Human Growth and Development Study Guide Questions
Course Introduction
Human Growth and Development explores the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur throughout the lifespan, from conception to old age. The course examines major developmental theories, milestones, and the complex interplay of genetic, environmental, and cultural factors influencing growth at each life stage. Students learn about various developmental domains, including motor and language development, identity formation, and relationships, as well as challenges such as transitions, atypical development, and adaptation to change. Through case studies and current research, the course emphasizes the application of developmental principles to real-world settings, such as education, healthcare, and counseling.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Life Span Development 1st Edition by John W. Santrock
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17 Chapters
2063 Verified Questions
2063 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction
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Sample Questions
Q1) One of the differences between Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson is that
A) Erik Erikson saw that development occurred throughout the life span.
B) Erik Erikson believed that development lasted only until the age of 10.
C) Erik Erikson built his theory from his own philosophy and not from case studies.
D) Erik Erikson said that sexuality played a key role in the life-span development of the individual.
Answer: A
Q2) Felipe is curious about the tipping behavior of patrons at a local restaurant.Occasionally,he sits in the restaurant and watches some of the people around him.He is not able to observe all of the tables in the place,so he formulates his opinions about tipping behavior by the few patrons he can see.What is wrong with Felipe's research?
A) It is not random.
B) It is not correlative.
C) It is not systematic.
D) It is not ethical.
Answer: C
Q3) The capacity for change in either children or adults.
Answer: plasticity
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Page 3
Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings
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159 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The doctor has just told Luka and Steve that their baby scored below 3 on the _______ given within minutes of birth.As a result,the baby will be rushed to intensive care for treatment and observation.
A) Apgar scale
B) preterm outcome test
C) Rogers-Randall Assessment
D) Brazelton Neonatal Behavioral Assessment Scale
Answer: A
Q2) Judy has a new baby at home.During this postpartum period,Judy will need to A) rely as little as she can on external family supports.
B) ignore her other children and give her baby most of her attention.
C) learn to let the father take care of the baby,because she will be unable.
D) learn how to take care of the baby and feel good about herself as a mother.
Answer: D
Q3) A teratogen is any agent that can cause
A) early birth.
B) birth defects.
C) fetal movement.
D) maternal discomfort.
Answer: B
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Kyoko is 13 months old and can understand about 50 words but can say only about 10 words.Kyoko's __________ vocabulary is more developed than her __________ vocabulary.
A) expressive; spoken
B) spoken; receptive
C) receptive; spoken
D) spoken; expressive
Answer: C
Q2) According to Jean Piaget,this is the stage of infant cognitive development.Children construct an understanding of their world by coordinating sensory experiences with physical,motoric actions.
Answer: sensorimotor stage
Q3) Jean Piaget's sensorimotor stage is subdivided into six substages.In which substage does the infant learn to coordinate sensation and types of schemes?
A) simple reflexes
B) first habits and primary circular reactions
C) secondary circular reactions
D) tertiary circular reactions,novelty,and curiosity
Answer: B
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Physical Development and Health
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Sample Questions
Q1) Children can begin to regulate their emotions
A) by age 3.
B) by age 2.
C) by age 1.
D) shortly after birth.
Q2) A child is most likely to use social referencing in _______ situations.
A) familiar
B) complex
C) frightening
D) ambiguous
Q3) An attachment classification that is characterized by the infant's behaviors in the Strange Situation.These infants explore the playroom when the caregiver is present,may mildly protest when the caregiver leaves the room,but establish positive interactions with caregiver on reunion.
Q4) This theorist was interested in individual differences in attachment and developed the observational measure called the Strange Situation in order to formulate and test his/her theories.
Q5) "Reading" emotional cues in others to help determine how to act in a particular situation.
Q6) Distinguish between reflexive and social smiles.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Motor,Sensory,and Perceptual Development
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111 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Reggio Emilia is a city in northern Italy; it gives its name to a philosophy and approach to a(n)
A) method of providing health care to children of poor families.
B) early childhood education program design.
C) program for training teachers of young children.
D) parenting education method.
Q2) During early childhood,on average,girls are ________ than boys.
A) much larger
B) much smaller
C) slightly larger
D) slightly smaller
Q3) What have been found to be the two most important contributors to height differences among children worldwide?
A) nutrition and exercise
B) ethnic origin and social class
C) prenatal care and emotional difficulties
D) ethnic origin and nutrition
Q4) Focusing of one's attention on one salient characteristic of a situation while excluding all other characteristics.
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Chapter 6: Cognitive Developmental Approaches
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134 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) List four characteristics that are generally associated with the firstborn child.Discuss what accounts for these differences.
Q2) Social class differences in parenting behaviors have been found in the United States and most Western cultures.Low-income and working-class parents are more likely to __________ than middle-class parents.
A) ask their children questions
B) use reasoning to accompany their discipline
C) use physical discipline
D) use verbal praise
Q3) Jean Piaget was primarily interested in A) moral reasoning of children.
B) moral behavior of children.
C) how parents teach moral standards to children.
D) the biological basis of moral integrity.
Q4) Parents who monitor their children's emotions,view their children's negative emotions as opportunities for teaching,and assist their children in labeling their emotions.
Q5) A cognitive structure that consists of a network of associations that guides and organizes an individual's perceptions.
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Chapter 7: Information Processing
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Sample Questions
Q1) Knowing about knowing.
Q2) On average,children grow _______ inches per year during middle and late childhood.
A) 1 to 2
B) 2 to 3
C) 5 to 7
D) 7 to 10
Q3) The cognitive ability to order stimuli along a quantitative dimension.
Q4) The _______ approach stresses that reading instruction should parallel a child's natural language learning.
A) assisted-language
B) remedial-language
C) complex-language
D) whole-language
Q5) Mimi looks at her mother and says,"Grandma can't be your mother,because she is my grandmother." Mimi does not yet understand
A) classification.
B) reversibility.
C) conservation.
D) mental representation.
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Intelligence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is an example of improving a child's self-esteem through achievement?
A) finding out what is important to a child's self-concept
B) telling a child that she is liked and respected
C) straightforwardly teaching a child a new skill
D) letting a child cope with a problem without assistance
Q2) Lily must work to support her family.Her elementary-school-age children are alone at home after school until Lily gets home at 6 p.m.Lily can expect that
A) her children will suffer negative emotional consequences as a result of being left alone after school.
B) her children will experience positive increases in self-monitoring and self-control as a result of being left alone after school.
C) she can minimize negative consequences if she can find effective ways to monitor her children when they are left alone.
D) she can enhance positive consequences if she does not impose strict monitoring systems for her children when they are left alone.
Q3) List the five peer statuses in middle childhood.
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Chapter 9: Language Development
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130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) We see the top-dog phenomenon when students move from the:
A) freshman to the senior level in high school.
B) top grade in elementary school to the bottom grade in middle school.
C) next-to-top grade in middle school to the top grade in middle school.
D) next-to-top grade in elementary school to the top grade in elementary school.
Q2) Cross-cultural comparisons suggest that ________ has the highest adolescent pregnancy rates in the industrialized world.
A) Canada
B) Japan
C) Netherlands
D) United States
Q3) By age _________,the majority of U.S.adolescents have had sexual intercourse.
A) 13
B) 15
C) 17
D) 19
Q4) Discuss two aspects of adolescent egocentrism.
Q5) According to cognitive developmental theory,adolescents are in this stage of thinking.This stage is characterized primarily by abstract thinking and hypothetical-deductive reasoning.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Emotional Development
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106 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) An "American" identity may be more secure for second-generation immigrants than for their parents because:
A) their parents gave up their ethnic identity.
B) citizenship is granted at birth.
C) they usually speak English.
D) they disassociate themselves from their ethnic background.
Q2) The high school in Johnson Station holds an ethnic festival each year where traditional folk songs and dances are performed,traditional foods are sold,and arts and crafts are displayed from various ethnic groups.Recognizing diversity between ethnic groups is all part of Johnson Station's celebrating that we live in:
A) a pluralistic society.
B) a value-laden society.
C) an assimilated society.
D) an ethnic-transitional society.
Q3) This identity status is characterized by a commitment to a self-identity following a period of crisis.
Q4) Discuss the double disadvantage experienced by many ethnic minority adolescents.
Q5) Define rite of passage and give an example of a rite of passage an American adolescent may experience.
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Chapter 11: The Self and Identity
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Sample Questions
Q1) In 1994,Robert Michael and his colleagues conducted a comprehensive survey of American sexual patterns.Results from this "Sex in America" study suggested that Americans' sexual lives are _________ than previously believed.
A) more conservative
B) less conservative
C) more active
D) less active
Q2) Coercive sexual activity directed at someone with whom the perpetrator is at least casually acquainted.
Q3) Before Gisela has sex with her boyfriend,she asks if he has tested positive for HIV and also requires that he use a condom.Given what we know about HIV and the sexual behavior and attitudes of most adults,we can say that Gisela's practice is:
A) safe.
B) not safe,because condoms do not provide protection from HIV.
C) not completely safe,because condoms can fail and men often lie to have sex.
D) not safe,because she could still contract HIV from casual contact with her boyfriend before sex.
Q4) A person who is sexually attracted to people of both sexes.
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Page 13
Chapter 12: Gender
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74 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Divorce contributes to higher rates of psychiatric disturbance,depression,and alcoholism for:
A) men.
B) women.
C) both men and women.
D) neither men nor women.
Q2) All of the following are myths about gay and lesbian couples,EXCEPT:
A) they have a large number of sexual partners.
B) they do not have long-term relationships.
C) one partner assumes a masculine role,and one partner assumes a feminine role.
D) some committed gay couples may have an open relationship that allows the possibility of sex outside the relationship.
Q3) One of the benefits of marriage is:
A) increased longevity.
B) more financial security.
C) an improved gender identity.
D) better cognitive functioning.
Q4) This theorist proposed a triarchic theory of love.
Q5) List five principles,identified by Gottman,that make a marriage work.
Q6) Discuss how men and women differ in their communication styles.
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Moral Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Forty-five-year-old Angie loves going to the symphony,but she has been complaining that lately the quality of the symphony is not as good as it was a few years ago.Angie may be experiencing the middle-age decline in her:
A) sensitivity to low-pitched sounds.
B) hearing attention span.
C) sensitivity to high-pitched sounds.
D) sensitivity to middle-pitched sounds.
Q2) Which group has a stronger interest in religion?
A) men
B) women
C) Protestants
D) Catholics
Q3) Compared with earlier and later periods,middle age is influenced most by _________ factors.
A) sociocultural
B) biological
C) psychodynamic
D) neurological
Q4) Identify three of the physical changes that take place during middle adulthood.
Q5) The ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina.
Page 15
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Chapter 14: Families
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Sample Questions
Q1) ) According to Erik Erikson,developing a strong sense of generativity in middle adulthood can help a person achieve a sense of ________ in later adulthood.
A) integrity
B) autonomy
C) intimacy
D) independence
Q2) A major criticism of the theory of the midlife crisis is that:
A) there is virtually no evidence to support its existence.
B) more men than first thought have a midlife crisis.
C) it actually occurs much later than first thought.
D) it has been greatly exaggerated.
Q3) The ________ approach emphasizes mediating factors and sociohistorical context,among other factors,to explain individual development.
A) individual differences
B) psychosocial
C) contemporary life-events
D) seasons of life
Q4) List at least two criticisms of the adult stage theories of Erikson,Vaillant,and Levinson.
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Page 16
Chapter 15: Peers
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the year 2000,approximately how many people were centenarians?
A) 19,000
B) 77,000
C) 212,000
D) 834,000
Q2) Alzheimer disease is an example of:
A) major depression.
B) a purely psychological decline in old age.
C) paranoia.
D) dementia.
Q3) Professor Garcia is teaching her class about the harmful effects of stress,citing that it leads to early death.Professor Garcia likely subscribes to the:
A) hormonal stress theory.
B) cellular clock theory.
C) life-events theory.
D) free-radical theory.
Q4) Define episodic memory and semantic memory.
Q5) A disease of the eye that is characterized by the thickening of the lens of the eye,causing vision to become cloudy,opaque,and distorted.
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Chapter 16: Schools and Achievement
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Sample Questions
Q1) What percentage of elderly Latinas who live alone live in poverty?
A) 30
B) 40
C) 50
D) 60
Q2) Name and briefly discuss Erikson's final stage of development.
Q3) What percentage of elderly women who live alone live in poverty?
A) 12
B) 18
C) 25
D) 44
Q4) Erik Erikson believed that people who experience isolation and stagnation in earlier adulthood are more likely to experience ________ in later adulthood.
A) despair
B) inferiority
C) shame and doubt
D) identity diffusion
Q5) Describe the socioemotional selectivity theory.
Q6) Describe the selective optimization with compensation model.
Page 18
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Chapter 17: Culture and Diversity
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Sample Questions
Q1) The emotional numbness,disbelief,separation anxiety,despair,and sadness that accompanies the loss of someone a person loves.
Q2) Which of the following statements is an accurate criticism of Kübler-Ross's theory of dying?
A) She underestimated the amount of time that people remain in the anger stage.
B) She did not consider that men and women go through each stage differently.
C) She did not validate the existence of five stages,nor did independent research.
D) She ignored the notion that most people do not even realize that they are dying.
Q3) Death induced deliberately for a person (who is suffering from an incurable disease or severe disabilities)by injecting a lethal dose of a drug.
Q4) The dead are most likely to be cremated in:
A) the United States.
B) Mexico.
C) Canada.
D) Japan.
Q5) Define and discuss the purpose of a living will.
Q6) List and briefly describe Elisabeth Kübler-Ross's five stages of dying.
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Page 19