Human Learning and Memory
Exam Solutions
Course Introduction
This course explores the fundamental processes underlying human learning and memory, examining how we acquire, retain, and retrieve information across the lifespan. Students will investigate major theories and models of memory, including working memory, long-term memory, and the mechanisms behind forgetting and memory distortion. The course also covers factors that influence learning and memory performance, such as attention, motivation, emotion, and context. Through lectures, discussions, and practical activities, students will gain a deeper understanding of experimental methods in cognitive psychology, as well as insights into real-world applications for improving memory and learning in educational and everyday settings.
Recommended Textbook
Memory Foundations and Applications 3rd Edition by Bennett L. Schwartz
Available Study Resources on Quizplus
13 Chapters
1177 Verified Questions
1177 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/study-set/2113 Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to the Study of Memory
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
114 Verified Questions
114 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/42093
Sample Questions
Q1) Frederic Bartlett disagreed with behaviorism.Instead, he argued that:
A)memory is composed of compartments.
B)memory is exact in all forms.
C)meaning of memory is focused on stimuli.
D)meaning of memory is exact in all forms.
Answer: C
Q2) Define the term indicating the associating between two items, such as in language.
A)paired-associated learning
B)language association
C)association by indication
D)associated language
Answer: A
Q3) Judgments of learning are predictions rather than memories.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
Q4) Predictions we make as we study items of the likelihood that we will remember them later are ______ of learning.
Answer: judgments
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 3
Chapter 2: Memory and the Brain
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
114 Verified Questions
114 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/42094
Sample Questions
Q1) The Olfactory Bulb is the primary organ for processing odors.Information from the olfactory nerves is carried directly to the: A)cortex. B)nose.
C)left brain.
D)right brain.
Answer: A
Q2) Engram is the hypothetical physical unit of ______ of a memory. Answer: storage
Q3) tdCS directs what type of electricity directly to the scalp in a continuous fashion?
A)dBs
B)low current
C)MRI
D)PED
Answer: B
Q4) A disease that causes the loss of myelin along axons, resulting in movement deficits is known as multiple sclerosis.Transmission of information in the axons, in contrast, is
Answer: electrochemical
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 4
Chapter 3: Working Memory
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
113 Verified Questions
113 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/42095
Sample Questions
Q1) This 1960 experiment used a grid for a very brief flash.What type of memory function was being measured?
A)primary memory
B)sensory memory
C)long-term memory
D)short-term memory
Answer: B
Q2) In the Brown-Peterson task, rehearsal prevention means that:
A)a secondary task is given which prevents maintenance rehearsal of the to-be-remembered items.
B)participants are instructed not to use maintenance rehearsal.
C)maintenance rehearsal is prevented by presenting the words in a language not spoken by the participant.
D)participants use non-verbal coding of verbal materials.
Answer: A
Q3) Baddely considered working memory as having a space of time between the visual and auditory working memory.He termed this space as the _____.
Answer: phonological loop
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 4: Episodic Memory
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
82 Verified Questions
82 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/42096
Sample Questions
Q1) In Godden and Baddeley's (1975) experiment, scuba divers remembered best when:
A)they were tested on land.
B)they were tested underwater.
C)they retrieved in the opposite environment that they learned in.
D)they retrieved in the same environment that they learned in.
Q2) In the experiment by Craik and Tulving (1975), orienting tasks were used to:
A)allow all participants to process deeply
B)control whether semantic or episodic memories were being used
C)maximize the ability of participants to encode the material
D)control the level of processing
Q3) Intentional learning means that:
A)people encode information not by actively trying to remember but rather as by-product of perceiving and understanding the world.
B)people actively engage in learning information because they know that their memories may be tested.
C)people learn by early sensory processing.
D)ill intention seldom leads to long-term recall.
Q4) Retrieval from episodic memory draws on more ______ lobe processes than does semantic memory.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 6
Chapter 5: Semantic Memory
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
84 Verified Questions
84 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/42097
Sample Questions
Q1) In a spreading activation network, a word like "lime" can prime "lemon," and "lemon" can then prime "law." If "lime" primes "law," this is called:
A)mediated priming.
B)instigated priming.
C)transfer priming.
D)a tweetle-beetle battle.
Q2) The term "spreading activation" meAnswer:
A)the nodes that represent individual information.
B)the course through which a schema is retrieved.
C)the activation of a lemma when a lexeme has been remarked.
D)the transfer of activation from one node to an associated node.
Q3) Cross-language priming studies show that words related in meaning prime similar words in a bilingual's other language.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Bartlet showed that ______ has an important role in schemas.
Q5) Morphology refers to sounds and how they are used in a language.
A)True
B)False
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 7
Chapter 6: Visual Memory
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
84 Verified Questions
84 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/42098
Sample Questions
Q1) Methods of loci use visual imagery to associate a list of new items with a series of well-known physical locations.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Most evidence on "photographic" memory shows that:
A)memory errors in these cases are based on meaning not visual confusions.
B)most cases demonstrate "black and white" images and not color memory.
C)it can be facilitated by constant practice.
D)memory errors in these cases are based on visual confusions.
Q3) Research shows that:
A)the method of loci is applicable to helping older adults remember.
B)the method of loci is not applicable to helping older adults remember.
C)the method of loci is functionally equivalent to the peg-word method.
D)multiple loci can benefit recognition but not recall.
Q4) Own-Race bias means that people are better at recognizing members of their own race.
A)True
B)False
Q5) The ______ (abbreviation) is an area of the occipital lobe that has been identified as crucial to face recognition.
Page 8
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Chapter 7: Autobiographical Memory
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
84 Verified Questions
84 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/42099
Sample
Questions
Q1) McIsaac and Eich (2004) found that when patients suffering from PTSD retrieved memories as field memories, their emotional response was more negative and more intense.When they asked participants to recall them as observer memories they experienced more PTSD symptoms.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The term autobiographical memory refers to:
A)personal specific memories and self-knowledge.
B)the memories of famous people for important events.
C)flashbulb memories only.
D)our semantic memory for our life's narrative.
Q3) Explain the psychodynamic view of childhood amnesia.
Q4) Which of the following is a methodological difficulty in studying involuntary memories?
A)Involuntary memories seldom occur under natural circumstances.
B)Involuntary memories are often false memories.
C)Involuntary memories are often observer memories.
D)Studying involuntary memory is a bit more difficult because the researchers cannot give direct cues-as that would lead to a voluntary memory.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 9
Chapter 8: False Memory
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
84 Verified Questions
84 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/42100
Sample
Questions
Q1) Wade, Green, and Nash (2010) showed that after having viewed fabricated videotapes:
A)participants were more likely to sign documents claiming they had witnessed a behavior (cheating) that they actually did not see
B)participants were less likely to sign documents claiming they had witnessed a behavior (cheating) that they actually did not see
C)participants were less likely to alert authorities that they had witnessed a behavior (cheating) that they actually did not see.
D)participants were more likely to ask for high-calorie foods than participants who had not seen fabricated videotapes.
Q2) Scoboria, Mazzoni, and Josee (2008) suggested to participants that they had gotten sick eating peach yogurt as a child.When participants returned the lab one week later, the researchers found that:
A)participants falsely recalled the earlier event.
B)participants expressed an aversion to peach yogurt.
C)participants requested peach yogurt.
D)participants could not remember the hypnotized event.
Q3) Failure to rehearse is a theory is a theory that explains ______.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Page 10
Chapter 9: Metamemory
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
83 Verified Questions
83 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/42101
Sample Questions
Q1) Roscoe is appearing on a game show.If he remembers and answers a question right, he will win a large sum of money.Roscoe should:
A)not use metacognition as it has been shown to be inaccurate in the game-show paradigm.
B)employ metacognition strategies on answer he is unsure of by eliminating the incorrect answers that he knows are incorrect.
C)just guess and hope he gets lucky.
D)focus on how much money he might lose as this will relax him.
Q2) Son and Metcalfe (2000) showed that when participants had limited time to prepare for an exam, they would study ______, but when they had more time to prepare, they would study ______.
Q3) Allocation of study time refers to the manner in which people direct their study.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Distinguish between metacognition and metamemory.
Q5) Describe agenda-based regulation.
Q6) In Cleary et al.'s (2012) study on déjà vu experiences, explain how familiarity was manipulated.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 11
Chapter 10: Memory Disorders
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
84 Verified Questions
84 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/42102
Sample Questions
Q1) Patient AM is recovering from a stroke in a hospital in Berlin, Germany.The patient has no history of mental illness, but insists that she is actually in a hospital in her hometown of Manchester, England.When asked as to why all the doctors and staff are speaking German, patient AM cannot explain it, but is insistent that she is in England.Your diagnosis?
A)Alzheimer's disease
B)schizophrenia
C)short-term memory amnesia
D)reduplicative paramnesia
Q2) Patient KC in Toronto has been studied because:
A)he has no access to any information in episodic memory.
B)despite massive head injuries, his memory performance improved.
C)he is the only known patient with deficits in implicit and procedural memory but not episodic memory.
D)his spatial memory shows heuristic distortions.
Q3) Transient global amnesia is most common in which age group?
A)young children
B)adults around the ages of 50 to 60
C)the oldest old, typically people in their 90's
D)young adults, as it is associated with alcoholism
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 12
Chapter 11: Memory in Childhood
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
84 Verified Questions
84 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/42103
Sample Questions
Q1) Research shows that teachers who emphasize metamemory skills in young grade-schoolers find that:
A)metamemory training results in quicker learning.
B)metamemory training results in less accurate learning.
C)metamemory training is not useful until children are in high school.
D)metamemory is not related to theory of mind.
Q2) Describe the false-belief test.
Q3) Coffman et al. (2008) compared two groups of first-grade students based on whether their teachers focused on content versus process.They found that:
A)focusing on content led to more knowledge for the children at the end of the year.
B)focusing on content led to stronger theory of mind for the children.
C)the children in the process-oriented classrooms acquired new information more quickly.
D)there were no major differences between the two groups of children.
Q4) Explain Wimmer and Perner's (1983) experiment on false belief.
Q5) Describe mnemonic improvement relating to memory conversations.
Q6) Researchers can examine memory early in infancy by examining if an infant looks more at ______ than familiar items.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above. Page 13
Chapter 12: Memory in Older Adults
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
83 Verified Questions
83 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/42104
Sample Questions
Q1) Research on metamemory monitoring and control suggests that older adults may:
A)show selective deficits in control behavior relative to younger adults.
B)be as good as younger adults in both monitoring and control.
C)show deficits in monitoring relative to younger adults.
D)remain unaffected by the negative effects of metamemory declines.
Q2) In a famous study, Snowdon (2003) tracked a group of nuns as they grew older.The study found that:
A)nuns who had entered the order later in life tended to have more health-related problems.
B)older nuns remembered more scriptural verses than did younger nuns.
C)the nuns who spent more time engaged in mentally demanding exercises such as crossword puzzles maintained cognitive function to an older age.
D)the nuns who spent more time working on physical tasks such as sewing showed an increased likelihood of developing Alzheimer's Disease.
Q3) In directed forgetting studies, older adults have a harder time blocking out the to-be-forgotten items, leading to better recall of to-be-forgotten items.
A)True
B)False
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
Page 14
Chapter 13: Memory Improvement and Learning Efficiency
Available Study Resources on Quizplus for this Chatper
84 Verified Questions
84 Flashcards
Source URL: https://quizplus.com/quiz/42105
Sample Questions
Q1) Research on the generation effect shows that:
A)nearly all participants in the youngest generation will benefit from metamemory techniques not employed by older adults.
B)participants remember the generated associations better than the read associations.
C)participants remember the read associations better than the generated associations.
D)generating lexical items in response to new associations allows for easier use of retrieval cues.
Q2) Explain distributed learning or practice.
Q3) Explain stability bias.
Q4) Judgments of learning improve memory by:
A)making a JOL superior in memory improvement to retrieval practice.
B)alerting us to those items that need further study.
C)providing the appropriate retrieval cues.
D)accurately predicting future test performance.
Q5) ______ means that sensory qualities from one sense (e.g., vision) are perceived as being sensory qualities in another sense (e.g., sound) in addition to the original modality.
To view all questions and flashcards with answers, click on the resource link above.
15