Human Impact on the Environment
Review Questions
Course Introduction
This course explores the complex ways in which human activities have transformed the natural environment over time. Emphasizing both historical and contemporary perspectives, students will examine the causes and consequences of population growth, industrialization, urbanization, resource extraction, and pollution. The course also investigates global environmental challenges such as climate change, loss of biodiversity, deforestation, and water scarcity. Through case studies, discussions, and critical analyses, students will develop an understanding of sustainable solutions and policies aimed at mitigating negative environmental impacts and fostering a more harmonious relationship between society and the natural world.
Recommended Textbook
Living in the Environment 4th Canadian Edition by G. Miller
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Chapter 1: Environmental Problems: an Introduction and Overview
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the best description of the growth rate of most of the environmental problems we face?
A) the problems are increasing exponentially
B) the problems are increasing linearly
C) the problems are decreasing linearly
D) the problems are decreasing exponentially
Answer: A
Q2) What is the percentage of the world's population that does not have adequate sanitation?
Answer: 35
Q3) The old drink bottles that were collected,washed,and refilled are an example of ____________________.
Answer: reuse
Q4) Which of the following is NOT considered part of natural capital?
A) soil
B) sunlight
C) water
D) air
Answer: B
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Environmental History: Learning From the Past
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which U.S.president tripled the amount of land in the National Wilderness System and doubled the area administered by the National ParkSystem?
A) Nixon
B) Kennedy
C) Carter
D) Reagan
Answer: C
Q2) What is the key characteristic of subsistence farmers?
A) they tend to cause severe deforestation
B) they grow only enough food to feed their families
C) they require large, flat fields in grassland areas
D) they use draft animals to pull plows
Answer: B
Q3) The ___________________________________ began about 10 000 to 12 000 years ago.
Answer: agricultural revolution
Q4) Canadian environmentalist ______________________________ chaired the historic Earth Summit held in Rio de Janeiro.
Answer: Maurice Strong
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Chapter 3: Science, systems, matter, and Energy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement is the best definition of matter?
A) Matter has the capacity to change in form.
B) Matter has the ability to produce change.
C) Matter has mass and occupies space.
D) Matter has the capacity to do work.
Answer: C
Q2) What is the best definition of energy?
A) Energy is the movement of molecules.
B) Energy is the random motion of molecules.
C) Energy is the ability to do work and transfer heat.
D) Energy is a force that is exerted over some distance.
Answer: C
Q3) ________________________________________ explains why a barrel of oil can be used only once as fuel.
Answer: The second law of thermodynamics
Q4) A(n)____________________ occurs when ice melts into a liquid.
Answer: physical change
Q5) A(n)____________________ feedback loop causes a system to change further in the same direction.
Answer: positive
Page 5
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Chapter 4: Ecosystems: What Are They, and How Do They
Work
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which soil horizon refers the surface leaf litter layer?
A) A horizon
B) B horizon
C) C horizon
D) O horizon
Q2) Which organism lives off remains or wastes of organisms?
A) herbivore
B) omnivore
C) scavenger
D) carnivore
Q3) Which letter in the diagram is the level that includes hawks,tigers,and white sharks?
Q4) Which type of soil is most likely to be alkaline,dark,and rich in humus?
A) deciduous forest soil
B) coniferous forest soil
C) tropical forest soil
D) grassland soil
Q5) Which letter in the diagram indicates the process that is part of a natural distillation process which removes impurities dissolved in water?
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Q6) Which letter in the diagram indicates precipitation that can cause soil erosion?
Chapter 5: Evolution and Biodiversity
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Q1) If a species of frogs becomes threatened because they can live only in a narrow range of temperatures,they would be classified as a(n)______________________________.
Q2) Which statement best describes speciation?
A) The loss of a species as the result of background extinction.
B) The loss of a species as the result of a mass extinction event.
C) The formation of a new species through convergent evolution.
D) The formation of a new species by the process of natural selection.
Q3) What is NOT included in an ecological niche?
A) types of resource requirements
B) range of tolerance to different physical and chemical conditions
C) nutrient relationships with other species
D) location where a species lives
Q4) The term ____________________ would be used to describe changes in which speciation occurred.
Q5) A species of tropical fish feeds only on a specific algae and tolerates only small shifts in temperature and salinity.Is this species a generalist or a specialist? Would this species be more prone to extinction than a species of fish that is omnivorous and can tolerate wide ranges of temperature and salinity?
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Chapter 6: Climate and Terrestrial Biodiversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to tropical deciduous forest?
Q2) Savannas do not contain any large grazing mammals.
A)True
B)False
Q3) Canadian scientists have divided Canada into ____________________ major terrestrial biomes.
Q4) Mountain biomes are often high-elevation forested islands of ____________________.
Q5) What often arrives after a thunderhead appears in the sky?
A) a high pressure system
B) a stationary front
C) a warm front
D) a cold front
Q6) The natural heating of the Earth is the result of _________________________ being trapped in the lower atmosphere.
Q7) What are four strategies that desert plants use to conserve water and lose heat?
Q8) The ____________________ tundra occurs on high mountains between the limit of tree growth (tree line)and the snow line.
Q9) What is the difference between a tornado and a tropical cyclone?
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Chapter 7: Aquatic Biodiversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the first zone where there isn't enough sunlight penetrating to allow photosynthesis to occur?
Q2) During which season would an ecologist expect a temperate lake to demonstrate "turnover"?
A) in the spring and summer
B) in the spring and fall
C) in the fall and winter
D) in the fall and summer
Q3) What percentage of the world's coral reefs do marine biologists estimate has been destroyed by human activities?
A) about 5%
B) about 10%
C) about 15%
D) about 20%
Q4) The area of shoreline between low and high tides is called the ____________________ zone.
Q5) Coral reefs are sensitive biological indicators of environmental conditions. A)True B)False
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Chapter 8: Community Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the stage in which the land can support trees,shrubs,weeds,and grasses?
Q2) Which situation is the least likely death of a shark?
A) It was eaten by an apex predator.
B) It provided food for humans.
C) It was attacked by a human bent on destroying the shark.
D) It was caught by a sport fisher.
Q3) Which pair of predators exemplify resource partitioning by being active during different periods of time?
A) hawks and owls
B) lions and tigers
C) hummingbirds and bees
D) zebras and antelopes
Q4) What characterizes a tropical rain forest?
A) low constancy
B) high resilience
C) low diversity
D) low inertia
Q5) Give one example of chemical warfare used by animals to attack their prey.
Page 10
Q6) A common tick is an example of a(n)____________________.
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Chapter 9: Population Ecology
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Sample Questions
Q1) In most cases,the effects of population increase,or of environmental resistance,are not felt instantly.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which type of species is more resistant to habitat fragmentation?
A) a large predator species
B) a migratory species
C) a specialist species
D) a generalist species
Q3) When a population exceeds the environment's carrying capacity,species diversity becomes constant.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Populations which have individuals evenly spaced throughout the environment have a(n)____________________ dispersal pattern.
Q5) Many long-lived species,such as algae and insects,have irruptive population cycles.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 10: Applying Population Ecology: the Human Population
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the diagram,at which stage do most countries experience zero growth rate?
Q2) According to the graph,is it true that high adult illiteracy is related to greater infant mortality?
Q3) The total fertility rate is the average number of children a typical woman bears during her reproductive years.
A)True
B)False
Q4) According to the diagram,which stage has a high birth rate and a high death rate?
Q5) What is a critical factor for a rapid increase in population growth?
A) having many people under the age of 15
B) having many people aged 29 to 44
C) having a large population
D) having many people under the age of 34
Q6) According to the diagram,at which stage do death rates decrease but birth rates remain high?
Q7) About ____________________ of Canadian residents live within 160 kilometres of the Canada-U.S.border.
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Chapter 11: Sustaining Terrestrial Biodiversity: Managing and Protecting Ecosystems
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the largest forest region in Canada?
A) the boreal forest
B) the subalpine forest
C) the aspen parkland
D) the taiga forest
Q2) What results from burning tropical forests?
A) increased biodiversity
B) more greenhouse gases added to the atmosphere
C) large areas of regenerated forests
D) increased ecological integrity
Q3) Why are wilderness areas needed?
A) to preserve biological diversity
B) for the high number of recreational users
C) to improve sustainable timber production
D) to improve sustainable organic agriculture
Q4) How many biosphere reserves have been established worldwide?
A) 15
B) 151
C) 351
D) 651
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Chapter 12: Sustaining Biodiversity: the Species Approach
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is CITES?
A) a national organization from Canada dedicated to the preservation of endangered species in Canada only
B) a set of regulations controlling the introduction of only bird species
C) a treaty controlling the international trade in endangered species
D) a pact that supports critical ecosystems that support Antarctic wildlife only
Q2) Which animal has a role in the propagation of cashews,avocados,and bananas?
A) the hummingbird
B) the bat
C) the bee
D) the manatee
Q3) A secondary cause of depletion of wild species is climate change.
A)True
B)False
Q4) ______________________________ allows scientists to help species adapt to environmental changes and to produce alternative species.
Q5) ______________________________ are becoming more vulnerable to extinction because of development in tropical regions.
Q6) What motivates people to smuggle and illegally hunt wild animals?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Sustaining Aquatic Biodiversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) What has had massive destructive effects on ocean floor ecosystems?
A) trawl fishing
B) shipwrecks
C) sport fishing
D) boat anchors
Q2) What percentage of the world's original coastal wetlands has been lost to agriculture and development?
A) about 25%
B) about 50%
C) about 66%
D) about 75%
Q3) East Africa's Lake Victoria declined in biodiversity due to the introduction of the Nile perch.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Sackville Waterfowl Park is located in ____________________,New Brunswick.
Q5) Wetlands in Canada are diminishing due to the expansion of agriculture and subdivisions.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 14: Food and Soil Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which food is among the three foods that make up half of the calories consumed by humans?
A) fish
B) wheat
C) beef
D) soybean
Q2) How many domesticated animal species provide the majority of the meat and animal products consumed by humans?
A) about 32
B) about 24
C) about 16
D) about 8
Q3) Malnourished individuals may become prone to infections and may eventually develop a specific deficiency disease.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Some farmers create ____________________ to reduce wind erosion and retain soil moisture.
Q5) What environmental damage is associated with a trawler?
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Chapter 15: Water Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is one reason for water scarcity?
A) precipitation
B) rural migration
C) inadequate infrastructure
D) cold winters
Q2) Drinking is the biggest use of water worldwide.
A)True
B)False
Q3) To tap the ____________________ in an aquifer,a well is dug until it reaches the top layer of the aquifer.
Q4) Of all the water on Earth,less than 3% is fresh water.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to an aquifer bound by beds of rock and confined under pressure?
Q6) Flooding increases with economic and urban development.
A)True
B)False
Q7) How can Canadians use water wisely and reduce waste?
Q8) What water problem is particular to Canada?
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Chapter 16: Geology and Nonrenewable Mineral Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) Scarcity of minerals does not raise the price of material goods much because raw materials typically account for only a small fraction of the price of consumer goods.
A)True
B)False
Q2) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the process in which rocks are subjected to sun,wind,and precipitation?
Q3) Which Earth zone has the most volume and mass?
A) the crust
B) the lithosphere
C) the core
D) the mantle
Q4) Smelting is used to separate the metal from the other elements in the ore mineral.
A)True
B)False
Q5) Scientists use the _____________ _______________ to measure the strength of earthquakes.
Q6) Shallow deposits are removed by ____________________ mining.
Q7) ____________________ is the waste material found in ore.
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Chapter 17: Nonrenewable Energy Resources
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT contained in oil sand?
A) water
B) sand
C) coal
D) bitumen
Q2) What is net energy?
A) It is the total useful energy obtained from an energy resource minus the amount of energy used and wasted in producing it.
B) It is the usable amount of low-quality energy from a given quantity of energy resource.
C) It is analogous to total income.
D) It is the total useful energy available from an energy resource.
Q3) Because it is a relatively clean-burning fossil fuel,and it produces about half as much carbon dioxide as burning an equivalent amount of coal,there is increasing interest in _____________ ____________ as an energy source.
Q4) The direct input of solar energy also produces several indirect forms of renewable solar energy.
A)True
B)False
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Chapter 18: Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
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Q1) What would result from implementing higher average fuel-efficiency standards?
A) it would reduce energy waste
B) it would increase air pollution
C) it would increase emissions of heat-trapping carbon dioxide
D) it would cost jobs
Q2) The higher the R-value of insulation,the ____________________ the heat loss.
Q3) Both methanol and ethanol release high levels of carbon dioxide when burned.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Which country is the largest market for solar cells?
A) Poland
B) India
C) Mexico
D) Brazil
Q5) What is one advantage of using hydrogen gas as a fuel?
A) There are no CO emissions if it is produced from water.
B) It offers long driving ranges.
C) It has negative net energy.
D) There is no energy needed to produce a fuel cell.
Q6) What are some sources of biomass fuels?
Page 20
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Chapter 19: Risk,toxicology,and Human Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) What legislation regulates the 23,000 chemical substances that are available for commercial use in Canada?
A) the Chemical Protection Act (CPA) of each individual province and territory
B) the Toxic Chemicals Act (TCA)
C) the Canadian Environmental Protection Act (CEPA)
D) the Canadian Commercial Chemical Control Act (CCCCA)
Q2) Which of the following is considered a biological hazard?
A) an earthquake
B) bacteria
C) a hurricane
D) diet
Q3) _________________________ includes comparative risk analysis,risk reduction,a risk reduction strategy,and a financial commitment.
Q4) The three types of toxic chemicals are mutagens,teratogens,and carcinogens.
A)True
B)False
Q5) ____________________ in reproductive cells can be harmful if they are passed on from parents to offspring.
Q6) The Anopheles mosquito is a(n)____________________ for malaria.
Page 21
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Chapter 20: Air Pollution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which U.S.president did NOT consider acid rain to be a problem when our Canadian Prime Minister approached him with the topic?
A) Jimmy Carter
B) George W. Bush Jr.
C) George H.W. Bush Sr.
D) Ronald Reagan
Q2) Which pollutant can penetrate the lungs' natural defences?
A) fine and ultrafine suspended particles
B) ozone
C) large suspended particles
D) acid rain
Q3) Which of the following is a volatile organic compound (VOC)?
A) benzene
B) methane
C) sulphur dioxide
D) carbon monoxide
Q4) Tall buildings,mountains,and high temperatures all contribute to ________________________________________.
Q5) Describe the sources of primary pollutants.
Q6) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to wet acid deposition?
Page 22
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Chapter 21: Climate Change and Ozone Loss
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is one means of slowing the rate of ozone hole creation?
A) by increasing the production of ozone-depleting chemicals
B) by finding substitutes for CFCs
C) by not burning fossil fuels in the Antarctic
D) by recovering and reusing ozone-depleting chemicals
Q2) What is NOT likely to be projected by a major climate model?
A) an Earth that is warmer than at any time in the last 10 000 years
B) more warming in the northern hemisphere than in the southern hemisphere
C) lower global sea levels
D) an increase of 1.4 to 5.8°C in the Earth's mean surface temperature by 2100
Q3) According to the graph,as the temperature decreased 120 000 years ago,what happened to the carbon dioxide concentration?
Q4) CFCs remain in the troposphere because they are ____________________ in water and chemically unreactive.
Q5) By how many degrees Celsius has the mean global temperature risen since 1880?
A) 0.65
B) 0.75
C) 0.85
D) 0.95
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Chapter 22: Water Pollution
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Sample Questions
Q1) Detergents from household cleaners can threaten human health by causing nervous system damage and reproductive disorders.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is among the successes of Canada's Experimental Lakes Area?
A) The experiments have helped shed light on the nitrogen problem.
B) The experiments have demonstrated how greenhouse gases would be released from flooded peat bogs.
C) The experiments have been used to study black bear migrations.
D) The experiments have been used to study waterfowl migrations.
Q3) What has reduced since the massive pollution control program for the Great Lakes was instituted in 1972?
A) algal blooms
B) the amount of fishing (sport and commercial)
C) swimming
D) the dissolved oxygen level
Q4) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to the zone in which the population of organisms with high oxygen requirements will most likely be eliminated?
Q5) How much pollution can the oceans tolerate?
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Chapter 23: Pest Management
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is one drawback of using pheromones?
A) They are biologically magnified in nontarget species.
B) Insects develop resistance to pheromones.
C) They are more effective in the juvenile stage than the adult stage.
D) They are costly and time-consuming to produce in the laboratory.
Q2) Which term refers to the progressive adaptation made in predator and prey species as a result of their dynamic interactions?
A) co-evolution
B) creative selection
C) natural selection
D) evolution
Q3) What is the target of insect control using sterilization?
A) the insect larvae
B) the insect eggs
C) the adult male insects
D) the adult female insects
Q4) Genetic resistance can put farmers on a ___________________________________ whereby they pay more and more for pest control.
Q5) Have pesticides been successful in reducing crop losses?
Page 25
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Chapter 24: Solid and Hazardous Waste
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Q1) What percentage of Canada's municipal solid waste is buried in landfills?
A) about 15%
B) about 20%
C) about 50%
D) about 75%
Q2) The ecoindustrial revolution sacrificed ecological concerns for the operational needs of heavy manufacturing.
A)True
B)False
Q3) ____________________ is the process in which plant roots are used as a filter to absorb pollutants such as radioactive strontium-90.
Q4) In a material flow economy,manufacturers make more money on a product if it can be recycled because recycling reduces the quantity of raw materials needed. A)True
B)False
Q5) Which letter in the diagram corresponds to rhizofiltration?
Q6) A key process of ____________________ might be the slowing of contaminant transport from the vegetated zone due to adsorption and increased evaporation.
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Chapter 25: Sustainable Cities
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Sample Questions
Q1) Many of the world's poor live in crowded,central city slums.
A)True
B)False
Q2) What is one means of creating urban open space?
A) increasing renewable energy technologies
B) banning all cars from an urban area
C) increasing urban sprawl
D) instituting greenbelts
Q3) Women who live in rural areas have a lower total fertility rate than those who live in urban areas.
A)True
B)False
Q4) Why do raw materials brought to cities require a large amount of resources in order to be converted to a final product?
Q5) At what loudness level do humans experience definite hearing damage?
A) at about 75 dbA
B) at about 95 dbA
C) at about 115 dbA
D) at about 135 dbA
Q6) What is urban sprawl?
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Chapter 26: Economics, environment, and Sustainability
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Q1) What is passing and enforcing laws that ban the release of toxic chemicals into the environment called?
A) regulation
B) tradable pollution rights
C) subsidies for beneficial actions
D) user fees
Q2) What is caused by internalizing external costs?
A) It increases the chance for environmental degradation.
B) It omits the true costs of taxes.
C) It fails to include the full cost of pollution.
D) The market price approach becomes the true cost of an economic good.
Q3) Which pollution control approach does the least to internalize external costs?
A) regulation
B) tradable pollution rights
C) subsidies for beneficial actions
D) user fees
Q4) Microloans are funded by the Grameen Bank in London,England.
A)True
B)False
Q5) What is meant by the optimum level of resource use?
Page 28
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Chapter 27: Politics, environment, and Sustainability
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Q1) Which of the following statements is false in terms of a citizen who is trying to launch an environmental lawsuit?
A) The person would have to demonstrate that he or she had been harmed in a significant way, and that the harm had been caused by the corporation they are attempting to sue.
B) Corporations that are being sued can reduce their taxes by deducting their legal expenses, thus transferring part of their legal fees to the public.
C) There is no particular time limit within which someone, such as a cancer victim, must sue for damages.
D) Unless the court issues a temporary injunction against the corporation, that corporation would be free to continue the allegedly damaging action for years until the court case is decided.
Q2) Environmentalists are often seen as the bearers of bad news and hence are always not received well.
A)True
B)False
Q3) What can YOU do to try to make a difference regarding the environmental issues that concern you?
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Chapter 28: Environmental World-views, ethics, and Sustainability
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Q1) Which four questions should be at the heart of environmental literacy?
Q2) ____________________ is the philosophy that people can develop principles of right and wrong by using logic to analyze ideas and arguments.
Q3) Which lifestyle guideline is NOT compatible with deep ecology?
A) Protect local ecosystems.
B) Work to eliminate injustice to humans and other species.
C) Appreciate diversity.
D) Satisfy human needs and wants in all cultures.
Q4) Which of the following ideas is associated with deep ecology?
A) understanding the Earth's oceans, and in particular their depths, will yield many important resources and help to solve important climatic problems
B) we must achieve deep focus in order to save the most fundamental ecosystems first; if time permits, we can broaden our perspectives to save additional ecosystems later
C) the interdependence and diversity of life forms on Earth is of fundamental importance
D) the exploration of deep space may hold the answers to humanity's future
Q5) Why is environmental literacy so important in today's society?
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Q6) How can philosophy help with environmental problems?
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