Human Growth and Development
Exam Questions
Course Introduction
Human Growth and Development explores the physical, cognitive, emotional, and social changes individuals experience throughout the lifespan, from conception to late adulthood. The course examines key theoretical perspectives, research methods, and the influence of factors such as genetics, environment, and culture on development. Students will analyze developmental milestones, transitions, and challenges that occur in childhood, adolescence, adulthood, and aging, with attention to diversity and individual differences. The course aims to provide a comprehensive understanding of how humans grow and adapt across various life stages, preparing students to apply developmental principles in educational, healthcare, and social service settings.
Recommended Textbook
The Journey of Adulthood 7th Edition by Barbara R. Bjorklund
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846 Verified Questions
846 Flashcards
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Chapter 1: Introduction to Adult Development
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT an example of a potential shared, "age-graded" change in adulthood?
A) a loss of fitness (e.g., aerobic capacity) beginning in the 30s and 40s and continuing into old age
B) an increase in the frequency of contact with siblings between middle age and old age
C) a higher average number of years of education among current 25-year-olds than among current 65-year-olds
D) a greater susceptibility to disease among current 65-year-olds than among current 30-year-olds
Answer: C
Q2) Which of the following groups would be described as a "cohort"?
A) all adults presently with middle-class jobs
B) all unemployed adults
C) all adults who exercise regularly
D) all adults born between 1970 and 1975
Answer: D
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Chapter 2: Physical Changes
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following is NOT a major risk factor for severe osteoporosis?
A) being light in weight for height
B) being female
C) early menopause
D) drinking lots of coffee
Answer: D
Q2) Which therapy provides perimenopausal and postmenopausal women with the hormones once produced by their ovaries that sharply reduce the symptoms of the climacteric?
A) growth hormone therapy (GH)
B) DHEA therapy
C) hormone replacement therapy (HRT)
D) HGH treatment therapy
Answer: C
Q3) For each of the following changes with age, indicate whether the change is most likely primary aging or secondary aging and why you think so.
Answer: \(\bullet\)the reduction in efficiency of the immune system
\(\bullet\)the accumulation of pigmented material in the eye, leading to nearsightedness
\(\bullet\)the increase in size of the nose and ears with age
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Chapter 3: Health and Health Disorders
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Sample Questions
Q1) The term used to describe a disease of the arteries in which there is a gradual build-up of calcified, fibrous, and fatty tissue is _______.
A) high blood pressure
B) atherosclerosis
C) cholesterol
D) heart attack
Answer: B
Q2) At what median age do adults in the United States show the onset of substance abuse?
A) 20 years of age
B) 30 years of age
C) 40 years of age
D) 50 years of age
Answer: A
Q3) A 70-year-old is about _____ times more likely to have cancer than a 1year-old.
A) 100
B) 75
C) 50
D) 20
Answer: A
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Chapter 4: Cognitive Abilities
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Sample Questions
Q1) The memory responsible for transmitting sensory and perceptual information to specialized parts of the brain is _______.
A) the sensory store
B) short-term memory
C) semantic memory
D) procedural memory
Q2) The latest version of the Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale provides a Full Scale IQ based on four separate indexes: _____________, ______________, _______________ and _____________, each of which consists of a number of different subtests.
A) Verbal Comprehension, College Algebra, Science, and Music
B) Verbal Comprehension, Scientific Knowledge, Working Memory, and Processing Speed
C) Verbal Comprehension, Perceptual Reasoning, Working Memory, and Processing Speed
D) Working Memory, Processing Speed, Generic Reasoning, and Word Problems
Q3) What explanation(s) can you offer for the differences in the findings from longitudinal and cross-sectional studies of IQ change over adulthood?
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Chapter 5: Social Roles
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Sample Questions
Q1) Generational squeeze refers to __________.
A) the strain of multiple roles
B) the benefit of multiple roles
C) caregiver burden
D) competing demands from parents and children
Q2) Describe the major age changes in social roles over the adult years in your own culture at this point in history.
Q3) An adult describes himself as adventurous, daring, independent, rude, stern, and wise. In Williams & Best typology, this individual would be classed as _______.
A) feminine
B) masculine
C) androgynous
D) undifferentiated
Q4) People who are off-time with the social clock of their culture are more apt to have difficulty in their roles and less apt to report high levels of life satisfaction. Using an example from a television sit-com, movies, or novel, illustrate a similar-themed fictional situation, whereby an individual is off-time with his or her social clock and struggles with his or her social roles.
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Chapter 6: Social Relationships
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Sample Questions
Q1) Research on changes in the nature of marriage relationships over the years of adulthood suffers from several serious methodological problems. Discuss those problems.
Q2) College-aged grandchildren rank (from highest to lowest) their investment with their grandparents in what order?
A) mother's father, father's mother, father's father, mother's mother
B) father's mother, father's father, mother's father, mother's mother
C) mother's mother, mother's father, father's mother, father's father
D) mother's mother, father's father, mother's father, father's mother
Q3) Evaluate the following statement in light of the theory and research described in the text: "The majority of adults remain strongly attached to their parents throughout their adult lives."
Q4) Carstensen's "socioemotional selectivity theory" suggests that over adulthood, our relationships with friends should become _______.
A) more frequent and more intimate
B) more selective and more intimate
C) more frequent and less intimate
D) more expanded
Q5) Describe the nature of the relationship between siblings across the life span.
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Chapter 7: Work and Retirement
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Sample Questions
Q1) Our jobs occupy a hefty portion of our time, our thoughts, and our emotions. They determine in large part where we live, how well we live, and with whom we spend time-even after working hours. On another level, our jobs provide a good deal of our identity and self-esteem. If you could change one aspect of work in America, what would it be and provide a rationale for your choice.
Q2) When it comes to household labor, research suggested that. . .
A) Women did more household labor than men (with the smallest difference being in child care), as predicted by the gender-division model.
B) The more money men made, the more time their wives spent in cooking and cleaning, as predicted by the relative resource model.
C) The more hours a person worked, the less time they spent in cooking and cleaning and the more time their partner spent in cooking and cleaning, as predicted by the time-availability model.
D) All of the above findings were noted
Q3) Using a fictitious or real-life example, fully explore Super's life-span/life-space theory of career development, explaining your individual's progress through each stage in comparison to the theoretical model.
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Chapter 8: Personality
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Sample Questions
Q1) Which of the following stages in Erikson's theory does NOT typically occur in adulthood?
A) intimacy versus isolation
B) generativity versus stagnation
C) ego integrity versus despair
D) initiative versus guilt
Q2) Describe two methodological explanations for the "change" in personality over adulthood.
Q3) Which theorist would be most likely to say, "Stages are hierarchical; an adult does not move on to the next stage until the earlier stages have been completed or resolved"?
A) Jane Loevinger
B) Erik Erikson
C) Daniel Levinson
D) Paul Baltes
Q4) Describe two similarities and two differences between Loevinger and Vaillant's theories of adult development.
Q5) The text posits three explanations for the trend in personality change from middle to late adulthood. Describe these changes.
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Chapter 9: The Quest for Meaning
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Sample Questions
Q1) Results from longitudinal studies of moral judgment show most clearly that
A) moral development does not occur in the clear stages that Kohlberg describes B) children and adolescents shift from one stage of moral reasoning to another, following the sequence described by Kohlberg
C) average scores on moral development reasoning move upward in stages, but individuals move up and down quite frequently
D) stage-like development of moral reasoning occurs only among children and adolescents growing up in western cultures
Q2) The most appropriate form of study to test Kohlberg's theory of the development of moral reasoning is _______.
A) longitudinal
B) cross-sectional
C) cross-lag
D) correlational
Q3) Briefly describe Carol Gilligan's central argument against Kohlberg's model of moral development. How do you evaluate her argument?
Q4) Briefly describe the effects of religiosity on life expectancy.
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Chapter 10: Stress, Coping, and Resilience
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Sample Questions
Q1) 10-34. Of the 4 outcomes people can have after exposure to trauma, which is the most prevalent, according to Bonanno?
A) chronic
B) delayed
C) recovery
D) resilience
Q2) Which of the following would be an example of a "problem-focused" way of coping with stress?
A) Deny any fear or distress.
B) Accept the problem with resignation.
C) Seek information or advice.
D) Think about possible solutions.
Q3) "Stress can be defined as the body's reaction to some mental or physical demand." What theoretical approach to stress is reflected in this statement?
A) a stimulus-oriented approach
B) a response-oriented approach
C) an interactionist approach
D) a demand approach
Q4) 10-54. Evaluate the idea that stress may sometimes have beneficial effects.
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Chapter 11: Death and Bereavement
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Sample Questions
Q1) A term used in hospice care that refers to support that is aimed at pain alleviation and comfort maximization with a minimum of life-prolonging measures is _______.
A) curative care
B) psychosocial care
C) palliative care
D) alleviation care
Q2) What conclusions do you think are reasonable ones to draw from research on the link between survival rates and personality or response to the disease? Cite specific research in support of your position where possible. What additional research would you suggest we need in order to clarify the results in this area?
Q3) Describe the evidence suggesting that high levels of social support are linked to better prognoses or longer survival times for those with serious disease.
Q4) Marshall and Levy suggest that 2 important functions of rituals are _______.
A) venting and rituals
B) rituals and mourning
C) control and meaningfulness
D) mourning and meaningfulness
Q5) Describe the major functions of funerals and other rituals surrounding death.
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Chapter 12: The Successful Journey
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Sample Questions
Q1) If you ask most middle-aged or older adults whether they would like to be twenty again, the great majority reply with a resounding "NO!" In light of what you now know about the different periods of adult life, why do you think so many people respond in this way?
Q2) In which age period do adults have to come to terms with the myth that "if I just follow the rules, I will be rewarded"?
A) 20-39
B) 40-64
C) 65-74
D) 75+
Q3) The term now frequently used by gerontologists to describe adults over the age of 75 is_______.
A) young old
B) disengaged
C) decrepit
D) late adulthood
Q4) Describe the period of adulthood from age forty to age sixty-five. What are its key features? What makes this period different from those that come before or after?
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