind us of the concept of ___________, which refers to the fact that animals tend to share many different properties.
A) obstruction
B) convergence
C) crowding
D) overlapping
Q3) Which of the following represents a basic level item?
A) Musical instrument
B) Guitar
C) Rock guitar
D) Paul McCartney's bass guitar
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11
Chapter 10: Visual Imagery
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54 Verified Questions
54 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The key difference between depictive representation and propositional representation is based on which of the following?
A) Longevity
B) Neural response
C) Validity
D) Content
Q2) Shepard and Metzler's "image rotation" experiment was so influential and important to the study of cognition because it demonstrated A) how easy mental rotation is for humans.
B) that humans cannot successfully rotate mental images beyond 90 degrees. C) that humans can only perform mental rotation on "real-world" objects.
D) imagery and perception may share the same mechanisms.
Q3) What is the consensus on neural overlap in perception and imagery? Provide descriptions of at least two research efforts to support your answer.
Q4) Describe the paper folding test and explain how it is useful for measuring a person's spatial imagery capacity.
Q5) Compare and contrast spatial and propositional representation. Give an example of each based on the same stimulus.
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Chapter 11: Language
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56 Verified Questions
56 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Consider the sentence, "Because he always jogs a mile seems like a short distance to him."
The principle of late closure states that this sentence would first be parsed into which of the following phrases?
A) "Because he always jogs"
B) "Because he always jogs a mile"
C) "he always jogs"
D) "a mile seems"
Q2) Evidence that language is a social process that must be learned comes from the fact that when deaf children find themselves in an environment where there are no people who speak or use sign language, they
A) lose the ability to communicate in any way.
B) invent a sign language themselves.
C) start speaking out loud even though they cannot hear themselves.
D) demonstrate compensatory regeneration of lost auditory neural pathways.
Q3) If human speech is just an ongoing stream of sounds, how are computerized voice recognition systems able to function effectively? What "human" capabilities and qualities do they need to be programmed with? Give examples to support your thinking.
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Chapter 12: Problem Solving
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64 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Kaplan and Simon's experiment, they presented different versions of the mutilated checkerboard problem. Participants in the _________________ group had the fastest response time.
A) blank
B) color
C) black and pink
D) bread and butter
Q2) Amber lives in a housing development between two parallel streets that both connect to a freeway. She usually takes the street to the south when heading southbound on the freeway to work, but that street is closed for repairs for three months. Amber takes the street to the north during that time. After the street to the south is re-opened, she continues to take the street to the north, even though it is a slightly longer route. Continuing to take the street to the north represents
A) a single dissociation.
B) a source problem.
C) a mental set.
D) convergent thinking.
Q3) What are potential drawbacks to group brainstorming? What strategies could be used to address these issues?
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Page 14
Chapter 13: Judgment, Decisions, and Reasoning
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65 Verified Questions
65 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following does NOT reflect the System 1 approach to thinking as proposed by Kahneman?
A) Passive
B) Deliberate
C) Rapid
D) Automatic
Q2) One reason that most people do not easily solve the original (abstract) version of the Wason four-card problem is that they
A) ignore the falsification principle.
B) are influenced by the atmosphere effect.
C) confuse the ideas of validity and truth.
D) incorrectly apply the permission schema.
Q3) Ling is sure that if her boyfriend proposes, she will feel elation. This is an example of an
A) expected emotion.
B) immediate emotion.
C) integral immediate emotion.
D) incidental immediate emotion.
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