Human Growth and Development Final
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Human Growth and Development explores the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur throughout the human lifespan, from conception to late adulthood. This course examines key developmental theories and milestones, emphasizing the interplay of biological, psychological, and environmental factors that influence growth at each stage of life. Students will gain an understanding of individual differences, developmental challenges, and the impact of family, culture, and society on human development, preparing them to apply this knowledge in educational, health, and social service contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Development Through the Lifespan 7th Edition by Laura E. Berk
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19 Chapters
2482 Verified Questions
2482 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: History, theory, and Research Strategies
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement describes a strength of naturalistic observation?
A) It reflects the participants' everyday lives.
B) It permits comparisons of participants' responses.
C) Great depth and breadth of information can be obtained in a short time.
D) It grants each participant an equal opportunity to display the behavior of interest.
Answer: A
Q2) Which research method is an outgrowth of psychoanalytic theory?
A) naturalistic observation
B) structured observation
C) ethnography
D) the clinical method
Answer: D
Q3) According to Jean Piaget's cognitive-developmental theory,__________.
A) children actively construct knowledge as they manipulate and explore their world
B) children's learning depends on reinforcers, such as rewards from adults
C) adult teaching is the best way to foster development
D) rapid development occurs during sensitive periods
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: Genetic and Environmental Foundations
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In __________,people hold different beliefs and customs from those held by the larger culture.
A) microsystems
B) subcultures
C) macrosystems
D) collectivist societies
Answer: B
Q2) Identical twins evoke __________.
A) only moderately similar parental treatment in negativity
B) only moderately similar parental treatment in warmth
C) similar maternal treatment in warmth and negativity because of their identical heredity
D) varied maternal treatment because mothers respond to each child's unique genetic makeup
Answer: C
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development, birth, and the Newborn
Baby
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The more alcohol a woman consumes during pregnancy,the __________.
A) higher the birth weight of the child
B) greater the likelihood of ARND instead of FAS or p-FAS
C) poorer the child's achievement scores in the school years
D) greater the child's speed of information processing
Answer: C
Q2) The most fleeting state of arousal is __________.
A) regular sleep
B) REM sleep
C) drowsiness
D) quiet alertness
Answer: D
Q3) The most rapid prenatal changes take place in the period of the __________.
A) zygote
B) blastocyst
C) embryo
D) fetus
Answer: C
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Chapter 4: Physical Development in Infancy and Toddlerhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Children who experienced marasmus or kwashiorkor display __________.
A) few conduct problems
B) increased fine-motor coordination
C) a more intense stress response
D) little to no lasting damage to organs
Q2) The prefrontal cortex __________.
A) is the cortical region that develops first
B) is responsible for controlling body movement
C) functions at an adult level of synaptic connections from birth
D) undergoes especially rapid growth during the preschool and school years
Q3) According to differentiation theory,infants __________.
A) do not expect sight, sound, and touch to go together
B) cannot perceive amodal properties-information that overlaps two or more sensory systems
C) actively search for invariant features of the environment in a constantly changing perceptual world
D) prefer novelty and, therefore, seek out features in the environment that vary the most
Q4) Describe how cultural variations in infant-rearing practices affect motor development.
Page 6
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Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The Home Observation for Measurement of the Environment (HOME)is a checklist for
A) determining whether a child is ahead, behind, or on time in mental development
B) gathering information about the quality of a child's home life
C) making long-term predictions about a child's later intelligence
D) measuring cognitive skills, such as object permanence and categorization
Q2) According to cognitive-developmental theory,a scheme is __________.
A) an internal process that occurs apart from any contact with the environment
B) the understanding that objects continue to exist when out of sight
C) the ability to copy the behavior of others
D) an organized way of making sense of experience
Q3) Herb and Nyla value make-believe as a developmentally beneficial activity.They would like to promote their 18-month-old daughter's play.You can tell them that toddlers' make-believe is more elaborate when __________.
A) they play alone
B) they do not use props
C) adults participate
D) other toddlers participate
Q4) Discuss the development of recall memory.
Page 7
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Chapter 6: Emotional and Social Development in Infancy and
Toddlerhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) George is an extremely shy preschooler.In order for George to acquire effective social skills,he will need __________.
A) medication to increase his left frontal brain wave activity
B) to be exposed to increasingly stressful social situations
C) to be sheltered from criticism and social stress
D) parenting tailored to his temperament
Q2) From 4 to 6 months into the second year,angry expressions __________.
A) decrease in both frequency and intensity
B) increase in intensity, but decrease in frequency
C) increase in both frequency and intensity
D) increase in frequency, but decrease in intensity
Q3) In the Strange Situation,Bernadette uses her mother as a secure base.When separated,Bernadette does not cry,but when her mother returns,Bernadette smiles and quickly crawls to her.Bernadette is demonstrating __________ attachment.
A) secure
B) slow-to-warm-up
C) easy
D) resistant
Q4) Describe separation anxiety.When does it occur?
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Children with autism __________.
A) have narrow and overly intense interests
B) have smaller-than-average brains
C) engage in more make-believe play than typically developing children
D) excel in imitating others
Q2) Which statement about strategies for early word learning is true?
A) Mutual exclusivity explains how preschoolers reconcile multiple names for the same object.
B) Children's first several hundred nouns mostly refer to objects organized by color or shape.
C) Preschoolers figure out many word meanings by observing how words are used in the structure of sentences.
D) Preschoolers' vocabularies do not grow as quickly when parents inform them directly about which words to use.
Q3) For most children,the left cerebral hemisphere __________.
A) is especially active between 3 and 6 years and then levels off
B) shows slow activity throughout early and middle childhood
C) shows a slight growth spurt between ages 8 and 10
D) peaks between 1 and 3 years and decreases slowly throughout early childhood
Page 9
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Chapter 8: Emotional and Social Development in Early Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to social learning theory,__________ come(s)before __________ in the development of gender identity.
A) behavior; self-perceptions
B) self-perceptions; gender awareness
C) self-perceptions; behavior
D) gender constancy; gender awareness
Q2) At school,maltreated children __________.
A) are compliant and motivated
B) present serious discipline problems
C) have few learning difficulties
D) are overly sympathetic to peers
Q3) Media stereotypes,which are especially prevalent in __________,contribute to young children's biased beliefs about roles and behaviors suitable for males and females.
A) children's educational television programming
B) tablet and mobile phone applications
C) situation comedies
D) cartoons and video games
Q4) Discuss direct and indirect parental influences on early peer relations.
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Q5) Compare and contrast the authoritative and authoritarian child-rearing styles.
Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) At present in the United States,public opinion and educational practice favor __________ for dual language learners.
A) bilingual classroom instruction
B) English-only instruction
C) instruction in the home language only
D) trilingual classroom instruction
Q2) Which child is at the greatest risk for overweight?
A) Cecilia, who watches 1 hour of TV in the family room each day
B) Travis, who uses an ad blocker to screen out ads during his 1½ hours of screen time each day
C) Marcella, who watches 1½ hours of TV in the living room each day
D) Leo, who watches 2 hours of TV and Internet ads in his bedroom each day
Q3) In Enrique's fourth-grade class,the teacher asks the children to attend to their own breathing or to manipulate an object held behind their backs while noticing how it feels.Enrique's teacher is using __________ training to promote children's
A) elaboration; working memory
B) organization; flexible shifting
C) mindfulness; executive function
D) theory of the mind; metacognition
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Emotional and Social Development in Middle Childhood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) School-age children __________.
A) use frequent social comparisons
B) compare their own performance to that of a single peer
C) describe themselves in extreme, all-or-none ways
D) rarely describe their own negative attributes
Q2) Erikson's sense of __________ combines several developments of middle childhood: a positive but realistic self-concept,pride in accomplishment,moral responsibility,and cooperative participation with agemates.
A) trust
B) autonomy
C) identity
D) industry
Q3) Natasha's parents are indulgent.As a result,she probably __________.
A) has low self-esteem
B) has unrealistically high self-esteem
C) never exhibits aggressive behavior
D) evaluates her behavior against reasonable standards
Q4) Describe development in middle childhood of only children in the United States and China.
Q5) What factors foster resilience in middle childhood?
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement about the spread of STIs,including HIV,is true?
A) It is nearly impossible to transmit any STI, including HIV, through oral sex.
B) It is at least twice as easy for a female to infect a male, as for a male to infect a female.
C) It is just as easy for a female to infect a male, as for a male to infect a female.
D) It is at least twice as easy for a male to infect a female, as for a female to infect a male.
Q2) Contemporary research suggests that the storm-and-stress notion of adolescence __________.
A) neglects biological influence
B) is greatly understated
C) holds true in the Western world
D) is exaggerated
Q3) In making decisions,teenagers __________.
A) are more likely than adults to avoid potential losses
B) take far greater risks than adults in their twenties
C) are more effective than adults under unemotional conditions
D) are more effective than adults when they must inhibit emotion
Q4) Discuss the effects of part-time work during high school.
Page 13
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Chapter 12: Emotional and Social Development in Adolescence
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132 Verified Questions
132 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Name and describe the four identity statuses that researchers use to evaluate progress in identity development.
Q2) In a study of low-SES African-American and Hispanic teenagers,those who emphasized __________ in their self-descriptions displayed exceptional levels of community service.
A) moral traits and goals
B) involvement in sports
C) individualism
D) justice-based reasoning
Q3) Having friends with depressive symptoms __________.
A) increases teenagers' ability to cope with stress
B) is linked to identity progress and a rise in self-esteem
C) is linked to a rise in teenagers' own depressive symptoms
D) decreases the likelihood of corumination
Q4) Which factor is likely to strengthen moral identity?
A) permissive parenting
B) civic engagement
C) like-minded peer groups
D) authoritarian parenting
Q5) Describe how sibling interactions adapt to development at adolescence.
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to the "random events" theory of biological aging,__________.
A) DNA in body cells is gradually damaged through mutations
B) as time goes on, the human body wears out from repeated use
C) "aging genes" control the deterioration of body cells
D) environmental factors have little impact on human aging
Q2) Physical activity __________.
A) reduces anxiety and depression
B) improves mood, but decreases alertness
C) decreases mood, alertness, and energy
D) decreases neural activity in the cerebral cortex
Q3) Regular physical activity is linked to __________.
A) a slight decline in energy level
B) a slight decline in the immune response
C) reduced incidence of breast and colon cancer
D) production of LDLs and removal of HDLs
Q4) Which statement is true about free-radical damage?
A) It triggers biological aging.
B) It reduces longevity.
C) It increases with age.
D) It decreases with age.
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Chapter 14: Emotional and Social Development in Early
Adulthood
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the transformation from a passionate to a companionate and compassionate bond,__________ may be the aspect of love that determines whether a relationship survives.
A) passion
B) commitment
C) monogamy
D) intimacy
Q2) Discuss factors that contribute to the widespread,persistent gender pay gap in the United States.
Q3) Today's emerging adults __________.
A) are not nearly as likely as contemporary older adults to participate in civic engagement
B) have a stronger pluralistic orientation than young people in previous generations
C) are less concerned than young people in previous generations about addressing global issues
D) in nearly all established democracies have a higher voting rate than older adults
Q4) Describe the gender differences in same-sex adult friendships.
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mia returned to college at age 45.She will probably need help in __________.
A) settling on career goals
B) selecting a major or minor
C) choosing the most appropriate courses
D) integrating knowledge and experiences
Q2) Discuss hormone therapy,which is used to reduce the physical symptoms of menopause.What are the risks and benefits?
Q3) Women's skin typically ages more quickly than men's because __________.
A) women are less likely to protect their skin from sun exposure
B) the dermis of women is not as thick as that of men
C) women spend less time outdoors than men do
D) estrogen loss accelerates the thickening of the skin
Q4) Saul,age 62,has an eye condition.Its name literally means "old eyes." Saul has
A) glaucoma
B) presbycusis
C) macular degeneration
D) presbyopia
Page 17
Q5) Discuss the changes that the skin undergoes during the aging process.
Q6) What is hardiness? How do hardy individuals cope with stress?
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Page 18
Chapter 16: Emotional and Social Development in Middle
Adulthood
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129 Verified Questions
129 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Compared with younger workers,laid-off middle-aged workers are __________.
A) less likely to perceive the layoff as highly traumatic
B) less likely to suffer substantial income loss
C) more likely to experience a sense of freedom and relief
D) more likely to be "off-time" in terms of the social clock
Q2) According to Vaillant,__________ is a major preoccupation of midlife.
A) redemption
B) "passing the torch"
C) becoming androgynous
D) advancement
Q3) Middle-aged men are __________ with aging parents.
A) usually more involved than middle-aged women
B) becoming more involved in family responsibilities
C) emotionally closer than middle-age women
D) more likely than middle-aged women to move in
Q4) __________ is associated with favorable personality traits and adjustment.
A) Masculinity
B) Femininity
C) Separateness
D) Androgyny
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Chapter 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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130 Verified Questions
130 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which older male has the greatest risk of vascular dementia?
A) Lance, who is from the United States
B) Dedrick, who is from Germany
C) Valter, who is from Sweden
D) Shinobu, who is from Japan
Q2) Discuss some nondrug protective factors that help reduce the risk of Alzheimer's disease.
Q3) After age 80,a life expectancy crossover occurs in that __________.
A) men outnumber women by a ratio of about 3 to 1
B) surviving European Americans live longer than African Americans
C) surviving African Americans live longer than members of the white majority
D) men's advantage in life expectancy shrinks to around 1 year
Q4) About 20 percent of older hip fracture patients __________.
A) fully recover mobility
B) die within a year of the injury
C) never regain the ability to walk unassisted
D) avoid activities because they are afraid to fall
Q5) Define and describe ADLs and IADLs.What percentage of U.S.older adults have limitations carrying out these activities?
Q6) What are primary and secondary aging? How do they differ? Page 20
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Page 21
Chapter 18: Emotional and Social Development in Late
Adulthood
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131 Verified Questions
131 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Describe George Vaillant's findings regarding successful aging.
Q2) May stops by her mother June's house every day.If June is having trouble getting dressed or making the bed,then May helps her,and the two women chat while they work.May's behavior toward June illustrates the __________ script.
A) dependency-support
B) independence-ignore
C) assisted independence
D) codependency-support
Q3) The primary reason why more older adults in Western countries live on their own today than ever before is __________.
A) the high cost of nursing homes
B) lack of assistance from their children
C) decreasing governmental support
D) improved health and economic well-being
Q4) Ruby,age 83,is most likely to call on her friends for __________.
A) emotional support
B) financial assistance
C) help with errands
D) help with household chores
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Chapter 19: Death, dying, and Bereavement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which statement is true about parents grieving the loss of a child?
A) Compared to mothers, fathers report more intense distress.
B) The divorce rate is lower among bereaved parents than other parents.
C) Risk of marital breakup following the loss of a child tends to strengthen over time.
D) Most parents who have lost a child report distress that resolves within a few months.
Q2) Which statement is true about Kübler-Ross's theory?
A) The theory is best viewed as steps a "normal" dying person follows.
B) The theory states that all people display each of five responses to the prospect of death.
C) Some health professionals have insensitively tried to push patients through the five stages.
D) The theory encompasses all of the ways dying people respond to the prospect of death.
Q3) __________ are usually more distressed during the dying process.
A) People with strong relationships
B) People with few disappointments in life
C) Poorly adjusted individuals
D) Extremely well-adjusted individuals
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