Human Learning and Memory Exam
Questions
Course Introduction
Human Learning and Memory explores the fundamental processes underlying how people acquire, retain, and retrieve information. This course examines major theories of learning and memory, including classical and operant conditioning, cognitive frameworks, and neurobiological mechanisms. Students will analyze how attention, encoding, storage, and retrieval contribute to memory formation, and will investigate factors that enhance or impair learning and recall. The course also addresses applications to real-world contexts such as education, eyewitness testimony, and age-related memory changes, providing a comprehensive understanding of how memory functions across the lifespan.
Recommended Textbook
Learning and Memory 1St Edition Edition by Howard Eichenbaum
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12 Chapters
600 Verified Questions
600 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: The Nature of Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Ebbinghaus studied memory processes by using _____________ as his stimuli.
A) binary vowels
B) word pairs
C) nonsense syllables
D) nonsense word pairs
Answer: C
Q2) What did Hermann Ebbinghaus contribute to the area of learning and memory?
Answer: Ebbinghaus conducted some of the first experimental studies of human memory capacities. He examined the rate of forgetting, the amount of information that could be learned in a period of time, and the effects of practice on retention and savings. His studies also indicated that humans remember things in a particular order and that memory for an item in a list weakens as the number of items increases. He was the first to use statistical analyses in his attempt to conduct objective and scientific studies in memory.
Q3) In an experiment, the control group receives a placebo and the experimental group receives the active ingredient.
A)True
B)False
Answer: True
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Chapter 2: The Neural Bases of Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) The most frequent excitatory neurotransmitter in the hippocampus is _________.
A) GABA
B) glutamate
C) norepinephrine
D) dopamine
Answer: B
Q2) The synaptic potential created in a distant dendritic branch would most likely be _____ when it arrived at the cell body.
A) small
B) large
C) average
D) it depends on where it occurred
Answer: A
Q3) In a study by Richard Morris, injecting rats with the drug AP5 resulted in the rats
A) quickly finding the platform
B) swimming in the vicinity of the platform
C) eventually finding the maze after circling the area
D) failing to swim in the vicinity of the maze
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Simple Forms of Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) David works for an advertising firm and he is in charge of the company's numerous billboards along a busy highway. How could he apply disinhibition to promote his company?
A) He could develop one or two large billboards and place them everywhere along the highway.
B) He could change the billboards frequently.
C) He could design one key theme on a billboard and put a large number of them along the highway.
D) He could space the billboards closer together.
Answer: B
Q2) Dishabituation occurs when:
A) infants can not tell a new stimulus from an old one.
B) infants do not show interest in a stimulus.
C) the sucking rates decrease to a new stimulus.
D) infants can tell a new stimulus from an old one.
Answer: D
Q3) Habituation is normally exhibited as a long-term phenomenon.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Perceptual Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Patients with Alzheimer's disease generally have intact _______ but impaired
A) visual priming; auditory priming
B) categorical priming; conceptual priming
C) perceptual priming; conceptual priming
D) conceptual priming; perceptual priming
Q2) During a memory task, if you were to pay close attention to a particular stimulus feature the process is called _________.
A) attentional weighting
B) feature imprinting
C) differentiation
D) unitization
Q3) _____________ occurs when we are able to identify stimuli that vary along a continuum as a meaningful category.
A) Stimulus detection
B) Stimulus perception
C) Categorical perception
D) Categorical detection
Q4) Describe the four main mechanisms involved in perceptual skill learning.
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Chapter 5: Procedural Learning I: Classical Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) In Pavlov's experiment the food was the __________.
A) unconditioned stimulus
B) unconditioned reflex
C) conditioned stimulus
D) conditioned reflex
Q2) Discuss why response extinction is not the same as forgetting.
Q3) After a non-reinforced response disappears and then reappears after isolation it is called __________.
A) extinction
B) extinctive recovery
C) spontaneous recovery
D) reflexive recovery
Q4) Which of the following is not an example of complex conditioning?
A) first-order conditioning
B) blocking
C) contextual conditioning
D) sensory preconditioning
Q5) Learning is best when the US is presented just before the CS.
A)True
B)False
7
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Chapter 6: Procedural Learning II: Habits and Instrumental Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Animal trainers often use shaping to get the animals to perform complex tasks.
A)True
B)False
Q2) The _________ sorts and associates somatosensory representations with the appropriate motor representations.
A) motor cortex
B) hypothalamus
C) striatum
D) amygdala
Q3) Which schedule best reflects the payoff on a slot machine?
A) FR-20
B) FI-20
C) VR-20
D) VI-20
Q4) The chamber typically used to study operant conditioning is called a(n)
A) Morris chamber
B) Skinner box
C) operant box
D) operant chamber
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Chapter 7: Emotional Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) In general, one would be more likely to develop an intense fear of __________.
A) pencils
B) snakes
C) running shoes
D) frying pans
Q2) Results of several studies by McDonald & White (1993) support the idea that stimulus-response and stimulus-reward associations are __________.
A) supported by distinct brain systems
B) supported by similar brain systems
C) supported by similar brain systems when a similar stimulus is used
D) supported by the striatum but not the amygdala
Q3) More recent studies of the neurobiology of emotion have focused on the _________ system.
A) limbic
B) hippocampal
C) neomammalian
D) cerebral
Q4) The amygdala receives sensory input from the thalamus and the cerebral cortex.
A)True
B)False
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Cognitive Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) If we lose the retrieval cues for a memory the result most likely would be ___________.
A) forgetting that memory
B) a distortion of that memory
C) enhanced memory for other items
D) enhanced memory for that item
Q2) This multiple choice question is an example of ________ memory.
A) recall
B) recognition
C) implicit
D) passive
Q3) Organization frameworks only worked to improve memory of a passage if they were provided to the reader _______.
A) after encoding a passage
B) in combination with imagery tasks
C) at the time of encoding
D) upon retrieval of a passage
Q4) Forgetting seems to be an inevitable part of memory. Discuss the two different types of interference and provide an example for each to support your answer.
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Chapter 9: Episodic Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) How do episodic and semantic memory differ in terms of your memories from this class?
Q2) Gary is having a hard time remembering what he did before the age of two. This memory problem is called ________.
A) infantile memory loss
B) childhood amnesia
C) childhood distortion
D) infantile distortion
Q3) Which of the following is a common error in eyewitness testimony?
A) failure to remember details
B) problems identifying faces
C) forgetting
D) suggestibility
Q4) According to dual process theories familiarity and recollection are seen as ________.
A) independent processes
B) dependent processes
C) independent from recognition memory
D) independent from recall memory
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Chapter 10: Semantic Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jack has severe damage exclusively to the left anterior inferior temporal cortex. You would expect Jack to have problems with what specific task?
A) naming people
B) naming tools
C) naming animals
D) naming vehicles
Q2) During episodic memory, the hippocampus works to _________.
A) combine episodic memories together into more complex memories
B) encode episodic memories into networks for generalization
C) construct networks to coordinate memories from simple to complex
D) discriminate between complex and simple memories
Q3) If individuals diagnosed with proposagnosia were presented with normal and upside-down faces their performance would be ____________.
A) equally impaired on all faces
B) impaired on the normally presented faces and better on the upside-down faces
C) relatively normal on all faces
D) impaired on the upside-down faces but better on the normal faces
Q4) Describe Farah and McClelland's (1991) model of semantic memory.
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Page 12
Chapter 11: Memory Consolidation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Some individuals show memory loss for events prior to the onset of amnesia and for memories extending back into childhood. This pattern of memory loss has a _______ gradient etiology.
A) flat
B) graded
C) complex
D) long-term
Q2) Bob got hit by a baseball and has memory loss for the last month. Bob suffers from _________ amnesia.
A) retrograde
B) anterograde
C) selective
D) inconvenient
Q3) Evidence suggests that the _________ does not seem to be involved in memory consolidation.
A) parietal cortex
B) hippocampus
C) entorhinal cortex
D) parahippocampal region
Q4) What is known about how sleep helps with consolidation of memory?
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Short-Term Memory and Working Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research findings indicated that the ______ aid in changing behavior based on new contingencies while the ______ play a key role in switching logical rules.
A) lateral and orbital; prefrontal
B) prefrontal; lateral and orbital
C) prefrontal; medial
D) lateral; orbital
Q2) Sperling (1960) found that after an interval of one second between the presentation of an array and the tone _______.
A) greatly increased the number of letters recalled
B) increased the number of letters recalled slightly
C) decreased the number of letters recalled slightly
D) greatly decreased the number of letters recalled
Q3) Frontal patients are susceptible to ________.
A) delays in encoding
B) semantic errors
C) retroactive interference
D) proactive interference
Q4) Describe the components of working memory according to Baddeley (2000) and how they work together.
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