Human Growth and Development
Pre-Test Questions
Course Introduction
Human Growth and Development explores the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur throughout the lifespan, from conception to late adulthood. The course examines established theories and research findings to understand how individuals develop and adapt at each stage of life. Topics include prenatal development, childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and aging, as well as the influence of family, culture, and society on developmental processes. Through an integrative approach, students gain insights into the factors that shape human behavior and development across different contexts and life stages.
Recommended Textbook
Developmental Psychology Childhood and Adolescence 9th Edition by David R. Shaffer
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15 Chapters
3224 Verified Questions
3224 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction to Developmental Psychology and Its Research Strategies
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192 Verified Questions
192 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The correlational design is WEAKEST at
A)describing the direction of a relationship.
B)describing the strength of a relationship.
C)making predictions from one variable to the second variable.
D)identifying which variable causes changes in the other.
Answer: D
Q2) Cognitive theorists have used the ____ approach to better understand how children develop more efficient problem-solving approaches.
A)sequential design
B)observation method
C)microgenetic design
D)case study method
Answer: C
Q3) Truthful answers to interviews or questionnaires are more likely to be obtained when the subjects are
A)asked about embarrassing topics.
B)reminded that improper behavior deserves to be punished.
C)promised confidentiality of their responses.
D)offered payment for responding correctly.
Answer: C
Page 3
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Chapter 2: Hereditary Influences on Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) ____ theory emphasizes biological aspects of development.
A)Freud's psychoanalytical
B)Lorenz's ethological
C)Vygotsky's sociocultural
D)Bronfenbrenner's ecological systems
Answer: B
Q2) Asian countries such as China or Japan are very collectivistic in social orientation, giving emphasis to cooperation, loyalty to groups, and conformity. It would be expected that in these countries,
A)nonshared environmental influences will be strong.
B)shared environmental influences will be strong.
C)heritability on all traits will be weak.
D)kinships will be impossible to calculate.
Answer: B
Q3) What are gametes?
A)Chromosomal defects that prevent mitosis
B)Aphrodisiacs (love potions)
C)Medical personnel who deliver babies
D)Female ova or male sperm
Answer: D
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth
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Sample Questions
Q1) Consuming small amounts of alcohol (e.g., ounce/day) during pregnancy
A)causes profound physical birth defects such as phocomelia.
B)causes psychosis and severe mental retardation in the mother and also in the baby.
C)may produce delayed developmental effects that appear months or years later, during childhood.
D)is harmless to development because the dosage is small.
Answer: C
Q2) A beneficial effect of using Brazelton's NBAS scale is that parents who involve themselves in its ratings
A)learn how best to respond to their neonate's traits.
B)quarrel less often with their spouse.
C)feed their neonate on an optimized timetable.
D)understand how best to handle grandparents' intrusions.
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Infancy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Visual accommodation means
A)generating visual sensations without the eyes.
B)using memories from past experience to assist in interpreting the meaning of what is currently seen.
C)adapting to unfamiliar visual experience
D)changing the lens shape to keep images in sharp focus.
Q2) The ability to perceive three-dimensional space improves over the first year. Indicate the cues infants are capable of using at each of the following ages: one to three months, three to five months, and six to seven months.
Q3) Identify the FALSE statement about habituation.
A)Habituation shows individual differences among infants.
B)Habituation is strengthened during the first year.
C)Habituation is a category of operant conditioning.
D)Even fetuses become habituated.
Q4) MONOCULAR is to BINOCULAR as ____ is to ____.
A)DEAFNESS :: HEARING
B)TRAIN :: AIRPLANE
C)FLOOD :: DROUGHT
D)SOLO :: DUET
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Chapter 5: Physical Development: the Brain, the Body, Motor
Skills, and Sexual
Development
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206 Verified Questions
206 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) As the body matures, which body part increases its number of bones?
A)Elbow
B)Hand/wrist
C)Lower jaw
D)Knee
Q2) The predictable appearance of motor skills in a fixed sequence, regardless of culture or practice experience, ____ the maturational viewpoint on skills.
A)supports
B)is irrelevant to C)contradicts
D)combines gender with
Q3) Explain how synaptogenesis and synaptic pruning complement each other through a child's experience.
Q4) Obese children and adults are LEAST at risk of this health disorder: A)marasmus.
B)liver or kidney disease.
C)diabetes.
D)high blood pressure.
Q5) Describe what factors influence the secular trend.
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Chapter 6: Cognitive Development: Piagets Theory and
Vygotskys Sociocultural Viewpoint
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264 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is "circular" about a Piagetian circular reaction?
A)The path of the eye movements resembles a circle.
B)The path of a limb's movements resembles a circle.
C)"Circular" means that the action is repetitious.
D)The action helps attract circular stimuli to the senses.
Q2) According to ____, the child's self-directed speech serves as a cognitive self-guidance system and develops eventually into silent inner speech.
A)psychoanalyst Sigmund Freud
B)socioculturalist Lev Vygotsky
C)cognitive theorist Jean Piaget
D)ecological theorist Uri Bronfenbrenner
Q3) Rogoff's research on guided participation indicates that
A)guided participation is irrelevant to cognitive development.
B)the extent to which guided participation is applied in a given context depends on the specific types of skills and behaviors that children are expected to acquire.
C)some parents are unable to be effective guides.
D)some children are unable to benefit from guided participation.
Q4) Explain what is meant by the term "horizontal decalage."
Q5) Differentiate between organization and adaptation.
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Chapter 7: Cognitive Development: Information-Processing Perspectives
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Sample Questions
Q1) Dino, age 10, has read every dinosaur book in all the local libraries, and he has seen every TV show and movie about dinosaurs. When his class studies dinosaurs, Dino learns the new material faster than his peers. This illustrates the importance of ____ for memory.
A)free recall
B)knowledge base
C)analogical reasoning
D)memorization strategies
Q2) Research has shown that there is a developmental shift beginning in second grade that favors
A)memories represented as fuzzy gists.
B)cued recall rather than free recall.
C)reliance on implicit cognition skills.
D)memories represented as verbatim precise facts.
Q3) Describe Siegler's adaptive strategy choice model.
Q4) The information capacity of the ____ is extremely large.
A)sensory store
B)memory span
C)short-term store
D)long-term store
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Chapter 8: Intelligence: Measuring Mental Performance
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Sample Questions
Q1) The best known and most widely used instrument for assessing infant intelligence is the
A)Bayley Scales of Infant Development.
B)Wechsler Scale for Infants.
C)Neonatal Reflex Assessment Battery.
D)Sensorimotor Infantile Circular Reactor.
Q2) What is done to make culture-fair tests fair?
A)Questions are easy enough that most children score high.
B)Difficult words are explained in advance by the examiner.
C)They are given to middle-class children of various races.
D)Item content is chosen to be equally unfamiliar to children of various racial/ethnic groups.
Q3) Terman's longitudinal study of intellectually gifted school children showed that, in the long run, they were
A)impatient with others and rarely socialized.
B)frail, suffering from chronic health problems.
C)less mature than peers in making moral judgments.
D)highly successful in various aspects of life.
Q4) Describe the two types of intellectual abilities proposed by Jensen.
Q5) List the seven primary mental abilities identified by Thurstone.
Page 10
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Chapter 9: Development of Language and Communication Skills
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Sample Questions
Q1) Speaking to parents and children, a principal repeats a speech, first at a high level for parents and then at a simple level for children. She displays
A)lexical contrast constraint.
B)mutual exclusivity constraint.
C)sociolinguistic awareness.
D)a holophrastic naming explosion.
Q2) Which of these questions will best be understood receptively at the child's youngest age?
A)"Why did the alien land his flying saucer in Roswell?"
B)"Did you see the alien arrive?"
C)"Where did the alien's flying saucer land?"
D)"Where was the alien?"
Q3) When a minority-language child is taught only in English at school, the child's proficiency in the minority language
A)becomes enhanced.
B)is unaffected.
C)is unaffected, but emotional disturbances are common.
D)worsens.
Q4) List the five components of language.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Emotional Development, Temperament, and Attachment
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Sample Questions
Q1) Cuddles, the family dog, becomes wary and fretful when a stranger enters the home. Cuddles displays
A)stranger anxiety.
B)the "strange situation."
C)behavioral inhibition.
D)difficult temperament.
Q2) With regard to temperament, ____ refers to the regularity and predictability of bodily functions such as eating and sleeping.
A)positive affect
B)routine
C)rhythmicity
D)activity level
Q3) Describe different strategies for emotional regulation at different ages.
Q4) A mother wants to hug her baby, and the baby enjoys being close to mom. This describes the ____ of attachment.
A)reciprocity
B)secure base
C)social referencing
D)emotional display rules
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Chapter 11: Development of the Self-Concept
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Sample Questions
Q1) Situational inconsistencies in qualities of one's self become noticeable during the ____ age level.
A)adolescent
B)grade school/middle childhood
C)preschool/early childhood
D)toddlerhood
Q2) Assessments of self-esteem in collectivistic cultures reveal that
A)culture does not influence self-esteem.
B)individuals who develop in collectivistic cultures have higher self-esteem.
C)individuals growing up in collectivistic cultures report lower self-esteem.
D)males have lower self-esteem than females across all cultures assessed.
Q3) Which statement is most correct about the impact of self-esteem on developmental outcomes?
A)High self-esteem causes favorable developmental outcomes.
B)High self-esteem is a resource that supports favorable developmental outcomes.
C)High self-esteem derived from prosocial experiences tends to foster favorable developmental outcomes.
D)High self-esteem is related to negative developmental outcomes.
Q4) Explain what is meant by achievement motivation.
Q5) Contrast a mastery orientation with a learned-helplessness orientation.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Sex Differences and Gender-Role Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which intervention is most effective for changing gender-role attitudes?
A)Telling the child about the benefits of cross-gender cooperation
B)Praising the child for using cross-sex toys
C)Persuasive efforts that are led by women
D)Cognitive interventions that attack stereotypes directly
Q2) Explain what a gender-role standard is, and contrast the qualities associated with expressive and instrumental roles.
Q3) Young children (e.g., preschoolers and kindergartners) are both fascinated by and fearful of masks, painted faces, costumed individuals, etc. Based on the literature on the development of a stable gender-role identity, how might the fascination/fear reaction of these young children be explained? (This question can be answered by generalizing what is known about the development of gender identity to identity in a more general sense.)
Q4) Outline Kohlberg's cognitive-developmental view of sex-role development, with a brief discussion of (a) basic gender identity, (b) gender stability, and (c) gender consistency. Also outline Martin and Halverson's gender-schema theory and its notions of (d) in-group/out-group schema and (e) own-sex schema. Discuss evidence consistent with and/or inconsistent with each of the two theories.
Q5) Outline the key aspects of the social-learning approach to gender issues.
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Chapter 13: Aggression, Altruism, and Moral Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Children are especially likely to be affected by marital conflict when
A)parents show a pattern of attacking and then withdrawing from one another.
B)they have no siblings.
C)it happens behind closed doors.
D)parents resolve their conflicts.
Q2) Research shows that early conflicts are
A)training grounds for aggression.
B)unusual in middle-class homes.
C)potentially adaptive opportunities to promote negotiation skills.
D)invariably helpful to reducing aggression.
Q3) ____ discourages altruism, while ____ encourages altruism.
A)Power assertion; inhibitory control
B)Self-oriented distress; sympathetic empathic arousal
C)Autonomous morality; love withdrawal
D)Hostile aggression; instrumental aggression
Q4) Which of these is LEAST descriptive of coercive home environments?
A)Frequent bickering among family members
B)Punishment applied to force fighting to stop
C)Negative reinforcement of hostility or aggression
D)Decisions based on postconventional morality
Page 15
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Chapter 14: The Context of Development I: the Family
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Sample Questions
Q1) The complex network of relationships, interactions, and patterns of influence that characterize a family with three or more members is the definition of a(n)
A)family.
B)family social system.
C)traditional nuclear family.
D)extended family.
Q2) Longitudinal research on the after-effects of divorce suggests that
A)most children eventually come to view the event as a positive in their life.
B)most children never get over the trauma of the experience in their life.
C)most children still view it negatively 20 years later, although they are well adjusted.
D)most children view it positively 20 years later and are bascially well adjusted.
Q3) In ecological systems theory, MICROSYSTEM is to MACROSYSTEM as ____ is to ____.
A)FAMILY :: SOCIETY
B)TIME :: GEOGRAPHY
C)LEARNING :: SPENDING
D)INSTINCT :: LEARNING
Q4) Name three positive contributions of siblings to younger brothers and sisters.
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Chapter 15: The Context of Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) When Morrison et al., compared the cognitive performance of children who had just made the age cutoff for entering first grade with children who had just missed the cutoff and spent the year in kindergarten, they found
A)no difference in cognitive skills for these two groups.
B)higher performance on language, but not math, for the first-grade group.
C)higher performance on math, but not language, for the first-grade group.
D)higher performance in both math and language for the first-grade group.
Q2) Clark appears to be shy and somewhat withdrawn. He is not talkative, rarely tries to enter games with other children, and seldom calls attention to himself. Clark could best be described as a ____ child.
A)controversial
B)rejected-aggressive
C)popular
D)neglected
Q3) List five categories of peer acceptance that have been identified through sociometric data analysis, and describe the typical peer ratings given to children in each of these categories.
Q4) Explain what is meant by "informal curriculum" in schools.
Q5) What is meant by the "two worlds of childhood"?
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