Human Growth and Development Exam Review
Course Introduction
Human Growth and Development explores the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur throughout the human lifespan, from conception to old age. The course examines major theories of development, such as those proposed by Piaget, Erikson, and Vygotsky, and discusses the biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors that influence growth at each stage of life. Students will study typical developmental milestones as well as variations due to genetics, environment, and individual differences, enabling them to understand the complexities of human development in diverse contexts.
Recommended Textbook
Lifespan Development 6th Edition by Denise Boyd
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19 Chapters
2268 Verified Questions
2268 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Basic Concepts and Methods
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124 Verified Questions
124 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you are born in the 21st century, which of the following statements might apply to you?
A) You may well live to be 100 years old.
B) You are likely to live 30 or more years longer than your parents.
C) If you are the average person you will live to be 76 years old.
D) Your life expectancy will likely be double that of your grandparents.
Answer: A
Q2) Joshua entered puberty much later than his peers. What terms might you use to describe how this could affect Joshua's social development?
Answer: sensitive period; on-time events; off-time events
Q3) As a developmental psychologist I believe that humans possess no inborn abilities and that a child's parents can mold them into whatever they want them to be. Which of the following would best describe my beliefs?
A) Empiricism
B) Innate goodness
C) Original sin
D) Darwinism
Answer: A
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3
Chapter 2: Theories of Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is considered to be the major weakness of psychoanalytic theories?
A) They contribute more to our understanding of how learning occurs than to our knowledge of human development.
B) Such theories do not explain social, emotional, or personality development.
C) Few scientists have accepted or acknowledged their key principles.
D) It has been very difficult to test their key concepts.
Answer: D
Q2) The idea that certain human behaviors have developed and persisted in order to ensure survival of the species is drawn from which of the following?
A) Behaviorism
B) Classical conditioning
C) Nativism
D) Ethology
Answer: D
Q3) Psychosocial is to ________ as Psychoanalytic is to ________.
Answer: Erikson; Freud
Q4) ________ coined the term operant conditioning.
Answer: B. F. Skinner
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Chapter 3: Prenatal Development and Birth
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Sample Questions
Q1) List two implications for a child born with low birth weight and who lives in an impoverished environment.
Answer: possibilities include learning disabilities, attention problems, more illnesses; boys are more likely to suffer these problems than girls
Q2) Assume that you are a young woman attending college. You plan to wait until you finish your graduate degree and are well established in a career before having children. What recent research findings should you consider in this decision?
Answer: For mothers over 35 risks to the child are low birth weight; higher risk of congenital diseases, chromosomal disorders, heart disease, and learning disabilities
Q3) Nadia is exposed to high levels of radiation during the 6th, 7th, and 8th weeks of gestation. Which of the following organ structures in the fetus are most likely to show abnormalities?
A) Only the brain and spinal cord
B) The heart and lungs
C) The palate of the mouth and the ears
D) Virtually all organ systems are vulnerable during this time.
Answer: D
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Page 5
Chapter 4: Physical, Sensory, and Perceptual Development in Infancy
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Sample Questions
Q1) Infants who show increasingly ________ sleep periods during the early months are at a lower risk of dying from SIDS.
Q2) Critically analyze the information presented in the video Brain Development in Babies. Is there any information presented here which is not in your text? Is it desirable or possible to promote "superlearning" in babies?
Q3) Which of the following gives us the ability to tell from which direction a sound is coming?
A) Perceptual differences in the temporal lobes.
B) The fact that our ears are on the outsides of our heads.
C) The fact that our ears are spaced on either side of our heads.
D) Directional hearing is a learned phenomenon.
Q4) A child's ability to place round pegs in round holes requires which type of motor skills?
A) Combination of gross and fine
B) Locomotive
C) Nonlocomotive
D) Specific
Q5) What causes infants and toddlers to be "top-heavy?" What are the results of this phenomenon?
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Chapter 5: Cognitive Development in Infancy
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is the youngest age at which infants can remember specific objects?
Q2) What is meant by the A-not-B error? When is this error typically resolved?
Q3) Reece said, "Go bye-bye?" His mother replied, "Yes, we are going to go bye-bye." Reece's mother's response is an example of which of the following?
A) Babyese
B) Infant speak
C) IDS
D) LAD
Q4) With regard to language development, which statement is correct?
A) Telegraphic speech begins around 18 months.
B) Holophrases appear after telegraphic speech.
C) Babies in Asian cultures babble before they coo.
D) Babies cannot understand language before they can speak it.
Q5) The primary technique of interacting with the world in the first substage of Piaget's sensorimotor stage is ________ .
Q6) Gregory is a six-month-old baby boy. He is learning about his environment through touching things, putting things in his mouth, and scooting around on the floor. According to Piaget, Greg is in the ________ stage of cognitive development.
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Chapter 6: Social and Personality Development in Infancy
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120 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) From Research Report on page 144: What two factors are likely to contribute to gender differences in temperament?
Q2) Identify two neurological processes or structures that influence temperament. Explain how these processes affect temperament.
Q3) Megan is a toddler who participated in an experiment. Her mother placed a dot of rouge on her nose and sat her in front of a mirror to see if she would reach for the mirror or her own nose in order to touch the red spot. If Megan reaches for her own nose, she is demonstrating
A) self-awareness.
B) self-envy.
C) self-exploration.
D) self-examination.
Q4) How did the boy in the video demonstrate self-awareness?
A) He named himself as the child in the mirror.
B) He walked away without showing any interest in his own image in the mirror.
C) He touched the red spot on his own nose when looking in the mirror.
D) He touched the red spot on his reflection in the mirror.
Q5) Define objective self. What is another term for objective self?
Q6) The suggested teacher/child ratio for 2 to 3 year olds in day care is ________.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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116 Verified Questions
116 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to your text, early childhood is a period of optimum growth and maturation for which part of the brain?
A) The parasympathetic nervous system
B) The corpus callosum
C) Synapses
D) The sympathetic nervous system
Q2) Which of the following is correct with regard to child abuse in the United States?
A) There are clearly defined criteria for what constitutes parental neglect or abuse.
B) There are laws requiring that child abuse be reported to the authorities.
C) There is a general consensus across cultures on what constitutes maltreatment of children.
D) There is often a tendency to assume parents are the abusers.
Q3) The Wechsler Intelligence Scales for Children (WISC-III) is divided into which two subgroups?
A) Aptitude scale and ability scale
B) Verbal scale and performance scale
C) Mathematics and reading/language
D) Qualitative and quantitative
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Chapter 8: Social and Personality Development in Early Childhood
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118 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) What is Hoffman's first stage of empathy development, which is characterized by an infant matching the strong emotion of another?
A) Personal empathy
B) Egocentric empathy
C) Global empathy
D) Empathy for another's feelings
Q2) What are the characteristics of trait aggression?
Q3) Freud's view of children's development during the preschool years focuses on which two stages?
A) Autonomy and initiative
B) Oral and anal
C) Anal and phallic
D) Genital and anal
Q4) Hoffman's first stage of empathy development, which is characterized by an infant matching the strong emotion of another, is called ________.
Q5) Describe empathy and its development in children.
Q6) Georgia feels sad whenever she sees homeless people. She worries that they are cold at night and may not have enough to eat. Hoffman would suggest that Georgia is exhibiting ________.
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle Childhood
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120 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) In the balance scale test performed by Siegler, Anthony it trying to take into account both distance and weight, but becomes confused when the information is conflicting. Which rule is Anthony using?
Q2) Based on your reading and your critical thinking skills, explain the use of IQ testing in the United States. Give your informed, academically sound opinion as to whether or not you think IQ testing is useful.
Q3) Public health officials believe that the current levels of obesity among children and adults in the United States can be attributed to ________ physical activity and increased ________ of high-calorie convenience foods.
Q4) List four disabilities for which children in the U.S. would receive special education services.
Q5) Jennifer is very good at drawing and copying pictures. Which type of intelligence is Jennifer using?
A) Musical
B) Logical
C) Linguistic
D) Spatial
Q6) Identify and define each of the remembering strategies outlined in your text.
Page 11
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Chapter 10: Social and Personality Development in Middle Childhood
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120 Verified Questions
120 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is the best example of relational aggression?
A) Dawn yelled at her older sister, "Get up! I'm supposed to sit next to Daddy!"
B) Sylvia lobbed a rotten apple at the boys in the tree house, and they immediately began to chase her down the street.
C) Gloria announced to her friends, "We're not going to be friends with Sharinda any more. She's fat!"
D) Jonathon reached across the aisle and gave Iman's pigtail a hard tug.
Q2) A ________ is a stable pattern of responding to situations.
Q3) During middle childhood, a new component of the self is added to the categorical, social, and emotional selves. This new component includes things like personality traits and is called the ________.
Q4) "Watering down" of parents' resources as they have more children is also referred to as ________.
Q5) Which of the following is the child's ability to conform to parental standards of behavior without direct supervision?
A) Independence
B) Interdependence
C) Self-evaluation
D) Self-regulation
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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Sample Questions
Q1) Thomas has been transgendered for as long as he can remember. He has begun living full time as Trina and has started taking hormone supplements. Trina plans to have gender reassignment surgery next year. Which of the following terms best describes Trina?
A) Transgendered
B) Homosexual
C) Queer
D) Transsexual
Q2) Which of the following is an accurate statement about adolescents' development of formal operational thinking?
A) Formal operational reasoning enables adolescents to understand figurative language, such as metaphors.
B) An adolescent's decision-making can include here-and-now factors but not future possibilities.
C) Nearly all adolescents are engaged in formal operational thinking by the twelfth grade.
D) Higher education is of little use in the development of formal operational thinking.
Q3) List three factors that contribute to completed suicide.
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Chapter 12: Social and Personality Development in Adolescence
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to Erikson, what is missing from many industrialized societies that makes adolescents more vulnerable to risky behaviors?
Q2) Ahmed does not know what he wants to do when he graduates from high school, and he is not worried about it. He says, "That decision will take care of itself." Marcia would say that Ahmed is in which stage of identity status?
A) Achievement
B) Foreclosure
C) Moratorium
D) Diffusion
Q3) Katie is often perceived by others to be a boy because of her style of clothing, her facial characteristics, and mannerisms. Based on this information, which of the following might be applied to Katie?
A) She is transgendered
B) She is a lesbian
C) She is androgynous
D) She is a tomboy
Q4) Martha accepts what her pastor says as the truth. Her own moral values rely on his guidance. According to Kohlberg, Martha is in which level of moral reasoning?
Page 14
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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119 Verified Questions
119 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Georgia is the Clinical Director of a community counseling center. She wanted to develop a program to help students deal with the stress in their lives, thereby improving their overall health. Which of the following would be an important component of the program to buffer the effects of stress?
A) Information about health and fitness
B) A support group
C) Academic advisors
D) Problem solving skills
Q2) Which of the following groups is most likely to be a victim of partner abuse?
A) Women 16 to 24 years of age
B) Women 25 to 35 years of age
C) Women 35 to 40 years of age
D) Women 40 to 50 years of age
Q3) Which of the following drugs is categorized as a stimulant?
A) Alcohol
B) Barbiturates
C) Cocaine
D) Tranquilizers
Q4) Name the two types of aging, define them and give an example of each.
Q5) Surveys of smokers show that ________% of them want to quit.
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Chapter 14: Social and Personality Development in Early
Adulthood
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119 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Briefly explain the social role theory in terms of sex differences in relationships.
Q2) Which parts of the brain finish maturing during emerging adulthood?
Q3) Which of the following is an aspect of love, according to Sternberg?
A) Lust
B) Habituation
C) Infatuation
D) Novelty
Q4) Which of the following statements is true regarding research into attachment and marriage?
A) Parental attachment is unrelated to marital success.
B) About 2/3 of engaged couples described attachment relationships with their parent(s) to be similar to the attachment relationship with the prospective spouse.
C) Partners who were securely attached to a parent fail to be able to let go of their family of origin attachments in favor of the new marital relationship.
D) Young married couples argue more about in-laws than they argue about money.
Q5) Evolutionary explanations of mate selection are supported by cross-cultural studies that find men prefer ________ and women prefer ________.
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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119 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Regarding cardiovascular disease, which of the following statements best describes the trend over the last three decades?
A) The occurrence of CVD has decreased among men, but increased among women.
B) The occurrence of CVD has decreased among adults under the age of 55, but not in adults over 60.
C) The occurrence of CVD continues to decline, but it is still the leading cause of death among adults in the U.S.
D) The occurrence of CVD has increased and is still the leading cause of death among adults in the U.S.
Q2) Jose and Isabella want to repaint their entire house and renovate some of the rooms as well. They look at many paint samples, magazine pictures, and try out several different arrangements of furniture. This process represents what type of thinking?
A) Symbolic
B) Postformal
C) Dialectic
D) Divergent
Q3) In terms of socioeconomic class and ethnicity, what are the greatest predictors of health in middle age?
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Chapter 16: Social and Personality Development in Middle
Adulthood
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117 Verified Questions
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Sample Questions
Q1) Max has not planned well for retirement. He is now 60 years old and is facing mandatory retirement in 5 - 7 years. He is deep in debt. According to Dychtwald, what type of retiree will Max likely be?
A) Stretched and stressed
B) Indebted and poor
C) Anxious and idealistic
D) Wealth builder
Q2) If a woman is dissatisfied with her job, she is most likely to ________ and engage in collective ________ with co-workers.
Q3) Why is middle age sometimes referred to as the sandwich generation?
Q4) The developmental task of middle adulthood, according to Erikson, is ________.
Q5) Which of the following best describes best-friend relationships in mid-life?
A) The level of intimacy increases as the frequency of interaction declines.
B) The frequency of interaction decreases but the level of intimacy remains stable.
C) The number of friendships stays the same but the level of intimacy declines.
D) Both the frequency and level of intimacy decline over time.
Q6) ________% of workers report having dealt with rude behavior in the work place within the past five years.
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Chapter 17: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you are a centenarian, you
A) are one of the old.
B) are an octogenarian.
C) are automatically a member of the frail elderly.
D) are at least 100 years old.
Q2) Which of the following is a cognitive characteristic that includes knowledge and its application to problem solving?
A) Intelligence
B) Wisdom
C) Horse sense
D) Creativity
Q3) Which of the following has been linked to minimized atrophy of the cerebral cortex of the brain?
A) Education
B) A flexible personality
C) A social support system
D) Socio-economic status
Q4) Explain the Hayflick limit.
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Q5) Critics of Baltes's theory of wisdom say that he is measuring general ________ rather than wisdom.
Chapter 18: Social and Personality Development in Late
Adulthood
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Sample Questions
Q1) The idea that it is normal for older adults to scale down their social lives is the basis of ________ theory.
Q2) Which of the following is a contributing factor to declining poverty rates among the elderly in the United States?
A) Cost-of-living increases in Social Security
B) Fewer elderly are having to live in assisted living environments
C) Fewer savings and fewer retirement benefits
D) Fewer elderly people are high school and college graduates
Q3) According to research in the United States and Japan, which factor might help individuals to recover from a health crisis such as a stroke or a fracture?
A) A combative, argumentative spirit
B) Viewing health care professionals as adversaries to be beaten
C) Adopting recovery goals proposed by rehabilitation specialists
D) Steadfast optimism and a positive attitude
Q4) Volunteerism is defined as performance of unpaid work for ________ motives.
Q5) The normal expectation for a man in late adulthood is that he will live with a ________ or ________ until he dies.
Q6) What is filial piety?
Page 20
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Chapter 19: Death Dying and Bereavement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following concepts did Freud believe to be most useful for coping with death and grief?
A) Defense mechanisms
B) Regression
C) The unconscious
D) Fixation
Q2) What tends to be the most overwhelming feeling which accompanies the death of a loved one?
Q3) Why is it difficult for people in Western cultures to say goodbye to loved ones as they approach death?
Q4) Which of the following is typical of a young adult when asked to estimate their life expectancy?
A) They tend to overestimate their life expectancy.
B) They tend to underestimate their life expectancy.
C) They are usually accurate within one or two years.
D) They are more likely to overestimate their life expectancy than are adolescents.
Q5) ________ is a common emotion which accompanies grief.
Q6) Anxiety about dying tends to be highest among ________ adults.
Q7) ________ care is administered to control pain and maximize comfort.
Page 21
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