Human Growth and Development Exam Review
Course Introduction
Human Growth and Development explores the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes that occur throughout the human lifespan from conception to late adulthood. The course examines major theories and research findings related to developmental milestones, individual differences, and the influences of family, culture, and environment on growth and behavior. Students will gain an understanding of how biological, psychological, and social factors interact to shape development, and will learn to apply this knowledge to real-world situations in fields such as education, healthcare, and social services.
Recommended Textbook
Essentials of Life Span Development 2nd Edition by John W. Santrock
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17 Chapters
2042 Verified Questions
2042 Flashcards
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Page 2
Chapter 1: Introduction-Chapter
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186 Verified Questions
186 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Studies that compare aspects of two or more cultures.
Answer: cross-cultural studies
Q2) "Students at this age are full of surprises," comments the high school teacher."They come in looking and acting like punk rockers one day,then like nuns and monks the next!"
Erik Erikson would say these students are:
A)acting out repressed conflicts.
B)actively exploring different roles.
C)trying to evaluate the usefulness of their lives.
D)trying to establish intimate relationships with others.
Answer: B
Q3) A method of gathering data wherein one person (usually someone unique such as a serial killer or a genius)is studied extensively.
Answer: case study
Q4) Which of the following is a weakness of the survey method of research?
A)It uses both open-ended and closed-ended questions.
B)Surveys have the ability to sample a large number of people.
C)Surveys are used for a very wide range of different topics.
D)People are more likely to give socially acceptable or desirable answers.
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Biological Beginnings
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167 Verified Questions
167 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The current view that people may have a propensity for a particular developmental trajectory (or path)is called:
A)epigenetics.
B)biobehaviorism.
C)biodevelopment.
D)genetic loading.
Answer: D
Q2) The process by which the uterus returns to its prepregnant size 5 to 6 weeks after birth is known as:
A)plastication.
B)homeostasis.
C)elastation.
D)involution.
Answer: D
Q3) A recessive gene can only assert itself when:
A)both genes in a pair are recessive.
B)it is a stronger gene.
C)the environment is right.
D)there is an interaction between nature and nurture.
Answer: A
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Chapter 3: Physical and Cognitive Development in Infancy
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180 Verified Questions
180 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) When children experience cognitive conflict in trying to understand the world,they shift from one stage of thought to next.The mechanism through which this shift occurs is called:
A)equilibration.
B)assimilation.
C)organization.
D)adaptation.
Answer: A
Q2) Dr.Dzindolet would like to know whether children born prematurely can tell the difference between a face and a spiral.What method would best suit this experiment?
A)visual preference method
B)visual cuing method
C)visual availability method
D)visual timing method
Answer: A
Q3) The sequence in which growth starts at the center of the boy and moves toward the extremes.
Answer: proximodistal pattern.
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Chapter 4: Socioemotional Development in Infancy
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116 Verified Questions
116 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Attachment refers to:
A)a close bond between an infant and a caregiver.
B)a close bond between an infant and a contact comfort object.
C)an infant's tendency to use the mother as a secure base for exploring the world.
D)a positive reaction to being held and played with by people other than the primary caregiver.
Q2) Mary Rothbart and John Bates (2006)believe that which of these is an important dimension of infant temperament?
A)activity level
B)self-regulation
C)being slow to warm up
D)behavioral inhibition
Q3) What types of behaviors in caregivers create a sense of shame and doubt in children?
A)overprotectiveness and criticism
B)neglectfulness and indifference
C)punitiveness and sarcasm
D)enmeshment and fear
Q4) Define attachment.
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Chapter 5: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early Childhood
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121 Verified Questions
121 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Mauricio has been having difficulties in his preschool classroom,and his teacher notes on his report card that she has noticed deficits in the areas of planning and inhibition.What is the term that might encapsulate these mental skills?
A)operations
B)mentation
C)metacognition
D)executive function
Q2) The memories of young children:
A)are developmentally programmed.
B)cannot be influenced by other people.
C)can be compromised by suggestions.
D)are correctly described by all of these.
Q3) The theory of _______ refers to the idea that children can begin thinking about their own thought processes.
A)cognition
B)mind
C)mentation
D)metacognition
Q4) Define animism.
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Chapter 6: Socioemotional Development in Early Childhood
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144 Verified Questions
144 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The belief that when a rule is broken,punishment is sure to follow.
Q2) A parent who is very uninvolved in a child's life,showing neither responsiveness nor control,is a(n):
A)authoritarian parent.
B)authoritative parent.
C)indulgent parent.
D)neglectful parent.
Q3) Which statement best summarizes Daniel Berlyne's views about children's play?
A)Play is important for developing motor skills and coordination.
B)Play is important only because it occupies children during times when they are not learning more important things.
C)Children use play as a way to digest past experiences,to derive meaning from what has happened to them.
D)Children use play as a way to explore new things and as a way to satisfy their natural curiosity about the world.
Q4) Explain Erik Erikson's stage of initiative versus guilt.
Q5) A theory that suggests that children can distinguish between positive marital conflict and negative marital conflict.
Q6) The social and psychological dimensions of being male or female.
Page 8
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Chapter 7: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle and Late Childhood
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136 Verified Questions
136 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) On average,children grow _______ inches per year during middle and late childhood.
A)1 to 2
B)2 to 3
C)5 to 7
D)7 to 10
Q2) What is the best explanation for why minorities earn lower scores on IQ tests?
A)environment
B)prejudice
C)racism
D)unfair scoring
Q3) Knowing about knowing is referred to as:
A)metamemory.
B)first-order cognition.
C)metacognition.
D)megacognition.
Q4) Tests of intelligence that are intended to be free of cultural biases.
Q5) Retardation that is characterized by no evidence of organic brain damage,but the individual's IQ is between 50 and 70.
Page 9
Q6) What are culture-fair IQ tests?
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Page 10
Chapter 8: Socioemotional Development in Middle and Late Childhood
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120 Verified Questions
120 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which mind-set considers the possibility that qualities can change and improve with effort over time?
A)operational
B)fixed
C)growth
D)autonomous
Q2) Domain-specific evaluation of the self,such as the evaluation of one's academic or athletic ability.
Q3) According to Lawrence Kohlberg,the highest and most internalized level of moral development is to be found in the stage called:
A)mutual interpersonal expectations,relationships,and interpersonal conformity.
B)social systems morality.
C)social contract or utility and individual rights.
D)universal ethical principles.
Q4) The global evaluative dimension of the self.
Q5) The third level of Lawrence Kohlberg's theory of moral reasoning.At this (the highest)level,the individual recognizes alternative moral courses,explores various options,and then decides on one's own personal moral values.
Q6) Thinking about social matters.
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Chapter 9: Physical and Cognitive Development in Adolescence
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123 Verified Questions
123 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) All of the following help to determine puberty's timing,EXCEPT:
A)nutrition.
B)genetics.
C)health.
D)toxins.
Q2) The period of rapid hormonal change and physical maturation that takes place during early adolescence is called:
A)menarche.
B)puberty.
C)maturation.
D)a growth spurt.
Q3) Cross-cultural comparisons suggest that ________ has the highest adolescent pregnancy rates in the industrialized world.
A)Canada
B)Japan
C)Netherlands
D)the United States
Q4) An eating disorder that involves the relentless pursuit of thinness through starvation.
Page 12
Q5) Discuss how early or late maturation affects boys and girls.
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Chapter 10: Socioemotional Development in Adolescence
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93 Verified Questions
93 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Adolescents who have no close friendships tend to:
A)develop loneliness and reduced self-worth.
B)develop healthier self-esteem than their peers.
C)engage in more delinquent behavior than their peers.
D)become more social as they grow older.
Q2) Erik Erikson views juvenile delinquency as an attempt to:
A)avoid forming an identity.
B)rebel against an identity.
C)reinforce a negative identity.
D)have society impose an identity.
Q3) Ms.Willen is teaching parents about the risk factors for depression in teens.She should discuss all of the following,EXCEPT:
A)marital conflict between parents.
B)financial difficulties in the family.
C)having a late onset of puberty.
D)the emotionally unavailable parent.
Q4) This identity status is characterized by both the lack of crisis (exploration),and the lack of commitment to a self-identity
Q5) Define ethnic identity.
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Chapter 11: Physical and Cognitive Development in Early
Adulthood
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75 Verified Questions
75 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) The main cognitive change between formal operational and postformal thought is _________ thinking.
A)abstract
B)concrete
C)reflective
D)quantitative
Q2) Deb is both depressed and obese.One way she can combat both of these problems is to:
A)get at least 8 hours of sleep per night.
B)reduce her intake of sugar.
C)engage in regular exercise.
D)take an antidepressant medication.
Q3) "Emerging adulthood," a term coined by Jeffrey Arnett,refers to the age range from:
A)12 to 18.
B)18 to 25.
C)21 to 26.
D)20 to 30.
Q4) A person who is sexually attracted to people of both sexes.
Q5) Forcible sexual intercourse with a person who does not give consent.
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Chapter 12: Socioemotional Development in Early
Adulthood
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79 Verified Questions
79 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) According to researcher Ellen Berscheid,the most important ingredient of romantic love is:
A)friendship.
B)sexual desire.
C)long-term commitment.
D)spontaneity in behavior.
Q2) Since the early 1900s,the goal of maintaining a stable marriage has:
A)become even more important than ever.
B)decreased in its level of relative importance.
C)replaced self-fulfillment as the most important life goal.
D)been replaced by self-fulfillment as the most important life goal.
Q3) According to research,the number of men between the ages of 20 and 29 years who reported that they were single in 2006 had risen to ____ percent in the United States.
A)60
B)75
C)80
D)95
Q4) A type of love that has strong sexual and infatuation components and often predominates in the early period of a romantic relationship.
Page 15
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Chapter 13: Physical and Cognitive Development in Middle
Adulthood
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82 Verified Questions
82 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Lillian is 50 years old.Her doctor has noticed a sharp decrease in her estrogen levels,and Lillian is complaining about nausea and fatigue.What will her doctor probably tell her?
A)Her thyroid is malfunctioning.
B)She is going through menopause.
C)She may have a problem with her bone marrow.
D)She needs to control her diet and blood sugar levels.
Q2) The midlife transition,for both men and women,in which fertility declines.
Q3) Experts predict that the median age in the United States will rise to ____ years by the year 2050.
A)35
B)38
C)42
D)45
Q4) This Austrian psychiatrist,a concentration camp survivor,wrote the book Man's Search for Meaning,in which he proposed that the human qualities of spirituality,freedom,and responsibility were key in finding one's true meaning in life (and death).
Page 16
Q5) The ability to focus and maintain an image on the retina.
Q6) In 1933,this theorist referred to midlife as "the afternoon of life."
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Page 17
Chapter 14: Socioemotional Development in Middle
Adulthood
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105 Verified Questions
105 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) If Susan is a typical American child,who will be her most beloved and important relative in her extended family?
A)her maternal grandmother
B)her paternal grandmother
C)her maternal grandfather
D)her paternal grandfather
Q2) Ron and his sister,Sarah,are both in their mid-50s and have a close personal relationship.Most research on sibling relationships suggests that:
A)you cannot predict later relationships by looking at relationships earlier in life.
B)they had a close relationship throughout childhood and early adulthood,too.
C)they probably had a tumultuous relationship in childhood that turned close as both matured.
D)they probably had a good childhood relationship that turned neutral in early adulthood then recently returned to closeness.
Q3) Based on longitudinal data of male participants from Harvard University,this theorist suggested that only a minority of adults experience a midlife crisis.
Q4) Discuss the differing reasons for divorce among the young and old.
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Chapter 15: Physical and Cognitive Development in Late
Adulthood
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156 Verified Questions
156 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which type of memory is less likely to be adversely affected by aging?
A)implicit
B)working
C)explicit
D)normative
Q2) A type of dementia that is characterized by muscle tremors,a gradual slowing of movement,and partial facial paralysis.
Q3) Amy is 98 years old.If she lives to the upper biological limit of her life span as estimated by the cellular clock theory,about how old will she be when she dies?
A)100
B)110
C)120
D)130
Q4) What percentage of women over 85 years of age has dementia?
A)8
B)16
C)23
D)39
Q5) Discuss the free-radical theory of aging.
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Chapter 16: Socioemotional Development in Late
Adulthood
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79 Verified Questions
79 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) A 2004 study found that ________ were the most satisfied with their marriages.
A)young adults
B)older adults
C)middle-aged adults
D)married teenagers
Q2) According to research evidence,gender roles in the elder years tend to:
A)become more stereotypically defined and divided.
B)stay about the same as they were in earlier adult years.
C)change,with only women becoming more masculine.
D)change,with only men becoming more feminine.
Q3) Although older adults (over the age of 65)make up only ____% of the U.S.population,some estimates suggest that ______ of the total health bills for the United States go to care for that group of citizens.
A)5;one-fourth
B)10;one-fifth
C)12;one-third
D)15;one-half
Q4) This theorist proposed the "selective optimization with compensation theory" of aging.
Page 20
Q5) Describe the selective optimization with compensation model.
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Chapter 17: Death, Dying, and Grieving
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80 Verified Questions
80 Flashcards
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Sample Questions
Q1) Jack Kevorkian,a Michigan physician,has assisted a number of terminally ill patients in ending their lives.After a series of legal trials,Dr.Kevorkian was:
A)convicted of second-degree murder and given a long prison sentence.
B)convicted of involuntary manslaughter and given a short amount of jail time.
C)not convicted of any crime,but had his medical license revoked.
D)not convicted of any crime,and he is still practicing medicine.
Q2) Two hundred years ago,what percentage of children died before their 10<sup>th</sup> birthday?
A)5
B)10
C)25
D)50
Q3) According to Elisabeth Kübler-Ross,the third stage of dying is: A)anger.
B)bargaining.
C)depression.
D)denial and isolation.
Q4) Discuss the current legally accepted definition of brain death,and the criteria involved in its determination.
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