Human Learning and Cognition
Exam Materials
Course Introduction
Human Learning and Cognition explores the mental processes involved in acquiring, organizing, and using knowledge. This course examines key theories of learning, including behaviorism, cognitivism, and constructivism, and delves into cognitive functions such as perception, memory, problem-solving, and language. Students will analyze how information is processed and stored, investigate developmental and individual differences in cognitive abilities, and consider the application of learning theories to real-world educational and practical contexts. Through empirical research and case studies, the course encourages critical thinking about the factors that influence human learning and cognitive development across the lifespan.
Recommended Textbook
Learning and Memory 1St Edition Edition by Howard Eichenbaum
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12 Chapters
600 Verified Questions
600 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: The Nature of Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term reminiscence was coined by ________.
A) Maine de Biran
B) Aristotle
C) William James
D) Hermann Ebbinghaus
Answer: B
Q2) Dominic has a vivid memory of when he was a child at his fifth birthday party. This is a specific example of a(n) ________ memory.
A) semantic
B) procedural
C) episodic
D) habituative
Answer: C
Q3) Genetic predispositions refer to:
A) specific ways in which we use our abilities.
B) specific skills we develop over time.
C) the range of our capabilities.
D) the physical expression of our abilities.
Answer: C
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Page 3
Chapter 2: The Neural Bases of Learning and Memory
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50 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In a study by Richard Morris, injecting rats with the drug AP5 resulted in the rats
A) quickly finding the platform
B) swimming in the vicinity of the platform
C) eventually finding the maze after circling the area
D) failing to swim in the vicinity of the maze
Answer: D
Q2) The synapse consists of all of the following EXCEPT:
A) presynaptic material.
B) postsynaptic material.
C) synaptic cleft.
D) synaptic connector.
Answer: D
Q3) ______ are groups of interconnected neurons that work together to represent stimuli, actions, and thought.
A) Cells
B) Circuits
C) Systems
D) Neuronal sets
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Simple Forms of Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Indicate why a sea snail is a good animal in which to study sensitization and habituation.
Answer: The sea snail is an invertebrate with a primitive nervous system. The nervous systems of invertebrates are less complex those of humans so they have fewer neurons to observe. Also, the cells are larger and they can be identified by their unique, stereotyped appearance within each animal. These qualities allow researchers to identify the the cells that serve a particular fuction in different animals and study all of the cells in a functional circuit.
Q2) Which of the following is true about habituation?
A) It is not stimulus specific.
B) It occurs when there are high levels of motor activity.
C) It can be used to test learning and memory in infants.
D) It is an example of associative learning.
Answer: C
Q3) Habituation is specific to the stimulus response but not the motor response.
A)True
B)False
Answer: False
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Chapter 4: Perceptual Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) If a participant is looking at a picture of a common object drawn in a segmented line he is most likely looking at the _______.
A) Gollins partial pictures task
B) Wisconsin card sorting task
C) Binet standard pictures test
D) thematic apperception test
Q2) Discuss the findings for the research question, "Are faces perceived categorically?"
Q3) Patients with Alzheimer's disease generally have intact _______ but impaired ______.
A) visual priming; auditory priming
B) categorical priming; conceptual priming
C) perceptual priming; conceptual priming
D) conceptual priming; perceptual priming
Q4) The ________ depends heavily on cognitive memory, while the ______ assesses priming.
A) free recall; stem completion
B) stem completion; free recall
C) free recall; cued recall
D) cued recall; free recall
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Chapter 5: Procedural Learning I: Classical Conditioning
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Sample Questions
Q1) When the US ceases to follow the CS it is called ___________.
A) extinction
B) extinctive recovery
C) spontaneous recovery
D) reflexive recovery
Q2) If the dogs in Pavlov's experiment began salivating before the food entered the stomach and as early as when the research door opened, the sound of the door would be called the _____________.
A) unconditioned stimulus
B) conditioned stimulus
C) unconditioned reflex
D) conditioned reflex
Q3) Pairing a CS with a US is called ___________.
A) initial conditioning
B) first-order conditioning
C) second-order conditioning
D) phase 1 conditioning
Q4) Give two explanations for why spontaneous recovery occurs.
Q5) How does the Rescorla-Wagner model explain the strength of a CR and learning?
Q6) Discuss why response extinction is not the same as forgetting.
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Chapter 6: Procedural Learning II: Habits and Instrumental Learning
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Sample Questions
Q1) As you watch your mother typing on the computer you notice that she does not look at the keys and she moves over the keyboard effortlessly. She is in what stage of motor skill learning?
A) cognitive stage
B) associative stage
C) autonomous stage
D) motor stage
Q2) If a parent wanted to extinguish a behavior and used punishment only sometimes when a child did the unwanted behavior, the result will probably be _______.
A) a continuation of the unwanted behavior
B) a rapid increase in the unwanted behavior
C) a rapid decrease in the unwanted behavior
D) a slow decrease in the unwanted behavior
Q3) How are cued learning and place learning two different approaches for studying instrumental learning in a water maze task?
Q4) Describe a study that shows that an animal's expectation of a reward is more powerful than the actual amount of a reward.
Q5) Explain how instrumental learning uses reinforcers to change behavior.
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Chapter 7: Emotional Learning and Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) After reading a list of nonsense words, subjects had a preference for those words that __________.
A) had more vowels than consonants
B) appeared more often in the list
C) had more consonants than vowels
D) were more novel
Q2) Results of a case study of a patient with herpes simplex encephalitis, showing damage to the hippocampus and the amygdala, indicated a problem with
A) unconditioned responses
B) being conditioned to a boat horn
C) remembering the unconditioned stimulus
D) inhibiting their conditioned fear response
Q3) According to Paul MacLean, the neomammalian brain mediates:
A) complex thinking.
B) complex motor abilities.
C) instinctive behaviors.
D) conscious experience of feelings.
Q4) Discuss the differences between the visceral brain, the reptilian brain, the paleomammalian brain, and the neomammalian brain.
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Chapter 8: Cognitive Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term declarative memory was borrowed from literature about artificial memory.
A)True
B)False
Q2) H.M. had trouble with _________ but his _________ was intact.
A) short-term memory; learning mazes
B) learning mazes; short-term memory
C) language; digit strings
D) digit strings; language
Q3) Implicit memory is tested through word stems, when subjects are asked to respond with the first word that comes to their mind.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Brain imaging studies indicate that the hippocampus is activated during __________.
A) deep encoding tasks
B) superficially encoded words
C) repetition priming task
D) implicit memory tasks
Q5) How do mnemonists develop their extensive memory skills?
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Chapter 9: Episodic Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) Gary is having a hard time remembering what he did before the age of two. This memory problem is called ________.
A) infantile memory loss
B) childhood amnesia
C) childhood distortion
D) infantile distortion
Q2) Familiarity causes a curvilinear shape in an ROC curve.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Successful recognition in the ROC analysis is indicated by a(n) __________.
A) symmetrical curve on the diagonal
B) asymmetrical curve on the diagonal
C) symmetrical curve and a negative hit rate
D) asymmetrical curve and a positive hit rate
Q4) Discuss which kinds of memory show the most prominent declines as we age and why. Be specific in your answer.
Q5) On tests of recognition, aged subjects tend to have a high rate of false alarms.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Semantic Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) The role of the hippocampus in learning declarative knowledge is to _________.
A) rapidly learn about individual experiences and then separate them
B) gradually extract commonalities of many experiences
C) gradually extract the novel experiences from the well-learned material
D) rapidly separate new memories from old memories and categorize them
Q2) A ___________ is a network of associations that coordinate memories stored in the cerebral cortex.
A) relational network
B) module network
C) semantic network
D) flexible network
Q3) The organization by the __________ allows for fuzzy boundaries.
A) exemplar
B) hierarchical
C) prototype
D) network
Q4) The fusiform face area (FFA) is located in the ventral temporal cortex.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Describe Farah and McClelland's (1991) model of semantic memory.
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Chapter 11: Memory Consolidation
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Sample Questions
Q1) Hebb proposed that memories initially activated in the cerebral cortex were sustained in cell assemblies that _________.
A) repeatedly recycle information
B) connect to more complex systems
C) were related to memory
D) processed explicit memories
Q2) __________ is considered to be a bridge between initial learning and permanent memory storage.
A) Conservation
B) Consolidation
C) Contraindication
D) Collection
Q3) H.M.'s memory was best for events that occurred in the 1940s.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Following hippocampal damage, participants show temporally graded retrograde amnesia for episodic but not for semantic memories.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 12: Short-Term Memory and Working Memory
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Sample Questions
Q1) When learning Spanish the __________ of the working memory is key.
A) visuospatial sketchpad
B) episodic buffer
C) phonological loop
D) central executive
Q2) Sperling (1960) found that after an interval of one second between the presentation of an array and the tone _______.
A) greatly increased the number of letters recalled
B) increased the number of letters recalled slightly
C) decreased the number of letters recalled slightly
D) greatly decreased the number of letters recalled
Q3) _________ was the first to distinguish between short-term and long-term memory, although ________ developed the model that emphasized this.
A) William James; Atkinson and Shiffrin
B) Atkinson; William James
C) Tulving; William James
D) Shiffrin; Atkinson
Q4) Explain how researchers test an animal's ability to rule shift. Describe different types of rule shifting.
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